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1 - A historical review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 February 2013

By
Howard A. Pearson
Edited by
Pedro de Alarcón ,
Eric Werner  and
Robert D. Christensen
Pedro de Alarcón
Affiliation:
University of Illinois College of Medicine
Eric Werner
Affiliation:
Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters
Robert D. Christensen
Affiliation:
McKay-Dee Hospital, Utah
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Summary

Ancient concepts of the blood were described by Hippocrates and Galen 2000 years ago in their doctrine of “humors.” It was believed that the body was made up of four humors – blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile – and that these four components had the qualities of heat (Hot-blooded!), cold, moist, and dry. The Galenic concept of the blood prevailed through the Middle Ages. Health or disease were a result of an imbalance, between these humors. This was the basis of the practice of therapeutic blood-letting (which, fortunately, was performed infrequently on children) through the mid nineteenth century as a way to rid the body of the imbalance of humors believed to cause a wide variety of diseases.

The hematology of the fetus and newborn is a relatively recent area of study whose development depended upon the evolution of the science of hematology and, especially, upon methods to study the blood and its elements. As Wintrobe has pointed out, the development of the field of hematology has been driven by technology. He divided the evolution of hematology into two general areas: morphology, which relied on the development of microscopy, and quantitation of the elements of the blood, which came later (1).

Type
Chapter
Information
Neonatal Hematology
Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Hematologic Problems
 , pp. 1 - 10
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2013

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