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19 - Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging in neurodegenerative diseases

from Part II - Neuroimaging in neurodegeneration

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 August 2010

M. Flint Beal ,
Anthony E. Lang  and
Albert C. Ludolph
By
Michael Samuel  and
Alan Colchester
M. Flint Beal
Affiliation:
Cornell University, New York
Anthony E. Lang
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Albert C. Ludolph
Affiliation:
Universität Ulm, Germany
Michael Samuel
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, William Harvey Hospital, Ashford, Kent, UK
Alan Colchester
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, William Harvey Hospital, Ashford, Kent, UK
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Summary

Introduction

A full account of structural and functional MRI in neurodegenerative diseases would require an extensive volume. There are many neuroradiology texts which describe the common structural MRI abnormalities. MRI acquisition and processing techniques continue to develop apace and this chapter focuses on non-routine structural MRI and functional MRI (fMRI).

We define neurodegenerative diseases as having a distinct clinical picture, progressive natural history, focal or global pathology, and characteristic histopathology. This chapter describes diseases where neurodegeneration occurs intracranially, rather than in the spinal cord or peripheral nervous system. We do not include diseases where neurodegeneration occurs secondary to vascular or inflammatory processes, so we exclude diseases such as cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, multiple sclerosis or complex biochemical disorders (e.g. leukodystrophies), but we do include some disorders of copper, iron and calcium metabolism as well as prion diseases. Accepting our limitations, we limit our discussion to five categories of neurodegenerative disorders: [i] dementias, [ii] extrapyramidal disorders, [iii] motor system disorders, [iv] ataxias and [v] prion diseases. Of these, the application of non-routine MRI and fMRI to dementia and movement disorders has seen the largest expansion so far.

Structural MRI in neurodegenerative disorders

Structural MRI acquisition and postprocessing techniques

Typical routine clinical sequences, such as T1 and T2-weighted, fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and Short Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR) are effective at showing the location of pathological changes, but are seldom specific for the type of pathology. For this reason newer MRI techniques are being developed.

Type
Chapter
Information
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurobiology, Pathogenesis and Therapeutics
 , pp. 253 - 289
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2005

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