Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-28T12:23:45.315Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 7 - Lewy Body Dementia, Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinson’s Dementia, and Parkinson’s Plus

from Section 2 - Diagnosing Different Types of Dementia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 October 2024

Simon Gerhand
Affiliation:
Hywel Dda Health Board, NHS Wales
Get access

Summary

This chapter reviews Parkinson’s disease dementia, Lewy body dementia and Parkinson’s plus disorders such as multiple systems atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and cortico-basal degeneration. Incidence and prevalence figures are reviewed, along with the pathological mechanisms underlying these disorders. The difference between Parkinsons’s dementia and Lewy body dementia is considered, along with a review of the diagnostic criteria for each (including Parkinson’s disease mild cognitive impairment). Neuropsychological profiles are considered, although other differences in presentation of these disorders may be more important for diagnosis. Although rare, and more likely to present to neurology services, the diagnostic criteria for Parkinson’s plus disorders are also considered.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Neuropsychology of Dementia
A Clinician's Manual
, pp. 86 - 104
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aarsland, D., Ballard, C., Larsen, J. P., & McKeith, I. (2001). A comparative study of psychiatric symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16 (5), 528–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aarsland, D., Zaccai, J., & Brayne, C. (2005). A systematic review of prevalence studies of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 20 (10), 1255–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albert, M. S., DeKosky, S. T., Dickson, D., et al. (2011). The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 7 (3), 270–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aldridge, G. M., Birnschein, A., Denburg, N. L., & Narayanan, N. S. (2018). Parkinson’s disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies have similar neuropsychological profiles. Frontiers in Neurology, 9, 323049.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anang, J. B., Gagnon, J. F., Bertrand, J. A., et al. (2014). Predictors of dementia in Parkinson disease: A prospective cohort study. Neurology, 83 (14), 1253–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, M. J., Litvan, I., Lang, A. E., et al. (2013). Criteria for the diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration. Neurology, 80 (5), 496503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benito‐León, J., Bermejo‐Pareja, F., Rodríguez, J., et al. (2003). Prevalence of PD and other types of parkinsonism in three elderly populations of central Spain. Movement Disorders, 18 (3), 267–74.Google ScholarPubMed
Ben-Shlomo, Y., Wenning, G. K., Tison, F., & Quinn, N. P. (1997). Survival of patients with pathologically proven multiple system atrophy: A meta-analysis. Neurology, 48 (2), 384–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berg, D., Postuma, R. B., Adler, C. H., et al. (2015). MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 30 (12), 1600–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonelli, S. B., Ransmayr, G., Steffelbauer, M., et al. (2004). L-dopa responsiveness in dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson disease with and without dementia. Neurology, 63 (2), 376–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braak, H., Del Tredici, K., Rüb, U., et al. (2003). Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 24 (2), 197211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brockmann, K., Srulijes, K., Pflederer, S., et al. (2015). GBA‐associated Parkinson’s disease: Reduced survival and more rapid progression in a prospective longitudinal study. Movement Disorders, 30 (3), 407–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cammisuli, D. M., Cammisuli, S. M., Fusi, J., Franzoni, F., & Pruneti, C. (2019). Parkinson’s disease–mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI): A useful summary of update knowledge. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 11, 303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, P. C., Lee, H. H., Hong, C. T., Hu, C. J., & Wu, D. (2018). REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Behavioural Neurology, 2018, ID 9421098. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9421098.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cools, R. (2006). Dopaminergic modulation of cognitive function-implications for L-DOPA treatment in Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30 (1), 123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J. L. (1988). Intellectual impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Clinical, pathologic, and biochemical correlates. Topics in Geriatrics, 1 (1), 2436.Google ScholarPubMed
de Lau, L. M., Schipper, C. M. A., Hofman, A., Koudstaal, P. J., & Breteler, M. M. (2005). Prognosis of Parkinson disease: Risk of dementia and mortality: The Rotterdam Study. Archives of Neurology, 62(8), 1265–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickson, D. W., Bergeron, C., Chin, S. S., et al. (2002). Office of Rare Diseases neuropathologic criteria for corticobasal degeneration. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, 61 (11), 935–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Downes, J. J., Priestley, N. M., Doran, M., et al. (1998). Intellectual, mnemonic, and frontal functions in dementia with Lewy bodies: A comparison with early and advanced Parkinson’s disease. Behavioural Neurology, 11 (3), 173–83.Google ScholarPubMed
Dubois, B., & Pillon, B. (1997). Cognitive deficits in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, 244, 28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emre, M., Aarsland, D., Brown, R., et al. (2007). Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Movement disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 22 (12), 1689–707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Filoteo, J. V., Salmon, D. P., Schiehser, D. M., et al. (2009). Verbal learning and memory in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies or Parkinson’s disease with dementia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31 (7), 823–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, J. H. (2017). Misperceptions and Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 374, 42–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaig, C., Valldeoriola, F., Gelpi, E., et al. (2011). Rapidly progressive diffuse Lewy body disease. Movement Disorders, 26 (7), 1316–23.Google ScholarPubMed
Gallagher, C. (2019). Imaging in Parkinson’s disease: Imaging studies can differentiate Parkinson’s from other causes of Parkinsonism. Practical Neurology, 35, 2931.Google Scholar
Gerstenecker, A. (2017). The neuropsychology (broadly conceived) of multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 32 (7), 861–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibb, W. R., & Lees, A. (1988). The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 51(6), 745–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomperts, S. N. (2016). Lewy body dementias: Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson disease dementia. Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology, 22(2), 435.Google ScholarPubMed
Gnanalingham, K. K., Byrne, E. J., Thornton, A., Sambrook, M. A., & Bannister, P. (1997). Motor and cognitive function in Lewy body dementia: Comparison with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 62 (3), 243–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gurd, J. M., Herzberg, L., Joachim, C., et al. (2000). Dementia with Lewy bodies: A pure case. Brain and Cognition, 44 (3), 307–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hely, M. A., Morris, J. G., Reid, W. G., & Trafficante, R. (2005). Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson’s disease: Non‐L‐dopa–responsive problems dominate at 15 years. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 20 (2), 190–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hobson, P., & Meara, J. (2004). Risk and incidence of dementia in a cohort of older subjects with Parkinson’s disease in the United Kingdom. Movement Disorders, 19 (9), 1043–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogan, D. B., Fiest, K. M., Roberts, J. I., et al. (2016). The prevalence and incidence of dementia with Lewy bodies: A systematic review. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 43(S1), S83S95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Höglinger, G. U., Respondek, G., Stamelou, M., et al. (2017). Clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy: The movement disorder society criteria. Movement Disorders, 32 (6), 853–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hu, M. T. (2020). REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). Neurobiology of Disease, 143, 104996.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, T. A., Ross, H. F., Musa, S., et al. (2000). A 10-year study of the incidence of and factors predicting dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology, 54 (8), 1596–603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iansek, R., & Dandoudis, M. (2019). Parkinson’s disease. In Hocking, D., Bradshaw, J. & Fielding, J. (Eds.), Degenerative Disorders of the Brain (pp. 6587). Oxford: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jankovic, J., & Aguilar, L. G. (2008). Current approaches to the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 4 (4), 743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janvin, C. C., Larsen, J. P., Aarsland, D., & Hugdahl, K. (2006). Subtypes of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Progression to dementia. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 21 (9), 1343–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jellinger, K. A. (2018). Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease-dementia: current concepts and controversies. Journal of Neural Transmission, 125 (4), 615–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kao, A. W., Racine, C. A., Quitania, L. C., et al. (2009). Cognitive and neuropsychiatric profile of the synucleinopathies: Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 23 (4), 365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, W. S., Kågedal, K., & Halliday, G. M. (2014). Alpha-synuclein biology in Lewy body diseases. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 6 (5), 19.Google ScholarPubMed
Koga, S., Parks, A., Kasanuki, K., et al. (2017). Cognitive impairment in progressive supranuclear palsy is associated with tau burden. Movement Disorders, 32 (12), 1772–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kouri, N., Murray, M. E., Hassan, A., et al. (2011). Neuropathological features of corticobasal degeneration presenting as corticobasal syndrome or Richardson syndrome. Brain, 134 (11), 3264–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lagarde, J., Valabrègue, R., Corvol, J.-C., et al. (2013). Are frontal cognitive and atrophy patterns different in PSP and bvFTD? A comparative neuropsychological and VBM study. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e80353. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Litvan, I., Aarsland, D., Adler, C. H., et al. (2011). MDS Task Force on mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Critical review of PD‐MCI. Movement Disorders, 26 (10), 1814–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Litvan, I., Agid, Y., Calne, D., et al. (1996). Clinical research criteria for the diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome): Report of the NINDS-SPSP international workshop. Neurology, 47 (1), 19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Litvan, I., Goldman, J. G., Tröster, A. I., et al. (2012). Diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Movement Disorder Society Task Force guidelines. Movement Disorders, 27 (3), 349–56.Google ScholarPubMed
McKeith, I. G., Boeve, B. F., Dickson, D. W., et al. (2017). Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: Fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology, 89 (1), 88100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKeith, I., Mintzer, J., Aarsland, D., et al. (2004). International Psychogeriatric Association expert meeting on DLB: Dementia with Lewy bodies. Lancet Neurology, 3 (1), 1928.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morens, D. M., Davis, J. W., Grandinetti, A., et al. (1996). Epidemiologic observations on Parkinson’s disease: Incidence and mortality in a prospective study of middle-aged men. Neurology, 46 (4), 1044–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moretti, D. V. (2019). Available and future treatments for atypical parkinsonism. A systematic review. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 25 (2), 159–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mosimann, U. P., Mather, G., Wesnes, K. A., et al. (2004). Visual perception in Parkinson disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology, 63 (11), 2091–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mouton, A., Blanc, F., Gros, A., et al. (2018). Sex ratio in dementia with Lewy bodies balanced between Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease dementia: A cross-sectional study. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 10 (1), 110.Google ScholarPubMed
Nalls, M. A., Duran, R., Lopez, G., et al. (2013). A multicenter study of glucocerebrosidase mutations in dementia with Lewy bodies. JAMA Neurology, 70 (6), 727–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nath, U., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Thomson, R. G., Lees, A. J., & Burn, D. J. (2003). Clinical features and natural history of progressive supranuclear palsy: A clinical cohort study. Neurology, 60 (6), 910–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, H. E. (1982). National Adult Reading Test (NART): Test manual. Windsor: NFER-Nelson.Google Scholar
Nomura, T., Inoue, Y., Mitani, H., et al. (2003). Visual hallucinations as REM sleep behavior disorders in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 18 (7), 812–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ossenkoppele, R., Jansen, W. J., Rabinovici, G. D., et al. (2015). Prevalence of amyloid PET positivity in dementia syndromes: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 313 (19), 1939–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parkinson’s UK (2018). The incidence and prevalence of Parkinson’s in the UK Results from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink Summary report. www.parkinsons.org.uk/sites/default/files/2018-01/CS2960%20Incidence%20and%20prevalence%20report%20branding%20summary%20report.pdf.Google Scholar
Phongpreecha, T., Cholerton, B., Mata, I. F., et al. (2020). Multivariate prediction of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. NPJ Parkinson’s Disease, 6 (1), 110.Google ScholarPubMed
Pillon, B., Deweer, B., Agid, Y., & Dubois, B. (1993). Explicit memory in Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson’s diseases. Archives of Neurology, 50 (4), 374–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pirozzolo, F. J., Hansch, E. C., Mortimer, J. A., Webster, D. D., & Kuskowski, M. A. (1982). Dementia in Parkinson disease: A neuropsychological analysis. Brain and Cognition, 1 (1), 7183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pagano, G., Niccolini, F., & Politis, M. (2016). Imaging in Parkinson’s disease. Clinical Medicine, 16 (4), 371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Postuma, R. B., Berg, D., Stern, M., et al. (2015). MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson’s disease. Movement disorders, 30 (12), 1591–601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Postuma, R. B., Berg, D., Adler, C. H., et al. (2016). The new definition and diagnostic criteria of Parkinson’s disease. The Lancet Neurology, 15 (6), 546–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potashkin, J. A., Santiago, J. A., Ravina, B. M., Watts, A., & Leontovich, A. A. (2012). Biosignatures for Parkinson’s disease and atypical Parkinsonian disorders patients. PLoS ONE 7(8), e43595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palavra, N. C., Naismith, S. L., & Lewis, S. J. (2013). Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: A review of current concepts. Neurology Research International, 2013. 576091. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/576091.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruffmann, C., Calboli, F. C., Bravi, I., et al. (2016). Cortical Lewy bodies and Aβ burden are associated with prevalence and timing of dementia in Lewy body diseases. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 42 (5), 436–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sadiq, D., Whitfield, T., Lee, L., et al. (2017). Prodromal dementia with Lewy bodies and prodromal Alzheimer’s disease: A comparison of the cognitive and clinical profiles. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 58 (2), 463–70.Google ScholarPubMed
Saeed, U., Lang, A. E., & Masellis, M. (2020). Neuroimaging advances in Parkinson’s disease and atypical Parkinsonian syndromes. Frontiers in Neurology, 1189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salthouse, O., Bradshaw, J., & Saling, M. (2019). Dementia with Lewy bodies. In Hocking, D., Bradshaw, J., & Fielding, J. (Eds.), Degenerative Disorders of the Brain (pp. 186–98). Oxford: Routledge.Google Scholar
Savica, R., Grossardt, B. R., Bower, J. H., et al. (2013). Incidence of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson disease dementia. JAMA Neurology, 70 (11), 1396–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schoenberg, M., & Duff, K. (2011). Dementias and mild cognitive impairment in adults. In Schoenberg, M. & Scott, J. (Eds), The Little Black Book of Neuropsychology (pp. 357404). London; Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sekiya, H., Koga, S., Otsuka, Y., et al. (2022). Clinical and pathological characteristics of later onset multiple system atrophy. Journal of Neurology, 269, 4310–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schadlu, A. P., Schadlu, R., & ShepherdIII, J. B. (2009). Charles Bonnet syndrome: A review. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology, 20(3), 219–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stanford, P. M., Halliday, G. M., Brooks, W. S., et al. (2000). Progressive supranuclear palsy pathology caused by a novel silent mutation in exon 10 of the tau gene: Expansion of the disease phenotype caused by tau gene mutations. Brain, 123 (5), 880–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stankovic, I., Krismer, F., Jesic, A., et al. (2014). Cognitive impairment in multiple system atrophy: A position statement by the Neuropsychology Task Force of the MDS Multiple System Atrophy (MODIMSA) study group. Movement Disorders, 29 (7), 857–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takao, M., Ghetti, B., Yoshida, H., et al. (2004). Early‐onset dementia with Lewy bodies. Brain Pathology, 14 (2), 137–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Rooden, S. M., Heiser, W. J., Kok, J. N., et al. (2010). The identification of Parkinson’s disease subtypes using cluster analysis: a systematic review. Movement Disorders, 25(8), 969–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vasconcellos, L. F. R., & Pereira, J. S. (2015). Parkinson’s disease dementia: Diagnostic criteria and risk factor review. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 37 (9), 988–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vergouw, L. J., van Steenoven, I., van de Berg, W. D., et al. (2017). An update on the genetics of dementia with Lewy bodies. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 43, 18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, L., Stefanis, L., & Attems, J. (2019). Clinical and neuropathological differences between Parkinson’s disease, Parkinson’s disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies – Current issues and future directions. Journal of Neurochemistry, 150 (5), 467–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wenning, G. K., Litvan, I., Jankovic, J., et al. (1998). Natural history and survival of 14 patients with corticobasal degeneration confirmed at postmortem examination. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 4, 184–9.Google Scholar
Wenning, G. K., Stankovic, I., Vignatelli, L., et al. (2022). The movement disorder society criteria for the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Movement Disorders, 37 (6), 1131–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, M. M., Xiong, C., Morris, J. C., & Galvin, J. E. (2006). Survival and mortality differences between dementia with Lewy bodies vs Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 67 (11), 1935–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams-Gray, C. H., Evans, J. R., Goris, A., et al. (2009). The distinct cognitive syndromes of Parkinson’s disease: 5 year follow-up of the CamPaIGN cohort. Brain, 132(11), 2958–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams-Gray, C. H., Mason, S. L., Evans, J. R., et al. (2013). The CamPaIGN study of Parkinson’s disease: 10-year outlook in an incident population-based cohort. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 84 (11), 1258–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, T., Kansaku, K., & Hallett, M. (2004). How self-initiated memorized movements become automatic: A functional MRI study. Journal of Neurophysiology, 91 (4), 1690–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yip, A. G., Brayne, C., & Matthews, F. E. (2006). Risk factors for incident dementia in England and Wales: The Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. A population-based nested case-control study. Age and Ageing, 35 (2), 154–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zaccai, J., McCracken, C., & Brayne, C. (2005). A systematic review of prevalence and incidence studies of dementia with Lewy bodies. Age and Ageing, 34 (6), 561–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×