Disorders of the fetomaternal unit

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511545306.004

2 - Disorders of the fetomaternal unit

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 August 2009

Eric J. Werner

Edited by

Pedro A. de Alarcón and

Eric J. Werner

Foreword by

J. Lawrence Naiman

Show author details

Eric J. Werner: Affiliation:
M.D. Eastern Virginia Medical School and Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, VA, USA
Pedro A. de Alarcón: Affiliation:
University of Tennessee
Eric J. Werner: Affiliation:
Eastern Virginia Medical School
J. Lawrence Naiman: Affiliation:
Stanford University School of Medicine, California

Book contents

Get access

Summary

In health, the placenta functions marvelously well as the interface between the maternal and fetal circulations, providing nutrition, oxygen, fluid, and electrolytes and removing fetal waste and carbon dioxide. Disorders that disrupt placental physiology, and the presence of pathogens or toxins that can cross the placental barrier, can adversely affect the fetus. This chapter will discuss disorders of the maternal–fetal unit that result in hematologic abnormalities in the fetus and/or newborn infant.

Hemorrhagic disorders of the fetoplacental unit

The average blood volume of the fetoplacental circulation is roughly 110 ml/kg [1], and hence a relatively small amount of blood loss can be a sizable proportion of the fetal blood volume. Placental abnormalities causing fetal blood loss are shown in Table 2.1. Such blood loss can be visible, as with placenta previa, or occult, as with fetomaternal bleeds or twin–twin transfusion syndrome. The clinician must suspect fetal blood loss if the neonate presents with shock and pallor. The placenta and cord should be inspected for pallor, a hematoma, or other anomalies. As discussed below, maternal blood should be studied for the presence of fetal cells.

Abruptio placenta and placenta previa

While the majority of blood loss with placenta previa or abruptio placenta is maternal, fetal blood loss can also occur [2, 3]. The frequency of neonatal anemia requiring transfusion increases with the severity of maternal bleeding [4].

Type: Chapter
Information: Neonatal Hematology , pp. 10 - 39

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511545306.004 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Wardrop, C. A., Holland, B. M.The roles and vital importance of placental blood to the newborn infant. J Perinat Med 1995; 23: 139–143CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Crane, J. M., Hof, M. C., Dodds, L., Armson, B. A., Liston, R.Neonatal outcomes with placenta previa. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 93: 541–544Google Scholar PubMed

Faxelius, G., Raye, J., Gutberlet, R., et al.Red cell volume measurements and acute blood loss in high-risk newborn infants. J Pediatr 1977; 90: 273–281CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

McShane, P. M., Heyl, P. S., Epstein, M. F.Maternal and perinatal morbidity resulting from placenta previa. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 65: 176–182Google Scholar PubMed

Linderkamp, O., Versmold, H. T., Strohhacker, I., et al.Capillary-venous hematocrit differences in newborn infants. I. Relationship to blood volume, peripheral blood flow, and acid base parameters. Eur J Pediatr 1977; 127: 9–14CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Jorgensen, J.Feto-maternal bleeding. During pregnancy and at delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1977; 56: 487–490CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Sebring, E. S., Polesky, H. F.Fetomaternal hemorrhage: incidence, risk factors, time of occurrence, and clinical effects. Transfusion 1990; 30: 344–357CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Laube, D. W., Schauberger, C. W.Fetomaternal bleeding as a cause for unexplained fetal death. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 60: 649–651Google Scholar PubMed

Catalano, P. M., Capeless, E. L.Fetomaternal bleeding as a cause of recurrent fetal morbidity and mortality. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 76: 972–973Google Scholar PubMed

Downing, G. J., Kilbride, H. W., Yeast, J. D.Nonimmune hydrops fetalis caused by a massive fetomaternal hemorrhage associated with elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels: a case report. J Reprod Med 1990; 35: 444–446Google Scholar PubMed

Duckett, J. R., Constantine, G.The Kleihauer technique: an accurate method of quantifying fetomaternal haemorrhage?Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 845–846CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Davis, B. H., Olsen, S., Bigelow, N. C., Chen, J. C.Detection of fetal red cells in fetomaternal hemorrhage using a fetal hemoglobin monoclonal antibody by flow cytometry. Transfusion 1998; 38: 749–756CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Alter, B. P., Weiner, M. A., Harris, M. B.Erythrocyte characteristics in childhood acute leukemia. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1989; 11: 8–15CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Whitecar, P. W., Moise, K. J. Jr.Sonographic methods to detect fetal anemia in red blood cell alloimmunization. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2000; 55: 240–250CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Tsuda, H., Matsumoto, M., Sutoh, Y., et al.Massive fetomaternal hemorrhage. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1995; 50: 47–49CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Dickinson, J. E., Evans, S. F.Obstetric and perinatal outcomes from the Australian and New Zealand Twin–Twin Transfusion Syndrome Registry. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182: 706–712CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fries, M. H., Goldstein, R. B., Kilpatrick, S. J., et al.The role of velamentous cord insertion in the etiology of twin–twin transfusion syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 81: 569–574Google Scholar PubMed

Blickstein, I.The twin–twin transfusion syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 76: 714–722Google Scholar PubMed

Wenstrom, K. D., Tessen, J. A., Zlatnik, F. J., Sipes, S. L.Frequency, distribution, and theoretical mechanisms of hematologic and weight discordance in monochorionic twins. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 257–261Google Scholar PubMed

Danskin, F. H., Neilson, J. P.Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: what are appropriate diagnostic criteria?Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 365–369CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fesslova, V., Villa, L., Nava, S., Mosca, F., Nicolini, U.Fetal and neonatal echocardiographic findings in twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179: 1056–1062CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Scott, F., Evans, N.Distal gangrene in a polycythemic recipient fetus in twin–twin transfusion. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 86: 677–69CrossRef Google Scholar

Dawkins, R. R., Marshall, T. L., Rogers, M. S.Prenatal gangrene in association with twin–twin transfusion syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172: 1055–1057CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bowden, J. B., Hebert, A. A., Rapini, R. P.Dermal hema-topoiesis in neonates: report of five cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 20: 1104–1110CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Schwartz, J. L., Maniscalco, W. M., Lane, A. T., Currao, W. J.Twin transfusion syndrome causing cutaneous erythropoiesis. Pediatrics 1984; 74: 527–529Google Scholar PubMed

Koenig, J. M., Hunter, D. D., Christensen, R. D.Neutropenia in donor (anemic) twins involved in the twin–twin transfusion syndrome. J Perinatol 1991; 11: 355–358Google Scholar PubMed

Pietrantoni, M., Stewart, D. L., Ssemakula, N., et al.Mortality conference: twin-to-twin transfusion. J Pediatr 1998; 132: 1071–1076CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Rainey, K. E., DiGeronimo, R. J., Pascual-Baralt, J.Successful long-term peritoneal dialysis in a very low birth weight infant with renal failure secondary to feto-fetal transfusion syndrome. Pediatrics 2000; 106: 849–851CrossRef Google Scholar

Lopriore, E., Vandenbussche, F. P., Tiersma, E. S., Beaufort, A. J., Leeuw, J. P.Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: new perspectives. J Pediatr 1995; 127: 675–680CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pinette, M. G., Pan, Y., Pinette, S. G., Stubblefield, P. G.Treatment of twin–twin transfusion syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82: 841–846Google Scholar PubMed

Zikulnig, L., Hecher, K., Bregenzer, T., Baz, E., Hackeloer, B. J.Prognostic factors in severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome treated by endoscopic laser surgery. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999; 14: 380–387CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Cordero, L., Landon, M. B.Infant of the diabetic mother. Clin Perinatol 1993; 20: 635–648CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Cowett, R. M., Schwartz, R.The infant of the diabetic mother. Pediatr Clin North Am 1982; 29: 1213–1231CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Mimouni, F., Miodovnik, M., Siddiqi, T. A., et al.Neonatal polycythemia in infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers. Obstet Gynecol 1986; 68: 370–372CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Green, D. W., Khoury, J., Mimouni, F.Neonatal hematocrit and maternal glycemic control in insulin-dependent diabetes. J Pediatr 1992; 120: 302–305CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Stonestreet, B. S., Goldstein, M., Oh, W., Widness, J. A.Effects of prolonged hyperinsulinemia on erythropoiesis in fetal sheep. Am J Physiol 1989; 257: R1199–1204Google Scholar PubMed

Perrine, S. P., Greene, M. F., Lee, P. D., Cohen, R. A., Faller, D. V.Insulin stimulates cord blood erythroid progenitor growth: evidence for an aetiological role in neonatal polycythaemia. Br J Haematol 1986; 64: 503–511CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Widness, J. A., Teramo, K. A., Clemons, G. K., et al.Direct relationship of antepartum glucose control and fetal erythropoietin in human type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic pregnancy. Diabetologia 1990; 33: 378–383CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Widness, J. A., Susa, J. B., Garcia, J. F., et al.Increased erythropoiesis and elevated erythropoietin in infants born to diabetic mothers and in hyperinsulinemic rhesus fetuses. J Clin Invest 1981; 67: 637–642CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Shannon, K., Davis, J. C., Kitzmiller, J. L., Fulcher, S. A., Koenig, H. M.Erythropoiesis in infants of diabetic mothers. Pediatr Res 1986; 20: 161–165CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Green, D. W., Mimouni, F.Nucleated erythrocytes in healthy infants and in infants of diabetic mothers. J Pediatr 1990; 116: 129–31CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Green, D. W., Mimouni, F., Khoury, J.Decreased platelet counts in infants of diabetic mothers. Am J Perinatol 1995; 12: 102–105CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Perrine, S. P., Greene, M. F., Faller, D. V.Delay in the fetal globin switch in infants of diabetic mothers. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 334–338CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bard, H., Prosmanne, J.Relative rates of fetal hemoglobin and adult hemoglobin synthesis in cord blood of infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers. Pediatrics 1985; 75: 1143–1147Google Scholar

Oppenheimer, E. H., Esterly, J. R.Thrombosis in the newborn: comparison between infants of diabetic and nondiabetic mothers. J Pediatr 1965; 67: 549–556CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Allen, M. I., Jackson, J. C., Knopp, R. H., Cone, R.In utero thrombosis and neonatal gangrene in an infant of a diabetic mother. Am J Med Genet 1989; 33: 323–327CrossRef Google Scholar

Hathaway, W. E., Mahasandana, C., Makowski, E. L.Cord blood coagulation studies in infants of high-risk pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975; 121: 51–57CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Stuart, M. J., Elrad, H., Graeber, J. E., et al.Increased synthesis of prostaglandin endoperoxides and platelet hyperfunction in infants of mothers with diabetes mellitus. J Lab Clin Med 1979; 94: 12–26Google Scholar PubMed

Stuart, M. J., Sunderji, S. G., Allen, J. B.Decreased prostacyclin production in the infant of the diabetic mother. J Lab Clin Med 1981; 98: 412–416Google Scholar PubMed

Easa, D., Coen, R. W.Coagulation studies in infants of diabetic mothers. Am J Dis Child 1979; 133: 851–852Google Scholar PubMed

Ambrus, C. M., Ambrus, J. L., Courey, N., et al.Inhibitors of fibrinolysis in diabetic children, mothers, and their newborn. Am J Hematol 1979; 7: 245–254CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fonseca, V. A., Reynolds, T., Fink, L. M.Hyperhomocysteinemia and microalbuminuria in diabetes. Diabet Care 1998; 21: 1028CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Shah, D. M. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. In Fanaroff, A. A., Martin, R. J., eds. Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine Disease of the Fetus and Infant, Vol. 1. St Louis: Mosby, 2002: 263–276Google Scholar

Manroe, B. L., Weinberg, A. G., Rosenfeld, C. R., Browne, R.The neonatal blood count in health and disease. I. Reference values for neutrophilic cells. J Pediatr 1979; 95: 89–98CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Engle, W. D., Rosenfeld, C. R.Neutropenia in high-risk neonates. J Pediatr 1984; 105: 982–986CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Mouzinho, A., Rosenfeld, C. R., Sanchez, P. J., Risser, R.Effect of maternal hypertension on neonatal neutropenia and risk of nosocomial infection. Pediatrics 1992; 90: 430–435Google Scholar PubMed

Koenig, J. M., Christensen, R. D.Incidence, neutrophil kinetics, and natural history of neonatal neutropenia associated with maternal hypertension. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 557–562CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Doron, M. W., Makhlouf, R. A., Katz, V. L., Lawson, E. E., Stiles, A. D.Increased incidence of sepsis at birth in neutropenic infants of mothers with preeclampsia. J Pediatr 1994; 125: 452–458CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Gray, P. H., Rodwell, R. L.Neonatal neutropenia associated with maternal hypertension poses a risk for nosocomial infection. Eur J Pediatr 1999; 158: 71–73CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Makhlouf, R. A., Doron, M. W., Bose, C. L., Price, W. A., Stiles, A. D.Administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to neutropenic low birth weight infants of mothers with preeclampsia. J Pediatr 1995; 126: 454–456CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Brazy, J. E., Grimm, J. K., Little, V. A.Neonatal manifestations of severe maternal hypertension occurring before the thirty-sixth week of pregnancy. J Pediatr 1982; 100: 265–271CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kurlat, I., Sola, A.Neonatal polycythemia in appropriately grown infants of hypertensive mothers. Acta Paediatr 1992; 81: 662–4CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Moore, J. L. Jr, Martin, J. N. Jr.Cancer and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1992; 19: 815–827Google Scholar

Waalen, J.Pregnancy poses tough questions for cancer treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83: 900–902CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Doll, D. C., Ringenberg, Q. S., Yarbro, J. W.Management of cancer during pregnancy. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 2058–2064CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Doll, D. C., Ringenberg, Q. S., Yarbro, J. W.Antineoplastic agents and pregnancy. Semin Oncol 1989; 16: 337–346Google Scholar

Zemlickis, D., Klein, J., Moselhy, G., Koren, G.Cisplatin protein binding in pregnancy and the neonatal period. Med Pediatr Oncol 1994; 23: 476–479CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Schapira, D. V., Chudley, A. E.Successful pregnancy following continuous treatment with combination chemotherapy before conception and throughout pregnancy. Cancer 1984; 54: 800–8033.0.CO;2-R>CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Glantz, J. C.Reproductive toxicology of alkylating agents. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1994; 49: 709–715CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Zemlickis, D., Lishner, M., Degendorfer, P., et al.Fetal outcome after in utero exposure to cancer chemotherapy. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 573–576CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Caligiuri, M. A., Mayer, R. J.Pregnancy and leukemia. Semin Oncol 1989; 16: 388–396Google Scholar PubMed

Buekers, T. E., Lallas, T. A.Chemotherapy in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1998; 25: 323–329CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Achtari, C., Hohlfeld, P.Cardiotoxic transplacental effect of idarubicin administered during the second trimester of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183: 511–512CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Aviles, A., Niz, J.Long-term follow-up of children born to mothers with acute leukemia during pregnancy. Med Pediatr Oncol 1988; 16: 3–6CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Sorosky, J. I., Sood, A. K., Buekers, T. E.The use of chemotherapeutic agents during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1997; 24: 591–599CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Aviles, A., Diaz-Maqueo, J. C., Talavera, A., Guzman, R., Garcia, E. L.Growth and development of children of mothers treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy: current status of 43 children. Am J Hematol 1991; 36: 243–248CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Randall, T.National registry seeks scarce data on pregnancy outcomes during chemotherapy. J Am Med Assoc 1993; 269: 323CrossRef Google Scholar

Mayr, N. A., Wen, B. C., Saw, C. B.Radiation therapy during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1998; 25: 301–321CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Brent, R. L.The effect of embryonic and fetal exposure to x-ray, microwaves, and ultrasound: counseling the pregnant and nonpregnant patient about these risks. Semin Oncol 1989; 16: 347–368Google Scholar PubMed

Dildy, G. A. D., Moise, K. J. Jr, Carpenter, R. J. Jr, Klima, T.Maternal malignancy metastatic to the products of conception: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1989; 44: 535–540CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Silverman, E. D., Laxer, R. M.Neonatal lupus erythematosus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1997; 23: 599–618CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Watson, R., Kang, J. E., May, M., et al.Thrombocytopenia in the neonatal lupus syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1988; 124: 560–563CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hariharan, D., Manno, C. S., Seri, I.Neonatal lupus erythematosus with microvascular hemolysis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2000; 22: 351–354CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Contractor, S., Hiatt, M., Kosmin, M., Kim, H. C.Neonatal thrombosis with anticardiolipin antibody in baby and mother. Am J Perinatol 1992; 9: 409–410CrossRef Google Scholar

Brewster, J. A., Shaw, N. J., Farquharson, R. G.Neonatal and pediatric outcome of infants born to mothers with antiphospholipid syndrome. J Perinat Med 1999; 27: 183–187CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Tabbutt, S., Griswold, W. R., Ogino, M. T., et al.Multiple thromboses in a premature infant associated with maternal phospholipid antibody syndrome. J Perinatol 1994; 14: 66–70Google Scholar

Sheridan-Pereira, M., Porreco, R. P., Hays, T., Burke, M. S.Neonatal aortic thrombosis associated with the lupus anticoagulant. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 71: 1016–1018Google Scholar

Fried, P. A.Prenatal exposure to tobacco and marijuana: effects during pregnancy, infancy, and early childhood. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1993; 36: 319–337CrossRef Google Scholar

Kendrick, J. S., Merritt, R. K.Women and smoking: an update for the 1990s. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175: 528–535CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bardy, A. H., Seppala, T., Lillsunde, P., et al.Objectively measured tobacco exposure during pregnancy: neonatal effects and relation to maternal smoking. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 100: 721–726CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Nilsen, S. T., Sagen, N., Kim, H. C., Bergsjo, P.Smoking, hemoglobin levels, and birth weights in normal pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984; 148: 752–758CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Castles, A., Adams, E. K., Melvin, C. L., Kelsch, C., Boulton, M. L.Effects of smoking during pregnancy: five meta-analyses. Am J Prev Med 1999; 16: 208–215CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bureau, M. A., Monette, J., Shapcott, D., et al.Carboxyhemoglobin concentration in fetal cord blood and in blood of mothers who smoked during labor. Pediatrics 1982; 69: 371–373Google Scholar PubMed

Bureau, M. A., Shapcott, D., Berthiaume, Y., et al.Maternal cigarette smoking and fetal oxygen transport: a study of P50, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, total hemoglobin, hematocrit, and type F hemoglobin in fetal blood. Pediatrics 1983; 72: 22–26Google Scholar PubMed

Varvarigou, A., Beratis, N. G., Makri, M., Vagenakis, A. G.Increased levels and positive correlation between erythropoietin and hemoglobin concentrations in newborn children of mothers who are smokers. J Pediatr 1994; 124: 480–482CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bili, H., Mamopoulos, M., Tsantali, C., et al.Elevated umbilical erythropoietin levels during labor in newborns of smoking mothers. Am J Perinatol 1996; 13: 85–87CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Meberg, A., Haga, P., Sande, H., Foss, O. P.Smoking during pregnancy: hematological observations in the newborn. Acta Paediatr Scand 1979; 68: 731–734CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

D'Souza, S. W., Black, P. M., Williams, N., Jennison, R. F.Effect of smoking during pregnancy upon the haematological values of cord blood. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1978; 85: 495–499CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Mercelina-Roumans, P. E., Breukers, R. B., Ubachs, J. M., Wersch, J. W.Hematological variables in cord blood of neonates of smoking and nonsmoking mothers. J Clin Epidemiol 1996; 49: 449–454CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Gruslin, A., Perkins, S. L., Manchanda, R., Fleming, N., Clinch, J. J.Maternal smoking and fetal erythropoietin levels. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95: 561–564Google Scholar PubMed

Jazayeri, A., Tsibris, J. C., Spellacy, W. N.Umbilical cord plasma erythropoietin levels in pregnancies complicated by maternal smoking. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178: 433–435CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hanion-Lundberg, K. M., Kirby, R. S., Gandhi, S., Broekhuizen, F. F.Nucleated red blood cells in cord blood of singleton term neonates. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 176: 1149–1154, 1154–1156CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Dollberg, S., Fainaru, O., Mimouni, F. B., et al.Effect of passive smoking in pregnancy on neonatal nucleated red blood cells. Pediatrics 2000; 106: E34CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Spinillo, A., Ometto, A., Stronati, M., et al.Epidemiologic association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and intracranial hemorrhage in preterm infants. J Pediatr 1995; 127: 472–478CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Mercelina-Roumans, P. E., Ubachs, J. M., Wersch, J. W.Hemostasis in newborns of smoking and nonsmoking mothers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 176: 662–666CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Mountain, K. R., Hirsh, J., Gallus, A. S.Neonatal coagulation defect due to anticonvulsant drug treatment in pregnancy. Lancet 1970; 1: 265–268CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hey, E.Effect of maternal anticonvulsant treatment on neonatal blood coagulation. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999; 81: F208–F210CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Howe, A. M., Oakes, D. J., Woodman, P. D., Webster, W. S.Prothrombin and PIVKA-II levels in cord blood from newborn exposed to anticonvulsants during pregnancy. Epilepsia 1999; 40: 980–984CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bleyer, W. A., Au, W. Y. A., Lange, W. A., Raisz, L. G.Studies on the detection of adverse drug reactions in the newborn. J Am Med Assoc 1970; 213: 2049–2053CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Stuart, M. J., Gross, S. J., Elrad, H., Graeber, J. E.Effects of acetylsalicylic-acid ingestion on maternal and neonatal hemostasis. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 909–912CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Norton, M. E., Merrill, J., Cooper, B. A., Kuller, J. A., Clyman, R. I.Neonatal complications after the administration of indomethacin for preterm labor. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1602–1607CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lukens, J. N.Neonatal haematological abnormalities associated with maternal disease. Clin Haematol 1978; 7: 155–173Google Scholar PubMed

Greinacher, A., Eckhardt, T., Mussmann, J., Mueller-Eckhardt, C.Pregnancy complicated by heparin associated thrombocytopenia: management by a prospectively in vitro selected heparinoid (Org 10172). Thromb Res 1993; 71: 123–126CrossRef Google Scholar

Beutler, E.Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: new perspectives. Blood 1989; 73: 1397–1401Google Scholar PubMed

Barak, M., Cohen, A., Herschkowitz, S.Total leukocyte and neutrophil count changes associated with antenatal betamethasone administration in premature infants. Acta Paediatr 1992; 81: 760–763CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Anday, E. K., Harris, M. C.Leukemoid reaction associated with antenatal dexamethasone administration. J Pediatr 1982; 101: 614–616CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Calhoun, D. A., Rosa, C., Christensen, R. D.Transplacental passage of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in women with an imminent preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174: 1306–1311CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Stoltzfus, R. J.Iron-deficiency anemia: reexamining the nature and magnitude of the public health problem. Summary: implications for research and programs. J Nutr 2001; 131: 697S–700S, 700S–701SCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Looker, A. C., Dallman, P. R., Carroll, M. D., Gunter, E. W., Johnson, C.Prevalence of iron deficiency in the United States. J Am Med Assoc 1997; 277: 973–976CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Strain, J. J., Thompson, K. A., Barker, M. E., Carville, D. G.Iron sufficiency in the population of Northern Ireland: estimates from blood measurements. Br J Nutr 1990; 64: 219–224CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Beard, J. L.Effectiveness and strategies of iron supplementation during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 1288S–1294SCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Choi, J. W., Kim, C. S., Pai, S. H.Erythropoietic activity and soluble transferrin receptor level in neonates and maternal blood. Acta Paediatr 2000; 89: 675–679CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Brugnara, C., Zurakowski, D., DiCanzio, J., Boyd, T., Platt, O.Reticulocyte hemoglobin content to diagnose iron deficiency in children. J Am Med Assoc 1999; 281: 2225–2230CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Milman, N., Bergholt, T., Byg, K. E., Eriksen, L., Graudal, N.Iron status and iron balance during pregnancy: a critical reappraisal of iron supplementation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1999; 78: 749–757CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Werner, E. J., Stockman, J. A. 3rd.Red cell disturbances in the feto-maternal unit. Semin Perinatol 1983; 7: 139–158Google Scholar PubMed

Allen, L. H.Anemia and iron deficiency : effects on pregnancy outcome. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 1280S–4SCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Harthoon-Lasthuizen, E. J., Lindemans, J., Langenhuijsen, M. M.Does iron-deficient erythropoiesis in pregnancy influence fetal iron supply?Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2001; 80: 392–386CrossRef Google Scholar

Barton, D. P., Joy, M. T., Lappin, T. R., et al.Maternal erythropoietin in singleton pregnancies: a randomized trial on the effect of oral hematinic supplementation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 896–901CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Steer, P. J.Maternal hemoglobin concentration and birth weight. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 1285S–1287SCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Scholl, T. O., Hediger, M. L., Fischer, R. L., Shearer, J. W.Anemia vs iron deficiency: increased risk of preterm delivery in a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 985–988CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Preziosi, P., Prual, A., Galan, P., et al.Effect of iron supplementation on the iron status of pregnant women: consequences for newborns. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 1178–1182CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Johnston, R. B. Jr., Folic acid : new dimensions of an old friendship. Adv Pediatr 1997; 44: 231–261Google Scholar PubMed

Chanarin, I.Folate and cobalamine. Clin Haematol 1985; 14: 629–641Google Scholar

Rosenblatt, D. S., Whitehead, V. M.Cobalamine and folate deficiency: acquired and hereditary disorders in children. Semin Hematol 1999; 36: 19–34Google Scholar

American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Genetics. Folic acid for the prevention of neural tube defects. Pediatrics 1999; 104: 325–327CrossRef

Ek, J.Plasma and red cell folate values in newborn infants and their mothers in relation to gestational age. J Pediatr 1980; 97: 288–192CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kamen, B. A., Caston, J. D.Purification of folate binding factor in normal umbilical cord serum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1975; 72: 4261–4264CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pritchard, J. A., Scott, D. E., Whalley, P. J., Haling, R. F. Jr.Infants of mothers with megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency. J Am Med Assoc 1970; 211: 1982–1984CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Monsen, Bjorke A. L., Ueland, P. M., Vollset, S. E., et al.Determinants of cobalamin status in newborns. Pediatrics 2001; 108: 624–630CrossRef Google Scholar

Whitehead, V. M., Rosenblatt, D. S., Cooper, B. A. Megaloblastic anemia. In Nathan, D. G., Orkin, S. H., eds. Hematology of Infancy and Childhood, Vol. 1. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1998; 385–422Google Scholar

Lampkin, B. C., Shore, N. A., Chadwick, D.Megaloblastic anemia of infancy secondary to maternal pernicious anemia. N Engl J Med 1966; 274: 1168–1171CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

American Academy of Pediatrics. Toxoplasma gondii infections. In Pickering, L. K., ed. Red Book: 2003 Report of the Committee on Infectious Disease. 26th edn. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2003; 189–781Google Scholar

Hohlfeld, P., Daffos, F., Costa, J. M., et al.Prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis with a polymerase-chain-reaction test on amniotic fluid. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 695–699CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Remington, J. S., McLeod, R., Thulliez, P., Desmonts, G. Toxoplasmosis. In Remington, J. S., Klein, J. O., eds. Infectious Disease of the Fetus and Newborn. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 2001; 205–346Google Scholar

Beazley, D. M., Egerman, R. S.Toxoplasmosis. Semin Perinatol 1998; 22: 332–338CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Guerina, N. G., Hsu, H. W., Meissner, H. C., et al.Neonatal serologic screening and early treatment for congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection. The New England Regional Toxoplasma Working Group. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1858–1863CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Couvreur, J., Desmonts, G., Girre, J. Y.Congenital toxoplasmosis in twins: a series of 14 pairs of twins: absence of infection in one twin in two pairs. J Pediatr 1976; 89: 235–240CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pratlong, F., Boulot, P.Fetal diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in 190 women infected during pregnancy. Prenat Diagn 1995; 14: 191–198CrossRef Google Scholar

Romand, S., Wallon, M., Franck, J., et al.Prenatal diagnosis using polymerase chain reaction on amniotic fluid for congenital toxoplasmosis. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97: 296–300Google Scholar PubMed

Koskiniemi, M., Lappalainen, M., Hedman, K.Toxoplamosis needs evaluation. Am J Dis Child 1989; 143: 724–728CrossRef Google Scholar

Alford, C. A. Jr, Stagno, S., Reynolds, D. W.Congenital toxoplasmosis: clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic considerations, with special reference to subclinical disease. Bull N Y Acad Med 1974; 50: 160–181Google Scholar PubMed

Barron, S. D., Pass, R. F.Infectious causes of hydrops fetalis. Semin Perinatol 1995; 19: 493–501CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hohlfeld, P., Forestier, F., Kaplan, C., Tissot, J. D., Daffos, F.Fetal thrombocytopenia: a retrospective survey of 5,194 fetal blood samplings. Blood 1994; 84: 1851–1856Google Scholar PubMed

Hohlfeld, P., Forestier, F., Marion, S., et al.Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy: T lymphocyte subpopulations in mothers and fetuses. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990; 9: 878–881CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ingall, D., Sanchez, P. J., Syphilis. In Remington, J. W., Klein, J. O., eds. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 2001; 643–681Google Scholar

Hurtig, A. K., Nicoll, A., Carne, C., et al.Syphilis in pregnant women and their children in the United Kingdom: results from national clinician reporting surveys 1994–7. Br Med J 1998; 317: 1617–1619CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Riedner, G., Dehne, K. L., Gromyko, A.Recent declines in reported syphilis rates in eastern Europe and central Asia: are the epidemics over?Sex Transm Infect 2000; 76: 363–365CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Southwick, K. L., Blanco, S., Santander, A., et al.Maternal and congenital syphilis in Bolivia, 1996: prevalence and risk factors. Bull World Health Organ 2001; 79: 33–42Google Scholar PubMed

Ndumbe, P. M., Andela, A., Nkemnkeng-Asong, J., Watonsi, E., Nyambi, P.Prevalence of infections affecting the child among pregnant women in Yaounde, Cameroon. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 1992; 181: 127–130CrossRef Google Scholar

How, J. H., Bowditch, J. D.Syphilis in pregnancy: experience from a rural aboriginal community. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1994; 34: 383–389CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Sanchez, P. J., Wendel, G. D.Syphilis in pregnancy. Clin Perinatol 1997; 24: 71–90CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

American Academy of Pediatrics. Syphilis. In Pickering, L. K., ed. Red Book: 2000 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2000; 547–559Google Scholar

Chhabra, R. S., Brion, L. P., Castro, M., Freundlich, L., Glaser, J. H.Comparison of maternal sera, cord blood, and neonatal sera for detecting presumptive congenital syphilis: relationship with maternal treatment. Pediatrics 1993; 91: 88–91Google Scholar PubMed

Whitaker, J. A., Sartain, P., Shaheedy, M. D.Hematologic aspects of congenital syphilis. J Pediatr 1965; 66: 629CrossRef Google Scholar

Freiman, I., Super, M.Thrombocytopenia and congenital syphilis in South African Bantu infants. Arch Dis Child 1965; 41: 87–90CrossRef Google Scholar

Pohl, M., Niemeyer, C. M., Hentschel, R., et al.Haemophagocytosis in early congenital syphilis. Eur J Pediatr 1999; 158: 553–555CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Brown, H. L., Abernathy, M. P.Cytomegalovirus infection. Semin Perinatol 1998; 22: 260–266CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Nelson, C. T., Demmler, G. J.Cytomegalovirus infection in the pregnant mother, fetus, and newborn infant. Clin Perinatol 1997; 24: 151–160CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Stagno, S. Cytomegalovirus. In Remington, J. S., Klein, J. O., eds. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 2001; 389–424Google Scholar

Boppana, S. B., Rivera, L. B., Fowler, K. B., Mach, M., Britt, W. J.Intrauterine transmission of cytomegalovirus to infants of women with preconceptional immunity. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1366–1371CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Adler, S. P.Transfusion-acquired CMV infection in premature infants. Transfusion 1989; 29: 278–290CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fowler, K. B., Stagno, S., Pass, R. F., et al.The outcome of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in relation to maternal antibody status. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 663–667CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Boppana, S. B., Fowler, K. B., Britt, W. J., Stagno, S., Pass, R. F.Symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection in infants born to mothers with preexisting immunity to cytomegalovirus. Pediatrics 1999; 104: 55–60CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

American Academy of Pediatrics. Cytomegalovirus infection. In Pickering, L. K., ed. Red Book: 2003 Report of the Committee on Infectious Disease. 26th edn. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2003; 259–263Google Scholar

Epps, R. E., Pittelkow, M. R., Su, W. P.TORCH syndrome. Semin Dermatol 1995; 14: 179–186CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fowler, K. B., McCollister, F. P., Dahle, A. J., et al.Progressive and fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss in children with asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J Pediatr 1997; 130: 624–630CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Weiner, C. P.The elusive search for fetal infection: changing the gold standards. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1997; 24: 19–32CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hagay, Z. J., Biran, G., Ornoy, A., Reece, E. A.Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: a long-standing problem still seeking a solution. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174: 241–245CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Gouarin, S., Palmer, P., Cointe, D., et al.Congenital HCMV infection: a collaborative and comparative study of virus detection in amniotic fluid by culture and by PCR. J Clin Virol 2001; 21: 47–55CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Barbi, M., Binda, S., Primache, V., Novelli, C.Cytomegalovirus in peripheral blood leukocytes of infants with congenital or postnatal infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15: 898–903CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Arav-Boger, R., Reif, S., Bujanover, Y.Portal vein thrombosis caused by protein C and protein S deficiency associated with cytomegalovirus infection. J Pediatr 1995; 126: 586–588CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hathaway, W. E., Mull, M. M., Pechet, G. S.Disseminated intravascular coagulation in the newborn. Pediatrics 1969; 43: 233–240Google Scholar PubMed

Mizutani, K., Azuma, E., Komada, Y., et al.An infantile case of cytomegalovirus induced idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura with predominant proliferation of CD10 positive lymphoblast in bone marrow. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1995; 37: 71–74CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Crapnell, K., Zanjani, E. D., Chaudhuri, A., et al.In vitro infection of megakaryocytes and their precursors by human cytomegalovirus. Blood 2000; 95: 487–493Google Scholar PubMed

Hoekelman, R. A., Anderson, V. M.Congenital thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and growth retardation: a clinicopathologic conference. Am J Dis Child 1982; 136: 258–264CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Liesner, R. J. Non-immune neonatal anemias. In Lilleyman, J. S., Hann, I. M., Blanchette, V. S., eds. Pediatric Hematology. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1999; 185–202Google Scholar

Murray, J. C., Bernini, J. C., Bijou, H. L., et al.Infantile cytomegalovirus-associated autoimmune hemolytic anemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2001; 23: 318–320CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Maciejewski, J. P., Bruening, E. E., Donahue, R. E., et al.Infection of hematopoietic progenitor cells by human cytomegalovirus. Blood 1992; 80: 170–178Google Scholar PubMed

Cole, F. S. Viral infections of the fetus and newborn. In Taeusch, H. William, Ballard, Roberta A., eds. Avery's Diseases of the Newborn. 7th edn. 1998, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 467–489Google Scholar

Ivarsson, S. A., Ljung, R.Neutropenia and congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988; 7: 436–437CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Cooper, L. Z., Charles, A., Alford, J. Rubella. In Remington, J. S., Klein, J. O., eds. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant, Vol. 1. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 2001; 347–388Google Scholar

Freij, B. J., South, M. A., Sever, J. L.Maternal rubella and the congenital rubella syndrome. Clin Perinatol 1988; 15: 247–257CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Robinson, J., Lemay, M., Vaudry, W. L.Congenital rubella after anticipated maternal immunity: two cases and a review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994; 13: 812–815CrossRef Google Scholar

Barfield, W., Gardner, R., Lett, S., Johnsen, C.Congenital rubella reinfection in a mother with anti-cardiolipin and anti-platelet antibodies. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16: 249–251CrossRef Google Scholar

American Academy of Pediatrics. Rubella. In Pickering, L. K., ed. Red Book: 2003 Report of the Committee on Infectious Disease. 26th edn. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2003: 536–541Google Scholar

Brough, A. J., Jones, D., Page, R. H., Mizukami, I.Dermal erythropoiesis in neonatal infants: a manifestation of intra-uterine viral disease. Pediatrics 1967; 40: 627–635Google Scholar PubMed

Thomas, H. I., Morgan-Capner, P., Cradock-Watson, J. E., et al.Slow maturation of IgG1 avidity and persistence of specific IgM in congenital rubella: implications for diagnosis and immunopathology. J Med Virol 1993; 41: 196–200CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bosma, T. J., Corbett, K. M., Eckstein, M. B., et al.Use of PCR for prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of congenital rubella. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 2881–2887Google Scholar PubMed

Janner, D.Growth retardation, congenital heart disease and thrombocytopenia in a newborn infant. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991; 10: 874–877Google Scholar

Franklin, S. L., Kelley, R.Congenital rubella and interstitial pneumonitis. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2001; 40: 101–103CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Zinkham, W. H., Medearis, D. N. Jr, Osborn, J. E.Blood and bone-marrow findings in congenital rubella. J Pediatr 1967; 71: 512–524CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bayer, W. L., Sherman, F. E., Michaels, R. H., Szeto, I. L., Lewis, J. H.Purpura in congenital and acquired rubella. N Engl J Med 1965; 273: 1362–1366CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Cooper, L. Z., Green, R. H., Krugman, S., Giles, J. P., Mirick, G. S.Neonatal thrombocytopenic purpura and other manifestations of rubella contracted in utero. Am J Dis Child 1965; 110: 416–427Google Scholar PubMed

Rausen, A. R., Richter, P., Tallal, L., Cooper, L. Z.Hematologic effects of intrauterine rubella. J Am Med Assoc 1967; 199: 75–78CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lafer, C. Z., Morrison, A. N.Thrombocytopenic purpura progressing to transient hypoplastic anemia in a newborn with rubella syndrome. Pediatrics 1966; 38: 499–501Google Scholar

Scott, L. L., Hollier, L. M., Dias, K.Perinatal herpesvirus infections: herpes simplex, varicella, and cytomegalovirus. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997; 11: 27–53CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Arvin, A. M., Whitley, R. J. Herpes simplex viral infections. In Remington, J. S., Klein, J. O., eds. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 2001; 425–446Google Scholar

Whitley, R. J., Lakeman, F.Herpes simplex virus infections of the central nervous system: therapeutic and diagnostic considerations. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 414–420CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kohl, S.Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection. Clin Perinatol 1997; 24: 129–150CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Douglas, J., Schmidt, O., Corey, L.Acquisition of neonatal HSV-1 infection from a paternal source contact. J Pediatr 1983; 103: 908–910CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kimberlin, D. W., Lakeman, F. D., Arvin, A. M., et al.Application of the polymerase chain reaction to the diagnosis and management of neonatal herpes simplex virus disease. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. J Infect Dis 1996; 174: 1162–1167CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Shershow, L. W., Ekert, H., Swanson, V. L., Wright, H. T. Jr, Gilchrist, G. S.Intravascular coagulation in generalized herpes simplex infection of the newborn. Acta Paediatr Scand 1969; 58: 535–539CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ekert, H.Coagulation abnormalities in generalised herpes-simplex infection of newborn. Lancet 1970; 2: 775–776CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Miller, D. R., Hanshaw, J. B., O'Leary, D. S., Hnilicka, J. V.Fatal disseminated herpes simplex virus infection and hemorrhage in the neonate: coagulation studies in a case and a review. J Pediatr 1970; 76: 409–415CrossRef Google Scholar

Cherry, J. D., Enteroviruses. In Remington, J. S., Klein, J. O., eds. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 2001; 477–518Google Scholar

Lake, A. M., Lauer, B. A., Clark, J. C., Wesenberg, R. L., McIntosh, K.Enterovirus infections in neonates. J Pediatr 1976; 89: 787–791CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Abzug, M. J., Levin, M. J., Rotbart, H. A.Profile of enterovirus disease in the first two weeks of life. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993; 12: 820–824CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Abzug, M. J., Loeffelholz, M., Rotbart, H. A.Diagnosis of neonatal enterovirus infection by polymerase chain reaction. J Pediatr 1995; 126: 447–450CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Abzug, M. J.Prognosis for neonates with enterovirus hepatitis and coagulopathy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001; 20: 758–763CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Modlin, J. F.Fatal echovirus 11 disease in premature neonates. Pediatrics 1980; 66: 775–780Google Scholar PubMed

Abzug, M. J., Johnson, S. M.Catastrophic intracranial hemorrhage complicating perinatal viral infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19: 556–559CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Brown, K. E., Anderson, S. M., Young, N. S.Erythrocyte P antigen: cellular receptor for B19 parvovirus. Science 1993; 262: 114–117CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

American Academy of Pediatrics. Parvovirus B19. In Pickering, L. K., ed. Red Book: 2003 Report of the Committee on Infectious Disease. 26th edn. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2003; 459–462Google Scholar

Brown, K. E., Young, N. S.Parvovirus B19 in human disease. Annu Rev Med 1997; 48: 59–67CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Harger, J. H., Adler, S. P., Koch, W. C., Harger, G. F.Prospective evaluation of 618 pregnant women exposed to parvovirus B19: risks and symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 91: 413–420CrossRef Google Scholar

Gratacos, E., Torres, P. J., Vidal, J., et al.The incidence of human parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy and its impact on perinatal outcome. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 1360–1363CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Skjoldebrand-Sparre, L., Fridell, E., Nyman, M., Wahren, B.A prospective study of antibodies against parvovirus B19 in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996; 75: 336–339CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Gay, N. J., Hesketh, L. M., Cohen, B. J., et al.Age specific antibody prevalence to parvovirus B19: how many women are infected in pregnancy?Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1994; 4: R104–R107Google Scholar PubMed

Rodis, J. F., Quinn, D. L., Gary, G. W. Jr, et al.Management and outcomes of pregnancies complicated by human B19 parvovirus infection: a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163: 1168–1171CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Miller, E., Fairley, C. K., Cohen, B. J., Seng, C.Immediate and long term outcome of human parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105: 174–178CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Rodis, J. F., Rodner, C., Hansen, A. A., et al.Long-term outcome of children following maternal human parvovirus B19 infection. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 91: 125–128CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Markenson, G. R., Yancey, M. K.Parvovirus B19 infections in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 1998; 22: 309–317CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Koch, W. C., Harger, J. H., Barnstein, B., Adler, S. P.Serologic and virologic evidence for frequent intrauterine transmission of human parvovirus B19 with a primary maternal infection during pregnancy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17: 489–494CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Gallagher, P. G., Forget, B. G., Lux, S. E. Disorders of the erythrocyte membrane. In Nathan, D. G., Orkin, S. H., eds. Nathan and Oski's Hematology of Infancy and Childhood, Vol. 1. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1998; 544–664Google Scholar

Katz, V. L., Chescheir, N. C., Bethea, M.Hydrops fetalis from B19 parvovirus infection. J Perinatol 1990; 10: 366–368Google Scholar PubMed

Giannakopoulou, C., Hatzidaki, E., Giannakopoulos, K., et al.Congenital infection by human parvovirus B19 ascites-anaemia. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 1998; 25: 92–93Google Scholar PubMed

Hadi, H. A., Easley, K. O., Finley, J.Clinical significance of human parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy. Am J Perinatol 1994; 11: 398–400CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Brown, K. E., Green, S. W., Antunez de Mayolo, J., et al.Congenital anaemia after transplacental B19 parvovirus infection. Lancet 1994; 343: 895–896CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Smoleniec, J. S., Pillai, M.Management of fetal hydrops associated with parvovirus B19 infection. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994; 101: 1079–1081CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bahl, P. S., Davies, N. J.Spontaneous resolution of non-immune hydrops fetalis secondary to transplacental parvovirus B19 infection. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996; 7: 55–57CrossRef Google Scholar

Faure, J. M., Giacalone, P. L., Deschamps, F., Boulot, P.Nonimmune hydrops fetalis caused by intrauterine human parvovirus B19 infection: a case of spontaneous reversal in utero. Fetal Diagn Ther 1997; 12: 66–67CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fairley, C. K., Smoleniec, J. S., Caul, O. E., Miller, E.Observational study of effect of intrauterine transfusions on outcome of fetal hydrops after parvovirus B19 infection. Lancet 1995; 346: 1335–1337CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Forestier, F., Tissot, J. D., Vial, Y., Daffos, F., Hohlfeld, P.Haematological parameters of parvovirus B19 infection in 13 fetuses with hydrops foetalis. Br J Haematol 1999; 104: 925–957CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Brown, K. E., Green, S. W., Antunez de Mayolo, J., et al.Congenital anaemia after transplacental B19 parvovirus infection. Lancet 1994; 343: 895–896CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kurtzman, G., Frickhofen, N., Kimball, J., et al.Pure red-cell aplasia of 10 years' duration due to persistent parvovirus B19 infection and its cure with immunoglobulin therapy. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 519–523CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Rates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Africa, America, and Europe: results from 13 perinatal studies. The Working Group on Mother-To-Child Transmission of HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995; 8: 506–510CrossRef

Owen, W. C., Werner, E. J. Hematologic problems. In Zeichner, S. L., Read, J. S., eds. Handbook of Pediatric HIV Care. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999; 403–413Google Scholar

Connor, E. M., Sperling, R. S., Gelber, R., et al.Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1173–1180CrossRef Google Scholar

Sperling, R. S., Stratton, P., O'Sullivan, M. J., et al.A survey of zidovudine use in pregnant women with human immuno-deficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 857–861CrossRef Google Scholar

Mandelbrot, L., Schlienger, I., Bongain, A., et al.Thrombocytopenia in pregnant women infected with human immunodeficiency virus: maternal and neonatal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 171: 252–257CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Boucher, F. D., Modlin, J. F., Weller, S., et al.Phase I evaluation of zidovudine administered to infants exposed at birth to the human immunodeficiency virus. J Pediatr 1993; 122: 137–144CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kuritzkes, D. R.Neuropenia, neurophil dysfunction, and bacterial infection in patients with human immunodefi-ciency virus disease: the role of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30: 256–260CrossRef Google Scholar

Goldberg, G. N., Fulginiti, V. A., Ray, C. G., et al.In utero Epstein–Barr virus (infectious mononucleosis) infection. J Am Med Assoc 1981; 246: 1579–1581CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Joncas, J. H., Alfieri, C., Leyritz-Wills, M., et al.Simultaneous congenital infection with Epstein–Barr virus and cytomegalovirus. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 1399–1403CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Horwitz, C. A., McClain, K., Henle, W., Henle, G., Anderson, S. J.Fatal illness in a 2-week-old infant: diagnosis by detection of Epstein–Barr virus genomes from a lymph node biopsy. J Pediatr 1983; 103: 752–755CrossRef Google Scholar

Fleisher, G., Bologonese, R.Infectious mononucleosis during gestation: report of three women and their infants studied prospectively. Pediatr Infect Dis 1984; 3: 308–311CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Le, C. T., Chang, R. S., Lipson, M. H.Epstein–Barr virus infections during pregnancy: a prospective study and review of the literature. Am J Dis Child 1983; 137: 466–468CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fleisher, G., Bologonese, R.Epstein–Barr virus infections in pregnancy: a prospective study. J Pediatr 1984; 104: 374–379CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Oski, F. A., Naiman, J. L. Anemia in the neonatal period. In Oski, F. A., Naiman, J. L., eds. Hematologic Problems in the Newborn, Vol. 1. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1982; 56–86Google Scholar PubMed

Lucio, L. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and haemolytic anemia. In Nathan, D. G., Orkin, S. H., Ginsburg, D., Look, A. T., eds. Nathan and Oski's Hematology of Infancy and Childhood, 6th edn. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 2003; 721–742Google Scholar

Book contents

2 - Disorders of the fetomaternal unit

Summary

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive