Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-hvd4g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-07T08:14:11.186Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

13 - Beyond dhimmihood: citizenship and human rights

from PART II - RELIGION AND LAW

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2011

By
Abdullahi An-Naʿim
Edited by
Robert W. Hefner
Robert W. Hefner
Affiliation:
Boston University
Get access

Summary

Introduction

European colonialism and its aftermath have drastically transformed the basis and nature of political and social organisation within and among ‘territorial states’ where all Muslims live today. This transformation is so profound and deeply entrenched that a return to pre-colonial ideas and systems is simply not an option. Any change or adaptation of the present system can only be sought or realised through the concepts and institutions of this domestic and global post-colonial reality. Yet many Muslims, probably the majority in many countries, have not fully accepted some aspects of this transformation and its consequences. This discrepancy seems to underlie the apparent acceptance of the possibility of an Islamic state that can enact and enforce sharīʿa as such, and ambivalence about politically motivated violence in the name of jihad. This chapter seeks to clarify and redress this discrepancy through an examination of the question of citizenship which has far-reaching implications for political stability, constitutional governance and development at home and international relations abroad. In particular, I will argue for human rights as a framework for highlighting and mediating the tension underlying this discrepancy in present Islamic societies.

Type
Chapter
Information
The New Cambridge History of Islam , pp. 314 - 334
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alam, Muzaffar, The language of political Islam in India c. 1200–1800, Delhi, 2004.Google Scholar
An-Naʿim, Abdullahi Ahmed, ‘Islamic foundations of religious human rights’, in Witte, John, Jr, and Vyver, Johan D. (eds.), Religious human rights in global perspectives: Religious perspectives, The Hague, 1996, pp. 337–59.Google Scholar
An-Naʿim, Abdullahi Ahmed, and Deng, Francis, ‘Self-determination and unity: The case of Sudan’, Law and Society, 18 (1997).Google Scholar
An-Naʿim, Abdullahi Ahmed (ed.), Human rights in cross-cultural perspectives: Quest for consensus, Philadelphia, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
An-Naʿim, Abdullahi Ahmed, Gort, J. D., Jansen, H. and Vroom, H. M., Human rights and religious values: An uneasy relationship?, Grand Rapids, MI, 1995.Google Scholar
An-Na`im, Abdullahi Ahmed, Toward an Islamic reformation: Civil liberties, human rights and international law, Syracuse, 1990.Google Scholar
An-Na`im, Abdullahi Ahmed, ‘Human rights and the challenge of relevance: The case of collective rights’, in Castermans-Holleman, Monique, Hoof, Fried and Smith, Jacqueline (eds.), The role of the nation-state in the twenty-first century: Human rights, international organizations and foreign policy. Essays in honour of Peter Baehr, The Hague, 1998, pp. 3–16.Google Scholar
Ashraf, Kunwar Muhammad, An overview of Indian Muslim politics (1920–1947), trans. Ashraf, Jaweed, New Delhi, 2001.Google Scholar
Bloom, Irene, Paul Martin, J. and Proudfoot, Wayne L. (eds.), Religious diversity and human rights, New York, 1996.Google Scholar
Braude, Benjamin, and Lewis, Bernard (eds.), Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The functioning of a plural society, New York, 1982.Google Scholar
Butenschøn, Nils A., Davis, Uri and Hassassian, Manuel (eds.), Citizenship and the state in the Middle East: Approaches and applications, Syracuse, 2000.Google Scholar
Byrsk, Alison, Globalization and human rights, Berkeley, 2002.Google Scholar
Cassese, Antonio, Self-determination of peoples: A legal reappraisal, Cambridge, 1995.Google Scholar
Coşkun, Üçok, ‘Tanzimat’tan önce Osmanlǐ Devleti’nde hukuk’, in Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e Türkiye ansiklopedisi, Istanbul, 1985–, vol. II, pp. 574–9.Google Scholar
Coulson, N. J., A history of Islamic law, Edinburgh, 1964.Google Scholar
Dalacoura, Katerina, Islam, liberalism and human rights: Implications for international relations, London, 1998.Google Scholar
Darul, Aqsha, Islam in Indonesia: A survey of events and developments from 1988 to March 1993 (Jakarta, 1995)Google Scholar
Deng, Francis M., War of visions, Washington, DC, 1995.Google Scholar
Eryǐlmaz, Bilal, Osmanlǐ devletinde gayrǐmüslim teba’nǐn yönetimi, Istanbul, 1990.Google Scholar
Rahman, Fazlur, Islam, 2nd edn, Chicago, 1979.Google Scholar
Gibb, H. A. R. and Kramers, J. H., Shorter encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden, 1953)Google Scholar
Gülsoy, Ufuk, Osmanlǐ gayrimüslimlerinin askerlik serüveni, Istanbul, 1999.Google Scholar
Habib, Muhammad, ‘Life and thought of Ziauddin Barani’, Medieval India Quarterly, 3 (1958).Google Scholar
Hallaq, Wael B., Authority, continuity and change in Islamic law, Cambridge, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallaq, Wael B., A history of Islamic legal theories: An introduction to Sunnī uṣūl al-fiqh, Cambridge, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamidullah, Muhammad, Muslim conduct of state, rev. 5th edn, Lahore, 1968.Google Scholar
Heater, Derek, A brief history of citizenship, Edinburgh, 2004.Google Scholar
Holt, P. M., Lambton, Ann K. S. and Lewis, B. (eds.), ‘India under the Mughals’, The Cambridge history of Islam, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1970), vol. IIAGoogle Scholar
Ibn, Qayyim al-Jawziyya, al-Din Abī ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr, Shams, Aḥkām ahl al-Dhimma, ed. al-Ṣaliḥ, Ṣubḥī, 4th edn, Beirut, 1994.Google Scholar
Ilesanmi, Simeon O., ‘Constitutional treatment of religion and the politics of human rights in Nigeria’, African Affairs, 100 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imber, Colin, Ebuʾs-suʿud: The Islamic legal tradition, Edinburgh, 1997.Google Scholar
Jok, Madut Jok, War and slavery in Sudan, Philadelphia, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemal, Çiçek, ‘Cemaat mahkemesinden kadǐ mahkemesine zǐmmilerin yargǐ tercihi’, in Çiçek, Kemal (ed.), Pax ottomania: Studies in memoriam of Prof. Nejat Göyünç (Ankara, 2001).Google Scholar
Kenanog^lu, Kenan, Osmanlǐ millet sistemi: Mit ve gerçek, Istanbul, 2004.Google Scholar
Khadduri, Majid, Islamic law of nations: Shaybani’s siyar, Baltimore, 1966.Google Scholar
Khadduri, Majid, War and peace in the law of Islam, Baltimore, 1955.Google Scholar
Komeili, Mahadi, The rights of minorities in Islam, New Dehli, 2004.Google Scholar
Krikorian, Mesrob K., Armenians in the service of the Ottoman Empire 1860–1908, London, 1978.Google Scholar
Küçük, Cevdet, ‘Osmanlǐlarda “Millet Sistemi” ve Tanzimat’, in Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e Türkiye ansiklopedisi, Istanbul, 1985–, vol. IV, pp. 1007–24.Google Scholar
Kymlicka, Will, Multicultural citizenship: A liberal theory of minority rights, Oxford, 1995.Google Scholar
Mardin, Serif, Turkiyeʾde toplum ve siyaset, Istanbul, 1995.Google Scholar
Muḥammad, Abū Yūsuf, Kitāb al-Kharāj, Cairo, 1963.Google Scholar
Ortaylǐ, Ǐlber, ‘Osmanlǐ Ǐmparatorlug^u’nda millet’, in Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e Türkiye ansiklopedisi, Istanbul, 1986, vol. IV, pp. 996–1001.Google Scholar
Piscatori, James, Islam in a world of nation-states, Cambridge, 1986.Google Scholar
Rahman, A.Doi, I., Non-Muslims under shariʿah (Islamic law) (Lahore, 1981)Google Scholar
Runzo, Joseph, Martin, Nancy M. and Sharma, Arvind (eds.), Human rights and responsibilities in the world religions, Oxford, 2003.Google Scholar
Shaw, Stanford J., Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish republic, New York, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, Devin J., Islamic legal orthodoxy: Twelver Shiite responses to the Sunni legal system, Salt Lake City, 1998.Google Scholar
Taha, Mahmoud Mohamed, The second message of Islam, trans. An-Naʿim, Abdullahi Ahmed, Syracuse, 1987.Google Scholar
,United Nations, Human rights: A compilation of international instruments, New York, 1994, vol. I.
Yeor, Bat, The dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam, Rutherford, NJ, 1985.Google Scholar
Zubaida, Sami, Islam, the people and the state: Essays on political ideas and movements in the Middle East, 2nd edn London, 1993.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×