Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-599cfd5f84-8nxqw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-07T07:26:33.094Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 1 - A Historical Review

from Section I - Developmental Hematology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 January 2021

By
Howard A. Pearson
Edited by
Pedro A. de Alarcón ,
Eric J. Werner ,
Robert D. Christensen  and
Martha C. Sola-Visner
Pedro A. de Alarcón
Affiliation:
University of Illinois College of Medicine
Eric J. Werner
Affiliation:
Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters
Robert D. Christensen
Affiliation:
University of Utah
Martha C. Sola-Visner
Affiliation:
Harvard University, Massachusetts
Get access

Summary

Ancient concepts of the blood were described by Hippocrates and Galen 2000 years ago in their doctrine of “humors.” It was believed that the body was made up of four humors – blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile – and that these four components had the qualities of heat (hot-blooded!), cold, moist, and dry. The Galenic concept of the blood prevailed through the Middle Ages. Health or disease were a result of an imbalance, between these humors. This was the basis of the practice of therapeutic bloodletting (which, fortunately, was performed infrequently on children) through the mid nineteenth century as a way to rid the body of the imbalance of humors believed to cause a wide variety of diseases.

Type
Chapter
Information
Neonatal Hematology
Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Hematologic Problems
 , pp. 1 - 9
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Wintrobe, MM (ed.). Blood, Pure and Eloquent (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980), pp. 1–31.Google Scholar
Leeuwenhoek, A. Microscopical observations concerning blood, milk, bones, the brain, cuticula and spittle. Philos Trans (London) 1674;9:121–8.Google Scholar
Hewson, W. On the figure and configuration of the red particles of the blood, commonly called the red globules. Philos Trans 1963;63(part 2):303–23.Google Scholar
Bizzozero, G. Uber einen neuen Formbestandtheil des Blutes und dessen Rolle bei der Thrombose und der Blutgerinnung. Virch Archiv Pathol Anat Physiol 1882; 90:261–332.Google Scholar
Osler, W. An account of certain organisms occurring in the liquor sanguinis. Proc R Soc Lond 1874;22:391–8.Google Scholar
Ehrlich, P. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Amilinfarbungen und ihrer Verwendung in der mikroscopischen Technik. Arch Mikr Anat 1877;13:263–77.Google Scholar
Wintrobe, MM. A simple and accurate hematocrit. J Lab Clin Med 1929;15:287–9.Google Scholar
Wintrobe, MM. Anemia: Classification and treatment on the basis of differences in the average volume and hemoglobin content of the red corpuscles. Arch Intern Med 1934;54:256–80.Google Scholar
Dewees, WP. A Treatise on the Physical and Medical Treatment of Children (Philadelphia, PA: B.C. Carey & L. Lea, 1825).Google Scholar
Smith, JL. A Treatise on the Diseases of Infancy and Childhood (Philadelphia PA: H.C. Lea, 1869).Google Scholar
Holt, LE. The Diseases of Infancy and Childhood (New York: D. Appleton and Co, 1897).Google Scholar
Lucas, WP, Dearing, BF, Hoobler, HR, Cox, A, Smythe, F. Blood studies in the new-born: Morphological chemical coagulation, urobilin and bilirubin. Am J Dis Child 1921;22:524–58.Google Scholar
Lippman, HS. A morphologic and quantitative study of the blood corpuscles in the new-born period. Am J Dis Child 1924;27:473–526.Google Scholar
Mattoth, Y, Zaizov, R, Varsano, L. Postnatal changes in some red cell parameters. Acta Paediatr 1971;60:317–23.Google Scholar
Korber, E. Inaugural dissertation; Dorpet, 1866. Cited by Bischoff H. Untersuchungen uberdie Resistenz des Hamoglobins des menschenblutes mit besonderer beruchsichtigung des Sauglingalters. Z Gesante Exp Med 1926;48:472–89.Google Scholar
Singer, K, Chernoff, AI, Singer, L. Studies on abnormal hemoglobins 1. Their demonstration in sickle cell anemia and other hematologic disorders by means of alkali denaturation. Blood 1951;6:413–28.Google Scholar
Apt, L, Downey, WS. Melena neonatorum: the swallowed blood syndrome; a simple test for the differentiation of adult and fetal hemoglobin in bloody stools. J Pediatr 1955;47:6–12.Google Scholar
Kleihauer, E, Braun, H, Betke, K. Demonstration von fetalen Haemoglobin in den Erythrocyten eines Blutaustrichs. Klin Wochenschr 1957;35:637–8.Google Scholar
Rhinesmith, HS, Schroeder, WA, Pauling, LA. A quantitative study of hydrolysis of human dinitrophenyl (DNP) globin: the number and kind of polypeptide chains in normal adult human hemoglobin. J Am Chem Soc 1957;79:4682–6.Google Scholar
Schroeder, WA. N-terminal residues of human fetal hemoglobin. J Am Chem Soc 1958;80:1521.Google Scholar
Bensch, R, Bensch, RE, Yu, CI. Reciprocal binding of oxygen and diphosphoglycerate by human hemoglobins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1968;59:526–32.Google Scholar
Scott, RB. Screening for sickle cell in newborn infants. Am J Dis Child 1948;75:842–6.Google Scholar
Pearson, HA, O’Brien, RT, McIntosh, S, Aspenes, GT, Yang, MM. Routine screening of umbilical cord blood for sickle cell diseases. J Am Med Assoc 1974;227:420–2.Google Scholar
Benz, EJ, Forget, BG. The molecular genetics of the thalassemia syndromes. Prog Hematol 1975;129:107–55.Google Scholar
Singer, ST, Styles, L, Bojanski, J, Vinchinsky, E. Changing outcomes of homozygous alpha-thalassemia: cautious optimism. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2000;22:539–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oski, FA, Naiman, JL. Hematologic Problems in the Newborn (Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1966).Google Scholar
Diamond, LK, Forward. In Miller, D, Pearson, HA, McMillan, CW, eds. Smith’s Blood Diseases of Infancy and Childhood (St. Louis, MO: C.V. Mosby Co., 1978).Google Scholar
Diamond, LK, Blackfan, ED, Baty, JM. Erythroblastosis fetalis, and its association with universal edema of the fetus, icterus gravis neonatorum and anemia of the newborn. J Pediatr 1932;1:269–309.Google Scholar
Darrow, RR. Icterus gravis neonatorum: an examination of etiologic considerations. Arch Pathol 1938;25:378–417.Google Scholar
Landsteiner, K, Weiner, P. An agglutinable factor in human blood recognized by human sera for rhesus blood. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1940;43:223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landsteiner, K. Uber Agglutinationsercheiunungen normalen menschlichen Blutes. Wein Klin Wocheschr 1901;14:1132–4.Google Scholar
Levine, P, Katzin, EM, Burnham, L. Isoimmunization in pregnancy; its possible bearing on the etiology of erythroblastosis fetalis. J Am Med Assoc 1941;116:825–8.Google Scholar
Levine, P, Burnham, L. The role of isoimmunization in the pathogenesis of erythroblastosis fetalis. Am J Obstet Gyneocol 1941;42:825–7.Google Scholar
Hart, AP. Familial icterus gravis of the newborn and its treatment. Can Med Assoc J 1925;15:1008–19.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, H. Treatment of severe erythroblastosis by simultaneous removal and replacement of the blood of the new born infant. Science 1946;103:583–4.Google Scholar
Weiner, AS, Wexler, IB. The use of heparin in performing exchange transfusions in newborn infants. J Lab Clin Med 1946;31:1016–19.Google Scholar
Diamond, LK. Replacement transfusion as a treatment of erythoblastosis fetalis. Pediatrics 1948;2:520–4.Google Scholar
Allen, FH, Diamond, LK. Erythroblastosis Fetalis (Boston, MA: Little, Brown Co., 1957).Google Scholar
Weiner, AS. Diagnosis and treatment of anemia of the newborn caused by occult placental hemorrhage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1948;56:717–22.Google Scholar
Chown, B. Anemia from bleeding of the fetus into the mother’s circulation: proof of bleeding. Lancet 1954;1:1213–15.Google Scholar
Pearson, HA, Diamond, LK. Fetomaternal transfusion. Am J Dis Child 1959;97:267–73.Google Scholar
Liley, AW. Liquor amni analysis in the management of the pregnancy complicated by rhesus sensitization. Am J Obst Gynecol 1961;82:1359–70.Google Scholar
Liley, AW. Intrauterine transfusion of foetus in haemolytic disease. Br Med J 1963;2:1107–11.Google Scholar
Clarke, CA. Prevention of Rh hemolytic disease. Br Med J 1967;4:7–12.Google Scholar
Freda, VJ, Gorman, JG, Pollack, WI. Prevention of Rh immunization. J Am Med Assoc 1967;199:390–4.Google Scholar
Ross, ME, Waldron, PE, Cashore, WJ, de Alarcón, PA. Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. In de Alarcón, PA, Werner, EJ, Christensen, RD eds. Neonatal Hematology 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp. 80–81.Google Scholar
Garrison, EH. An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 4th ed. (Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1929).Google Scholar
Quick, AJ. The Hemorrhagic Diseases and the Physiology of Hemostasis (Springfield: IL: C.C. Thomas, 1942).Google Scholar
Townsend, CW. The haemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Arch Pediatr 1894;11:559–65.Google Scholar
Whipple, GH. Hemorrhagic disease. Arch Intern Med 1912;9:363–99.Google Scholar
Brinkhaus, KM, Smith, HP, Warner, ED. Plasma protein level in normal infancy and in hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Am J Med Sci 1937;193:475–80.Google Scholar
Lambert, SW. Melena neonatorum with report of a case cured by transfusion. Med Record 1908;73:885–7.Google Scholar
Sidbury, JB. Transfusion through the umbilical vein in hemorrhage of the newborn. Am J Dis Child 1923;25:290–6.Google Scholar
Zuelzer, WW. Pediatric hematology in historical perspective. In Nathan, DG, Orkin, SH, eds. Nathan and Oski’s Hematology of Infancy and Childhood, 5th ed. (Philadelphia, PA: W.R. Saunders, 1998).Google Scholar
Dam, H, Dyggve, H, Larsen, H. Cholesterolstoffwechsel in Huhneriern und Huhnchen. Biochem J 1929;215:475–92.Google Scholar
Dam, H, Dyggve, H, Larsen, H, Schonheyder, F, Tage-Hansen, E. Studies on the mode of action of Vitamin K. Biochem J 1936;30:1275–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brinkhaus, KM, Smith, HP, Warner, ED. Plasma protein level in normal infancy and in hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Am J Med Sci 1937;193:475–80.Google Scholar
Dam, H, Dyggve, H, Larsen, H. The relationship of vitamin K deficiency to hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Adv Pediatr 1952;5:129–53.Google Scholar
Waddell, WW, Jr., Guerry, DP III, Bray, WE, Waddell Kelley, OR. Possible effects of vitamin K on prothrombin and clotting time in the newly born infant. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1937;40:432–4.Google Scholar
Almquist, HJ, Klose, AA. Synthetic and natural antihemorrhagic compounds. Am J Chem Soc 1939;61:2557–8.Google Scholar
Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Vitamin K in the newborn. Pediatrics 1961;28:501–7.Google Scholar
Dam, H, Glavind, J, Larsen, H, Plum, P. Investigations into the cause of physiological hypoprothrombinemia in newborn children. IV. The vitamin K content of women’s milk and cow’s milk. Acta Med Scand 1942;112:210–16.Google Scholar
Sutherland, JM, Glueck, HL, Gleser, G. Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn: breast feeding as a necessary factor in the pathogenesis. Am J Dis Child 1967;113:524–33.Google Scholar
Stentlo, J, Fernlund, P, Egan, W, Raestorff, P. Vitamin K dependent modifications of glutamic acid residues in prothrombin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1974;71:2730–3.Google Scholar
Pearson, HA. Life span of the fetal red blood cell. J Pediatr 1967;70:166–171.Google Scholar
O’Brien, RT, Pearson, HA. Physiological anemia of the new-born infant. J. Pediatr 1971;79:132–8.Google Scholar
Gallagher, PG, Ehrenkranz, RA. Erythropoietin therapy for anemia of prematurity. Clin Perinatol 1993;20:169–91.Google Scholar
Von Kohorn, I, Ehrenkranz, RA. Anemia in the preterm infant: Erythropoietin versus erythrocyte transfusion – It’s not that simple. Clin Perinatol 2009;36:111–23.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×