Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T02:45:03.124Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 April 2020

Rudolf Botha
Affiliation:
University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Neanderthal Language
Demystifying the Linguistic Powers of our Extinct Cousins
, pp. 179 - 203
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, D. S., Bar-Oz, G., Belfer-Cohen, A. and Bar-Yosef, O. (2006). Ahead of the game: Middle and Upper Palaeolithic hunting behaviors in the southern Caucasus. Current Anthtropology, 47, 89118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aiello, L. C. (1998). The foundation of human language. In Jablonski, N. G. and Aiello, L. C., eds., The Origin and Diversification of Language. Memoirs of the California Academy of Science, Vol. 24, San Francisco: The California Academy of Science, 2134.Google Scholar
Aiello, L. C. and Wheeler, P. (2003). Neanderthal thermoregulation and the glacial climate. In van Andel, T. and Davies, W., eds., Neanderthals and Modern Humans in the European Landscape during the Last Glaciation: Archaeological Results of the Stage 3 Project. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 147–66.Google Scholar
Alcock, K. J., Passingham, R. F., Watkins, K. E. and Vargha-Kadem, F. (2000). Oral dyspraxia in inherited speech and language impairment and acquired dysphasia. Brain and Language, 75, 1733.Google Scholar
Appenzeller, T. (2013). Old masters. Nature, 497, 302–04.Google Scholar
Appenzeller, T. (2018). Europe’s first artists were Neandertals. Science, 359, 852–53.Google Scholar
Aranguren, B., Revedin, A., Amico, N., Cavulli, F., Giachi, G., Grimaldi, S., Macchioni, N. and Santaniello, F. (2018). Wooden tools and fire technology in the early Neanderthal site of Poggetti Vecchi (Italy). PNAS, 115, 2054–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atkinson, E. G., Audesse, A. J., Palacios, J. A., Bobo, D. M., Webb, A. E., Ramachandran, S. and Henn, B. M. (2018). No evidence for recent selection at FOXP2 among diverse human populations. Cell, 174, 112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aubert, M., Brumm, A. and Huntley, J. (2018). Early dates for ‘Neanderthal cave art’ may be wrong. Journal of Human Evolution, 125, 215–17.Google Scholar
Bailey, S. E. and Hublin, J.-J. (2008). Did Neanderthals make the Châtelperronian assemblage from La Grotte du Renne (Arcy-sur-Cure, France)? In Harvati, K. and Harrison, T., eds., Neanderthals Revisited: New Approaches and Perspectives. Netherlands: Springer, 191210.Google Scholar
Balari, S., Benítez-Burraco, A., Camps, M., Longa, V. M., Lorenzo, G. and Uriagereka, J. (2011). The archaeological record speaks: Bridging anthropology and linguistics. International Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2011, 117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balari, S., Benítez-Burraco, A., Longa, V. M. and Lorenzo, G. (2013). The fossils of language: What are they? Who has them? How did they evolve? In Boeckx, C. and Grohmann, K. K., eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Biolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 489523.Google Scholar
Barceló-Coblijn, L. (2011). A biolinguistic approach to vocalizations of H. neanderthalensis and the genus Homo. Biolinguistics, 5, 286334.Google Scholar
Barceló-Coblijn, L. and Benítez-Burraco, A. (2013). Disentangling the Neanderthal net: A comment on Johansson (2013). Biolinguistics, 7, 199216.Google Scholar
Barham, L. (2002). Systematic pigment use in the Middle Pleistocene of south-central Africa. Current Anthropology, 23, 181–90.Google Scholar
Barnard, A. (2011). Social Anthropology and Human Origins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barnard, A. (2012). Genesis of Symbolic Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartha, P. F. (2010). By Parallel Reasoning: The Construction and Evaluation of Analogical Arguments. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Barthes, R. (1967). Elements of Semiology. Translated from the French by Lavers, A. and Smith, C.. London: Cape.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. (2006). Neanderthals and modern humans: A different interpretation. In Conard, N. J., ed., When Neanderthals and Modern Humans Met. Tübingen Publications. Rottenburg: Kerns Verlag, 467–82.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. and Bordes, J.-G. (2010). Who were the makers of the Châtelperronian culture? Journal of Human Evolution, 59, 586–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bastir, M., Rosas, A., Lieberman, D. E. and O’Higgins, P. (2008). Middle cranial fossa anatomy and the origin of modern humans. The Anatomical Record, 291,130–40.Google Scholar
Bastir, M., Rosas, A., Gunz, P., Pena-Melian, A., Manzi, G., Harvati, K., Kruszynski, R., Stringer, C. and Hublin, J.-J. (2011). Evolution of the base of the brain in highly encephalized human species. Nature Communications, 2, 588.Google Scholar
Bax, J. S. and Ungar, P. S. (1999). Incisor labial surface wear striations in Modern Humans and their implications for handedness in Middle and Late Pleistocene hominins. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 9, 189–98.Google Scholar
Baynes, K. and Gazzaniga, M. S. (2005). Lateralization of language: Towards a biologically based model of language. The Linguistic Review, 22, 303–26.Google Scholar
Baynes, K. and Long, D. L. (2007). Three conundrums of language lateralization. Language and Linguistics Compass, 1, 4870.Google Scholar
Behr, O. (1990). Communal hunting as a prerequisite for Carribou (wild reindeer) as a human resource. In Davids, I. B. and Reeves, E. K. (eds.), Hunters of the Recent Past. London: Unwin, 304–26.Google Scholar
Benítez-Burraco, A. (2006). What are language genes actually telling us? In Martín, J. and Roselló, J. (eds.), Language and Biology. Barcelona: Promociones y Publicaciones Universitarias, 187–97.Google Scholar
Benítez-Burraco, A. (2012). The ‘language genes’. In Boeckx, C., Horno, M. C. and Mendívil, J. L. (eds.), Language, from a Biological Point of View. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 215–62.Google Scholar
Benítez-Burraco, A. (2013). Genetics of language: Roots of specific language defects. In Boeckx, C. and Grohmann, K. K., eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Biolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 375412.Google Scholar
Benítez-Burraco, A. and Barceló-Coblijn, L. (2013). Hominin interbreeding and language evolution: Fine-tuning and details. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 91, 277–90.Google Scholar
Benítez-Burraco, A. and Longa, V. M. (2012). Right-handedness, lateralization and language in Neanderthals: A comment on Frayer et al. (2010). Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 90, 187–92.Google Scholar
Benítez-Burraco, A., Longa, V. M., Lorenzo, G. and Uriagereka, J. (2008). Also sprach Neanderthalis… or did she? Biolinguistics, 2, 225–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berlant, T. and Wynn, T. 2018. First Sculpture: Handaxe to Figure Stone. Dallas: Nasher Sculpture Center.Google Scholar
Berwick, R. C. and Chomsky, N. (2016). Why Only Us: Language and Evolution. Cambridge, MA and London: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Berwick, R. C. and Chomsky, N. (2017). Why only us: Recent questions and answers. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 43, 166–72.Google Scholar
Berwick, R. C., Hauser, M. D. and Tattersall, I. (2013). Neanderthal language? Just-so stories take center stage. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 12.Google Scholar
Bickerton, D. (2009). Adam’s Tongue: How Humans Made Language, How Language Made Humans. New York: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar
Binford, S. R. (1968a). Ethnographic data and understanding the Pleistocene. In Lee, R. B. and DeVore, I., eds., Man the Hunter. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 274–75.Google Scholar
Binford, S. R. (1968b). A structural comparison of disposal of the dead in the Mousterian and Upper Paleolithic. Southwestern Journal of Archaeology, 24, 139–51.Google Scholar
Bisazza, A., Rogers, L. J., and Vallortigara, G. (1998). The origins of cerebral asymmetry: A review of evidence of behavioural and brain lateralization in fishes, reptiles and amphibians. Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews, 22, 411–26.Google Scholar
Bishop, D. V. M. (2001). Individual differences in handedness and specific speech and language impairment: Evidence against a genetic link. Behavior Genetics, 31, 339–51.Google Scholar
Bolhuis, J. J., Tattersall, I., Chomsky, N. and Berwick, R. C. (2015). Language: UG or not to be, that is the question. PLoS Biology, 13, e1002063, pp. 13. https://doi:10.1371.journal. pbio.1002063.Google Scholar
Botha, R. (1981). The Conduct of Linguistic Inquiry. The Hague, Paris, New York: Mouton Publishers.Google Scholar
Botha, R. (2009). On musilanguage/‘Hmmmmm’ as an evolutionary precursor to language. Language & Communication, 29, 6176.Google Scholar
Botha, R. (2016). Language Evolution: The Windows Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bouissac, P. (2003). Criteria for symbolicity: Intrinsic and extrinsic formal properties of artifacts. Position paper presented at a round table organized at the 9th Annual Meeting of the Association of European Archaeologists, 10–14 September 2003, pp. 16–24. Available from: www.semioticon.com rom.Google Scholar
Boule, M. (1913). L’Homme fossile de la Chapelle-aux-Saints. Paris: Mason.Google Scholar
Bouyssonie, A., Bouyssonie, J. and Bardon, L. (1908). Découverte d’un squelette humaine moustérien à la Bouffia de la Capelle-aux-Saints (Corrèze). L’Anthropologie, 19, 513–18.Google Scholar
Britton, K., Grimes, V., Niven, L., Steele, T. E., McPherron, S., Soressi., M., Kelly, T. E., Jaubert, J., Hublin, J-J. and Richards, M. P. (2011). Strontium isotope evidence for the migration in late Pleistocene Rangifer: Implications for Neanderthal hunting strategies at the Middle Palaeolithic site of Jonzac, France. Journal of Human Evolution, 61, 176–85.Google Scholar
Brooks, A. S., Yellen, J. A., Potts, R., Behrensmeyer, A. K., Deino, A. I., Leslie, D. E., Ambrose, S. H., Ferguson, J. R., d’Errico, F., Zipkin, F., Whittaker, S., Post, J., Veatch, E. G., Foecke, K. and Clark, J. B. (2018). Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age. Science, 360, 9094.Google Scholar
Brown, S. (2001). The ‘musilanguage’ model of music evolution. In Wallin, N. L., Merker, B. and Brown, S. (eds.), The Origins of Music. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 271300.Google Scholar
Bruner, E. (2004). Geometric morphometrics and paleoneorology: Brain shape evolution in the genes Homo. Journal of Human Evolution, 47, 279303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruner, E. (2017a). Language, paleoneurology, and the fronto-parietal system. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 15.Google Scholar
Bruner, E., Manzi, G., and Arsuaga, J.L. (2003). Encephalization and allometric trajectories in the genus Homo: Evidence from the Neandertal and modern lineages. PNAS 100(26): 15335–40.Google Scholar
Burgen, S. (2014). Neanderthal abstract art found in Gibraltar cave. The Guardian, 2 September 2014.Google Scholar
Callaway, E. (2012). Archaeology: Date with history. Nature News, 485, 18.Google Scholar
Cârciumaru, M., Ion, R.-M., Nitu, E.-C. and Ştefănescu, R. (2012). New evidence of adhesive as hafting material on Middle and Upper Palaeolithic artefacts from Gura Cheii-Râşnov Cave (Romania). Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, 1942–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caron, F., d’Errico, F., Del Moral, P., Santos, F. and Zilhão, J. (2011). The reality of Neandertal symbolic behaviour at the Grotte du Renne, Arcy-sur-Cure, France. PLoS ONE, 6, e21545, pp. 111. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cashmore, L., Uomini, N. and Chapelain, A. (2008). The evolution of handedness in humans and great apes: A review and current issues. Journal of Antropological Sciences, 86, 735.Google Scholar
Cataldo, D. M., Migliano, A. B., and Vinicius, L. (2018). Speech, stone tool-making and the evolution of language. PLoS ONE, 13, e0191071, pp. 110. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191071.Google Scholar
Chance, S. A. and Crow, T. J. (2007). Distinctively human: Cerebral lateralization and language in Homo sapiens. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 85, 83100.Google Scholar
Chase, P. G. (1991). Symbols and Paleolithic artifacts: Style, standardization, and the imposition of arbitrary form. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 10, 193214.Google Scholar
Chase, P. G. (1999). Symbolism as reference and symbolism as culture. In Dunbar, R., Knight, C. and Power, C. (eds.), The Evolution of Culture: An Interdisciplinary View. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 3449.Google Scholar
Chase, P. G. (2001). ‘Symbolism’ is two different phenomena: Implications for archaeology and paleontology. In Tobias, P. V., Raath, M. A., Moggi-Cecchi, J., and Doyle, G. A. (eds.), Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia. Colloquia in Human Biology and Palaeoanthropology. Firenze: Firenze University Press, and Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 199212.Google Scholar
Chase, P. G. (2006). The Emergence of Culture: The Evolution of a Uniquely Human Way of Life. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Chase, P. G. and Dibble, H. L. (1987). Middle Paleolithic symbolism: A review of current evidence and interpretation. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 6, 263–96.Google Scholar
Chase, P. G. and Dibble, H. L. (1992). Scientific archaeology and the origins of symbolism: A reply to Bednarik. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 2, 4351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1986). Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin and Use. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Churchill, S. E. (2014). Thin on the Ground: Neanderthal Biology, Archeology, and Ecology. Ames, Iowa: Wiley–Blackwell.Google Scholar
Clark, G. A. (1997). The Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition in Europe: An American perspective. Norwegian Archaeological Review, 30, 2553.Google Scholar
Clark, G. A. (2007). Putting transition research in a broader context. In Riel-Salvatore, J. and Clark, G. A. (eds.), New Approaches to the Study of Early Upper Paleolithic Industries in Western Eurasia. British Archaeological Reports S–1620, Oxford, 143–78.Google Scholar
Cochet, H. and Byrne, R. W. (2013). Evolutionary origins of human handedness: Evaluating contrasting hypotheses. Animal Cognition, 16, 531–42.Google Scholar
Conard, N. J. (2015). Cultural evolution during the Middle and Late Pleistocene in Africa and Eurasia. In Henke, W. and Tattersall, I. (eds.). Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 24652508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conard, N. J., Serangeli, J., Böhner, J., Starkovich, B. M., Miller, C. E., Urban, B. and Van Kolfschoten, T. (2015). Excavations at Schöningen and paradigm shifts in human evolution. Journal of Human Evolution, 89, 117.Google Scholar
Coolidge, F. L. and Wynn, T. (2004). A cognitive and neuropsychological perspective on the Châtelperronian. Journal of Anthropological Research, 60, 5573.Google Scholar
Coolidge, F. L. and Wynn, T. (2011). Commentary on Henshilwood and Dubreuil (2011). Current Anthropology, 52, 380–82.Google Scholar
Coyne, J. (n.d.). How do we know that Neanderthals were nearly all right–handed? In a blog entitled Why evolution is true. Available at: https://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2018/10/25/how-do-we-know-that-neanderthals-were-mostly-right-handed/.Google Scholar
Corey, D. M., Hurley, M. M. and Foundas, A. L. (2001). Right and left handedness defined: A multivariate approach using hand preference and performance measures. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 14, 144–52.Google Scholar
Davidson, I. (2010a). The colonization of Australia and its adjacent islands and the evolution of modern cognition. Current Anthropology, 51, Supplement 1, S177S189.Google Scholar
Davidson, I. (2010b). Stone tools and the evolution of hominin and human cognition. In Nowell, A. and Davidson, I. (eds.), Stone Tools and the Evolution of Human Cognition. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 185205.Google Scholar
Davidson, I. (2014). Is that rock hashtag really the first evidence of Neanderthal art? Available from https://theconversation.com/is–that–rock–hashtag–really–the first–evidence– of–neanderthal–art–3128.Google Scholar
Davidson, I. (2017). Paleolithic art. In Jackson, J. (ed.), Oxford Bibliographies in Anthropology. New York: Oxford University Press. Page references to manuscript before copy editing, pp. 163. DOI: 1093/OBO/97801997665667-0173.Google Scholar
Davidson, I. and Noble, W. (1989). The archaeology of perception: Traces of depiction and language. Current Anthropology, 30, 125–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, I. and Noble, W. (1993). Tools and language in human evolution. In Gibson, K. and Ingold, T. (eds.), Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 363–88.Google Scholar
Deacon, T. (1997). The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Human Brain. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Dediu, D. and Levinson, S. C. (2013). On the antiquity of language: The reinterpretation of Neandertal linguistic capacities and its consequences. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, article 397, 117.Google Scholar
Dediu, D. and Levinson, S. C. (2018). Neanderthal language revisited: Not only us. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 21, 4955.Google Scholar
De Mortillet, G. (1883). Le préhistorique antiquité de l’homme. Paris: C. Reinwald.Google Scholar
Denell, R. (1997). The world’s oldest spears. Nature, 385, 767–68.Google Scholar
d’Errico, F. (2008). Le rouge et le noir: Implications of Early Pigment Use in Africa, the Near East and Europe for the Origin of Cultural Modernity. Goodwin Series 10, Current Themes in Middle Stone Age Research, 168–74.Google Scholar
d’Errico, F. (2009). The archaeology of early religious practices: A plea for a hypothesis-testing approach. In Renfrew, C. and Morley, I. (eds.), Becoming Human: Innovation in Prehistoric Material and Spiritual Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 104–22.Google Scholar
d’Errico, F. and Blackwell, L. (2016). Earliest evidence of personal ornaments associated with burial: The Conus shells from Border Cave. Journal of Human Evolution, 93, 91108.Google Scholar
d’Errico, F. and Soressi, M. (2002). Systematic use of manganese pigment by Pech-de-l’Aze Neandertals: Implications for the origin of behavioral modernity. Abstracts for the Paleoanthropology Society Meeting, 19–20 March, Denver. Journal of Human Evolution, 42, A13.Google Scholar
d’Errico, F. and Stringer, C. B. (2011). Evolution, revolution or saltation scenario for the emergence of modern culture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 366, 1060–69.Google Scholar
d’Errico, F. and Vanhaeren, M. (2009). Earliest personal ornaments and their significance for the origin of the language debate. In Botha, R. and Knight, C. (eds.), The Cradle of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
d’Errico, F. and Vanhaeren, M. (2016). Upper Palaeolithic mortuary practices: Reflection of ethnic affiliation, social complexity, and cultural turnover. In Renfrew, C., Boyd, M. J., and Morley, I. (eds.), Death Rituals, Social Order and the Archaeology of Immortality in the Ancient World: ‘Death Shall Have No Dominion’. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 4561.Google Scholar
d’Errico, F. and Villa, P. (1997). Holes and grooves: The contribution of microscopy and taphonomy to the problem of art origins. Journal of Human Evolution, 33, 131.Google Scholar
d’Errico, F., Henshilwood, C., Vanhaeren, M. and Van Niekerk, K. (2005). Nassarius kraussianus shell beads from Blombos Cave: Evidence for symbolic behaviour in the Middle Stone Age. Journal of Human Evolution, 48, 324.Google Scholar
d’Errico, F., Zilhão, J., Julien, M., Baffier, D., and Pelegrin, J. (1998). Neanderthal acculturation in western Europe? A critical review of the evidence and its interpretation. Current Anthropology, 39, Supplement, June 1998, S1–S22, S32S44.Google Scholar
d’Errico, F., Bouillot, L. D., García-Diez, M., Marti, A. P., Pimentel, D. G. and Zilhão, J. (2016). The technology of the earliest cave paintings: El Castillo Cave, Spain. Journal of Archaeological Science, 70, 4865.Google Scholar
d’Errico, F., Vanhaeren, M., Henshilwood, C., Lawson, G., Maureille, B., Gambier, D., Tillier, A.-M., Soressi, M. and van Niekerk, K. (2009). From the origin of language to the diversification of languages. In d’Errico, F. and Hombert, J.-M. (eds.), Becoming Eloquent: Advances in the Emergence of Language, Human Cognition, and Modern Cultures. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1368.Google Scholar
d’Errico, F., Henshilwood, C., Lawson, G., Vanhaeren, M., Tillier, A-M., Soressi, M., Bresson, F., Maureille, B., Nowell, A., Lakarra, J., Blackwell, L. and Julien, M. (2003). Archaeological evidence for the emergence of language, symbolism, and music – An alternative multidisciplinary perspective. Journal of World Prehistory, 17, 170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeSalle, R. and Tattersall, I. (2018). What aDNA can (and cannot) tell us about the emergence of language and speech. Journal of Language Evolution, 3, 5966.Google Scholar
de Saussure, F. (1959). Course in General Linguistics. Edited by Bally, C. and Sechehaye, A. in collaboration with Reidlinger, A.. Translated from the French by Baskin, W.. London: Peter Owen.Google Scholar
de Sonneville–Bordes, D. (2002). Les industries du Roc de Combe (Lot). Périgordien et Aurignacien. Bulletin Préhistoire du Sud–Est, 9, 121–61.Google Scholar
de Torres, T., Ortiz, J. E., Grün, R., Eggins, S., Valladas, H., Mercier, N., Tisnérat-Laborde, N., Julià, R., Soler, V., Martínez, E., Sánchez-Moral, S., Cañaveras, J. C., Lario, J., Badal, E., Lalueza-Fox, C., Rosas, A., Santamaría, D., Rasilla, M de la and Fortea, J. (2010). Dating of the hominid (Homo Neanderthalensis) remains accumulation from El Sidrón cave (Piloña, Asturias, North Spain): An example of a multi-methodological approach to the dating of an Upper Pleistocene site. Archaeometry, 52, 680708, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475–4754.2009.00491.x.Google Scholar
Dibble, H. L., Aldeias, V., Goldberg, P., McPherron, S. P., Sandgathe, D. and Steele, T. F. (2015). A critical look at evidence from La Chapelle-aux-Saints supporting an intentional Neandertal burial. Journal of Archaeological Science, 53, 649–57.Google Scholar
Diller, K. C. and Cann, R. L. (2009). Evidence against a genetic-based revolution in language 50,000 years ago. In Botha, R. and Knight, C. (eds.), The Cradle of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press 135–49.Google Scholar
Dorey, F. (2015). Homo neanderthalensis – The Neanderthals. https://australianmuseum.net.au/homo–neanderthalensis.Google Scholar
Duday, H., Courtaud, P., Crubezy, E., Sellier, P. and Tillier, A.-M. (1990). L’Anthropologie ‘de Terrain’ reconnaissance et interpretation des gestes funéraires. Bulletins et Mémoires Société d’Anthropologie Paris, 2, 2949.Google Scholar
Egeland, C. P., Dominguez-Rodrigo, M., Pickering, T. R., Menter, C. G., and Heaton, J. L. (2018). Hominin skeletal part abundances and claims of deliberate disposal of corpses in the Middle Pleistocene. PNAS, 115, 4601–06.Google Scholar
Enard, W., Przeworski, M., Fisher, S. E., Lai, C.S., Wiebe, V., Kitano, T., Monaco, P. and Pääbo, S. (2002). Molecular evolution of FOXP2, the gene involved in speech and language. Nature, 418, 869–72.Google Scholar
Fadiga, L., Craighero, L., Fabbri Destro, M. F., Finos, L., Cotton-Williams, N., Smith, A. T., and Castiello, U. (2006). Language in shadow. Social Neuroscience, 1, 7789.Google Scholar
Falk, D. (1987). Brain lateralization in primates and its evolution in hominids. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 30, 107–25.Google Scholar
Falk, D. (2004). Prelinguistic evolution in early hominins: Whence motherese? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27, 491503, 526–41.Google Scholar
Falk, D. (2009). Finding Our Tongues: Mothers, Infants and the Origin of Language. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Finlayson, S. (2004). Neanderthals and modern humans: An ecological and evolutionary perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Finlayson, C., Brown, K., Blasco, R., Rosell, J. and Negro, J. J. (2012). Birds of a feather: Neanderthal exploitation of raptors and corvids. PLoS ONE, 7, e45972, pp.19. https: doi.org/10.1371/annotation/5160ffc6–ec2d–49e6–a05b–25b41391c3d1.Google Scholar
Fiore, I., Bondioli, L., Radovčić, J. and Frayer, D. W. (2015). Handedness in the Krapina Neanderthals: A re-evaluation. PaleoAnthropology, 2015, 1936.Google Scholar
Fisher, S. E. (2006). Tangled webs: Tracing the connections between genes and cognition. Cognition, 101, 270–97.Google Scholar
Fisher, S. E. (2013). Building bridges between genes, brains and language. In Bolhuis, J. J. and Everaert, M. (eds.), Birdsong, Speech, and Language: Exploring the Evolution of Mind and Brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 425–54.Google Scholar
Fitch, T. (2010). The Evolution of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Foley, R. (1991). Hominids, humans and hunter-gatherers: An evolutionary perspective. In Ingold, T., Riches, D. and Woodburn, J. (eds.), Hunters and Gatherers 1: History, Evolution and Social Change. New York/Oxford: Berg, 207–21.Google Scholar
Foundas, A. L., Leonard, C. M. and Hanna-Pladdy, B. (2002). Variability in the anatomy of the planum temporale posterior ascending ramus: Do right- and left-handers differ? Brain and Language, 83, 403–24.Google Scholar
Foundas, A. L., Leonard, C. M., Gilmore, R., Fennel, E. and Heilman, K. M. (1994). Planum temporale asymmetry and language dominance. Neuropsychologia, 32, 1225–31.Google Scholar
Frawley, W. (1992). Linguistic Semantics. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Frayer, D. W., Fiore, I., Lalueza-Fox, C., Radovčić, J. and Bondioli, L. (2010). Right handed Neandertals: Vindija and beyond. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 88, 113–27.Google Scholar
Frayer, D. W., Fiore, I., Lalueza-Fox, C., Radovčić, J. and Bondioli, L. (2012). Reply to Benítez-Burraco & Longa: When is enough, enough? Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 90, 193–97.Google Scholar
Frost, G. T. (1980). Tool behavior and the origins of laterality. Journal of Human Evolution, 9, 447–59.Google Scholar
Frost, J. A., Binder, J. R., Springer, J. A., Hammeke, T. A., Bellgowan, P. S. F., Rao, S. M. and Cox, R. W. (1999). Language processing is strongly left lateralized in both sexes. Brain, 122, 199208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gamble, C., Gowlett, J. and Dunbar, R. (2014). Thinking Big: How the Evolution of Social Life Shaped the Human Mind. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
García-Diez, M., Garrido, D., Hoffmann, D. L., Pettitt, P. B., Pike, A. W. G. and Zilhão, J. (2015). The chronology of hand stencils in European Palaeolithic rock art: Implications of new U-series results from El Castillo Cave (Cantabria, Spain). Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 93, 135–52.Google Scholar
Garofoli, D. (2015). Do early body ornaments prove cognitive modernity? A critical analysis from situated cognition. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 14, 803–25.Google Scholar
Gargett, R. H. (1989). Grave shortcomings: The evidence for Neandertal burials. Current Anthropology, 30, 157–90.Google Scholar
Gargett, R. H. (1999). Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: The view from Qafzeh, Sainte-Césaire, Kebara, Amud, and Dederiyeh. Journal of Human Evolution, 37, 2740.Google Scholar
Gargett, R. H. (2001). Commentary on Riel-Salvatore and Clark (2001). Current Anthropology, 42, 462.Google Scholar
Gatewood, J. B. (1985). Actions speak louder than words. In Dougherty, J. (ed.), Directions in Cognitive Anthropology. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 199219.Google Scholar
Gaudzinsky-Windheuser, S. and Roebroeks, W. (2000). Adults only: Reindeer hunting at the Middle Palaeolithic site Salzgitter Lebenstedt, northern Germany. Journal of Human Evolution, 38, 497521.Google Scholar
Gaudzinsky-Windheuser, S. and Roebroeks, W. (2011). On Neanderthal subsistence in last interglacial forested environments in northern Europe. In Conard, N. J. and Richter, J. (eds.), Neanderthal Lifeways, Subsistence and Technology: One Hundred Fifty Years of Neanderthal Study. Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Gaudzinsky-Windheuser, S., Noack, E. S., Pop, E., Herbst, C., Pfleging, J., Buchli, J., Jacob, A., Enzmann, F., Kindler, F., Iovita, R., Street, M., and Roebroeks, W. (2018). Evidence for close-range hunting by last interglacial Neanderthals. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2, 1087–92.Google Scholar
Gil, D. (1994). The structure of Riau Indonesian. Nordic Journal of Linguistics, 17, 179200.Google Scholar
Gil, D. (2008a). How much grammar does it take to sail a boat? (Or, what can material artefacts tell us about the evolution of language?) In Smith, A. D. M., Smith, K. and Cancho, R. Ferrer I (eds.), The Evolution of Language. Havensack, NJ: World Scientific, 123–30.Google Scholar
Gil, D. (2008b). How complex are isolating languages? In Miestamo, M., Sinnemäki, K. and Karlsson, F. (eds.), Language Complexity: Typology, Contact, Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 109–31.Google Scholar
Gil, D. (2010). How much grammar does it take to sail a boat? In Sampson, G., Gil, D. and Trudgill, P. (eds.), Language Complexity as an Evolutionary Variable. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1933.Google Scholar
Gil, D. (2013). Riau Indonesian: A language without nouns and verbs. In Rijkhoff, J. and van Lier, E. (eds.), Flexible Word Classes: Typological Studies of Underspecified Parts of Speech. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 89130.Google Scholar
Gil, D. (2015). What is Riau Indonesian? (2015). In Paauw, S. and Slomanson, P. (eds.), Studies in Malay and Indonesian Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Page references to typescript, pp. 133.Google Scholar
Gopnik, M. and Crago, M. B. (1991). Familial aggregation of a developmental language disorder. Cognition, 39, 150.Google Scholar
Gowlett, J. A. J. (2016). The discovery of fire by humans: A long and convoluted process. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 371, 112.Google Scholar
Graves, P. (1994). Flakes and ladders: What the archaeological record cannot tell us about the origins of language. World Archaeology, 26, 158–71.Google Scholar
Grodzinsky, Y. and Santi, A. (2008). The battle for Broca’s region. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 474–80.Google Scholar
Grünberg, J. M. (2002). Middle Palaeolithic birch-bark pitch. Antiquity, 76, 1516.Google Scholar
Güntürkün, O. (2009). Cerebral lateralization in animal species. In Sommer, I. E. C. and Kahn, R. S. (eds.), Language Lateralization and Psychosis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936.Google Scholar
Hagoort, P. (2005). On Broca, brain, and binding: A new framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 416–23.Google Scholar
Hagoort, P. (2009). Reflections on the neurobiology of syntax. In Bickerton, D. and Szathmáry, E. (eds.), Biological Foundations and Origin of Syntax. Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press, 279–89.Google Scholar
Hagoort, P. and Poeppel, D. (2013). The infrastructure of the language-ready brain. In Arbib, M. (ed.), Language, Music and the Brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 239–55.Google Scholar
Hale, H. (1886). The origin of languages and the antiquity of speaking man. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Available at: https://archive.org/details/originoflanguage00hale/page/12Google Scholar
Hardy, K., Buckley, S., Collins, M. J., Estalrrich, A., Brothwell, D., Copeland, L., García–Tabernero, A., García–Vargas, S., de la Rasilla, M., Lalueza–Fox, C., Huguet, R., Bastir, M., Santamaria, D., Madella, M., Wilson, J., Fernandéz Cortes, A. and Rosas, A. (2012). Neanderthal medics? Evidence for food, cooking, and medicinal plants entrapped in dental calculus. Naturwissenschaften, 99, 617–26.Google Scholar
Harrold, F. B. (1980). A comparative analysis of Eurasian Paleolithic burials. World Archaeology, 12, 195211.Google Scholar
Harvati, K. (2015). Neanderthals and their contemporaries. In Henke, W. and Tattersall, I. (eds.), Handbook of Palaeoanthropology. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 2243–79.Google Scholar
Hauser, M., Chomsky, N. and Fitch, W. T. (2002). The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science, 298,1569–79.Google Scholar
Henshilwood, C. S. and d’Errico, F. (2011). Middle Stone Age engravings and their significance to the debate on the emergence of symbolic material culture. In Henshilwood, C. S. and d’Errico, F. (eds.), Homo Symbolicus: The Dawn of Language and Spirituality. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 7596.Google Scholar
Henshilwood, C. S. and Dubreuil, B. (2011). The Still Bay and Howiesons Poort, 77–59 ka: Symbolic material culture and the evolution of the mind during the African Middle Stone Age. Current Anthropology, 52, 361–80, 389–400.Google Scholar
Henshilwood, C. S. and Marean, C. W. (2003). The origin of modern human behaviour: A review and critique of the models and their test implications. Current Anthropology, 44, 627–51.Google Scholar
Henshilwood, C. S., d’Errico, F. and Watts, I. (2009). Engraved ochres from Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution, 57, 2747.Google Scholar
Henshilwood, C. S., d’Errico, F., Vanhaeren, M., van Niekerk, K. and Jacobs, Z. (2004). Middle Stone Age shell beads from South Africa. Science, 304, 494.Google Scholar
Hesse, M. (1963). Models and Analogies in Science. London and New York: Sheed and Ward.Google Scholar
Hewes, G. W. (1993). A history of the speculation on the relation between tools and language. In Gibson, K. and Ingold, T. (eds.), Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2031.Google Scholar
Heyes, P. J. (2014). Pragmatic or Symbolic: Neanderthals Uses for Manganese Dioxide in South West France during the Late Middle Palaeolithic. MA Thesis, Department of Archaeology, Leiden University.Google Scholar
Heyes, P. J., Anastasakis, K., de Jong, W., van Hoesel, A., Roebroeks, W. and Soressi, M. (2016). Selection and use of manganese dioxide by Neanderthals. Scientific Reports, 6, article number: 22159, 19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Higham, T., Brock, F., Ramsey, C. B., Davies, W., Wood, R. and Basell, L. (2011). Chronology of the site at Grotte du Renne, Arcy-sur-Cure, France: Implications for Neanderthal symbolic behaviour. Before Farming, 2011/1, article 5, 1–9.Google Scholar
Higham, T., Jacobi, R., Julien, M., David, F., Basell, L., Wood, R., Davies, W. and Ramsey, C.B. (2010). Chronology of the Grotte du Renne (France) and implications for the context of ornaments and human remains within the Châtelperronian. PNAS, 107, 20234–39.Google Scholar
Higham, T., Douka, K., Wood, R., Ramsey, C. B., Brock, F., Basell, R., Camps, M., Arrizabalaga, A., Baena, J., Barroso–Ruiz, C., Bergman, C., Boitard, C., Boscato, P., Caparrós, M., Conard, N. J., Drailly, C., Froment, A., Galván., B., Gambassini, P., Garcia-Moreno, A., Grimaldi, S., Haesaerts, P., Holt, B., Iriarte-Chiapusso, B.-H., Jelinek, A., Jordá Pardo, J. F., Maillo–Fernández, J.-M., Marom, A., Maroto, J., Menéndez, M., Metz, L., Morin, E., Moroni, A., Negrino, F., Panagopoúlo, E., Peresani, M., Pirson, S., de la Rasilla, M., Riel-Salvatore, J., Ronchitelli, A., Santamaria, D., Semal, P., Slimak, L., Soler, J., Soler, N., Villaluenga, A., Pinhasi, R. and Jacobi, R. (2014). The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance. Nature, 512, 306–09.Google Scholar
Hodgson, D. (2014). Decoding the Blombos engravings, shell beads and Diepkloof ostrich eggshell patterns. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 24, 5769.Google Scholar
Hodgson, D. and Pettitt, P. (2018). The origins of iconic depictions: A falsifiable model derived from the visual science of Palaeolithic cave art and world rock art. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 28, 591612.Google Scholar
Hoffecker, J. F. (2018). The complexity of Neanderthal technology. PNAS, 115, 13.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, D. L., Angelucci, D. E., Villaverde, V., Zapata, J. and Zilhão, J. (2018a). Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals 115,000 years ago. Science Advances, 4, eaar5255, pp. 16.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, D. L., Standish, C. D., García-Diez, M., Pettitt, P. B., Milton, J. A., Zilhão, J., Alcolea-González, J.J., Cantalejo-Duarte, P., Collado, H., de Balbin, R., Lorblanchet, M., Ramos-Muñoz, J., Weniger, G.-Ch. and Pike, A. W. G. (2018b). U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art. Science, 359, 912–15.Google Scholar
Holloway, R. L. (1969). Culture: A human domain. Current Anthropology, 10, 395412.Google Scholar
Holloway, R. L. (1983). Cerebral brain endocast pattern of Australopithecus afarensis hominid. Nature, 303, 420–22.Google Scholar
Holloway, R. L. and de la Costa-Lareymondie, M. C. (1982). Brain endocast asymmetry in pongids and hominids: Some preliminary findings on the paleontology of cerebral dominance. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 58, 101–10.Google Scholar
Hovers, E. and Belfer-Cohen, A. (2005). Now you see it, now you don’t – modern human behaviour in the Middle Paleolithic. In Hovers, E. and Kuhn, S. L. (eds.), Transitions before the Transition: Evolution and Stability in the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age. New York: Springer, 295304.Google Scholar
Hovers, E. and Belfer-Cohen, A. (2013). Insights into early mortuary practices of Homo. In Tarlow, S. and Stutz, L. Nilsson (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 631–42.Google Scholar
Hovers, E., Ilani, S., Bar-Yosef, O. and Vandermeersch, B. (2003). An early case of color symbolism: Ochre use by modern humans at Qafzeh Cave. Current Anthropology, 44, 491522.Google Scholar
Hublin, J.-J. (2009). The origin of Neandertals. PNAS, 106, 16022–27.Google Scholar
Hublin, J.-J., Neubauer, S. and Gunz, P. (2015). Brain ontogeny and life history in Pleistocene hominins. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 370, 111.Google Scholar
Hublin, J.-J., Spoor, F., Braun, M., Zonneveld, F. and Condemi, S. (1996). A late Neanderthal associated with Upper Palaeolithic artefacts. Nature, 381, 224–26.Google Scholar
Hublin, J.-J., Talamo, S., Julien, M., David, F., Connet, ., Bodu, P., Vandermeersch, B. and Richards, M. P. (2012). Radiocarbon dates from the Grotte du Renne and Saint Césaire support a Neandertal origin of the Châtelperronian. PNAS, 109, 18743–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ifthikharuddin, S. F., Shrier, D. A., Numaguchi, Y., Tang, X., Ning, R., Shibata, D. K. and Kurlan, R. (2000). MR volumetric analysis of the human basal ganglia: normative data. Academic Radiology, 7, 627–34.Google Scholar
Iliopoulos, A. (2016). The evolution of material signification: Tracing the origins of symbolic body ornamentation through a pragmatic and enactive theory of cognitive semiotics. Signs and Society, 4, 244–77.Google Scholar
Ingold, T. (1993). Introduction: Tools, techniques, and technology. In Gibson, K. R. and Ingold, T. (eds.), Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 337–45.Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. (1999). Possible stages in the evolution of the language faculty. Trends in Cognitive Science, 3, 272–79.Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. (2002). Foundations of Language: Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. and Wittenberg, E. (2014). What you can say without syntax: A hierarchy of grammatical complexity. In Newmeyer, F. and Preston, L. B. (eds.), Measuring Grammatical Complexity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 6582.Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. and Wittenberg, E. (2017). Linear grammar as a possible stepping-stone in the evolution of language. Psychonomic Bulletin Review, 24, 219–24.Google Scholar
Jaouen, K., Richards, M. P., Le Cabec, A., Welker, F., Rendu, W., Hublin, J.-J., Soressi, M. and Talamo, S. (2019). Exceptionally high δ15N values in collagen single amino acids confirm Neandertals as high-trophic level carnivores. PNAS, 116, 4928–33.Google Scholar
Johann, K., Ursula, B. and Dietrich, M. (2001). High-tech in the Middle Paleolithic: Neandertal-manufactured pitch identified. Journal of Archaeology, 4, 385–97.Google Scholar
Johansson, S. (2013a). The talking Neanderthals: What do fossils, genetics, and archeology say? Biolinguistics, 7, 3574.Google Scholar
Johansson, S. (2013b). Neanderthals between man and beast: A comment on the comments by Barcelό-Coblijn & Benítez-Burraco (2013). Biolinguistics, 7, 217–27.Google Scholar
Johansson, S. (2015). Language abilities in Neanderthals. Annual Review of Linguistics, 1, 311–22.Google Scholar
Jordans, F. (2014). Study claims cave art made by Neanderthals. Associated Press Report. 1 September 2014.Google Scholar
Just, M. A., Carpenter, P. A., Keller, T. A., Eddy, W. F. and Thulborn, B. (1996). Brain activation modulated by sentence comprehension. Science, 274, 114–16.Google Scholar
Kimura, D. (1973). Manual activity during speaking: I. right-handers. Neuropsychologia, 11, 4550.Google Scholar
Kissel, M. and Fuentes, A. (2017). Semiosis in the Pleistocene. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 27, 397412.Google Scholar
Knecht, S., Deppe, M., Dräger, B., Bobe, L., Lohmann, H., Ringelstein, E.-B. and Henningsen, H. (2000). Language lateralization in healthy right-handers. Brain, 123, 2512–18.Google Scholar
Kochiyama, T., Ogihara, N., Tanabe, H. C., Kondo, O., Amano, H., Hasegawa, K., Suzuki, H., Ponce de León, M. S., Zollikofer, C. P., Bastir, M., Stringer, C., Sadato, N. and Akazawa, T. (2018). Reconstructing the Neanderthal brain using computational anatomy. Scientific Reports, 8, 19.Google Scholar
Koller, J. and Mania, D. (2001). Hich-tech in the Middle Palaeolithic: Neandertal-manufactured pitch identified. European Journal of Archaeology, 4, 385–97.Google Scholar
Krantz, G. S. (1980). Sapienization and speech. Current Anthropology, 21, 773–92.Google Scholar
Krause, J., Lalueza-Fox, C., Orlando, L., Enard, W., Green, R. E., Burbano, H. A., Hublin, J.-J., Hänni, C., Fortea, J., de la Rasilla, M., Bertranpetit, J., Rosas, A, and Pääbo, S. (2007). The derived FOXP2 variant of modern humans was shared with Neandertals. Current Biology, 17, 1908–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuhn, S. L. and Stiner, M. C. (2006). What’s a mother to do? The division of labor among Neandertals and modern humans in Eurasia. Current Anthropology, 47, 953–80.Google Scholar
Lai, C. S. L., Fisher, S. E., Hurst, J. A., Vargha-Kadem, F. and Monaco, A. P. (2001). A forkhead-domain gene is mutated in a severe speech and language disorder. Nature, 413, 519–23.Google Scholar
Laland, K. N. (2017). Darwin’s Unfinished Symphony: How Culture Made the Human Mind. Princeton, NJ & Oxford: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lazuén, T. (2012). European Neanderthal stone hunting weapons reveal complex behaviour long before the appearance of modern humans. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, 2304–11.Google Scholar
Lhomme, V. and Freneix, S. (1993). Un coquillage de bivalve du Maastrichtien paléocène Glyptoacis (Baluchicardia) sp. dans le couche inférieure du gisement moustérien de Chez-Pourré-Chez-Comte. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française, 90, 303–06.Google Scholar
Li, Z., Doyon, L., Li, H., Wang, Q., Zhang, Z., Zhao, Q. and d’Errico, F. (2019). Engraved bones from the archaic hominin site of Lingjing, Henan Province. Antiquity (2019), pp. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.201981.Google Scholar
Lieberman, P. (2000). Human Language and Our Reptilian Brain. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lieberman, P. (2006). Towards an Evolutionary Biology of Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lieberman, P. (2007). The evolution of human speech: Its anatomical and neural bases. Current Anthropology, 48, 3966.Google Scholar
Lieberman, P. (2015). Language did not spring forth 100,000 years ago. PLoS Biology, 13, e1002064, pp. 14. https://doi:10.1371.journal.pbio.1002064.Google Scholar
Lieberman, P., Crelin, E. S. and Klatt, D. H. (1972). Phonetic ability and related anatomy in the newborn and adult human, Neanderthal man, and the chimpanzee. American Anthropologist, 74, 287307.Google Scholar
Liégeois, F., Connelly, A., Baldeweg, T. and Vargha-Khadem, F. (2008). Speaking with a single cerebral hemisphere: fMRI language organization after hemispherectomy in childhood. Brain and Language, 106, 195203.Google Scholar
Lombao, D., Guardiola, M. and Mosquera, M. (2017). Teaching to make stone tools: New experimental evidence supporting a technological hypothesis for the origins of language. Scientific Reports, 7, article number: 14394, 114.Google Scholar
Lozano, M., Mosquera, M., Bermúdez de Castro, J.-M., Arsuaga, J. and Carbonell, E. (2009). Right handedness of Homo heidelbergensis from Sima de los Huesos Atapuerca, Spain 500,000 years ago. Evolution and Human Behavior, 30, 369–76.Google Scholar
Lozano, M., Estalrrich, A., Bondioli, L., Fiore, I., Bermúdez de Castro, J.-M., Arsuaga, J. L., Carbonell, E., Rosas, A. and Frayer, D. W. (2017). Right-handed fossil humans. Evolutionary Anthropology, 26, 313–24.Google Scholar
MacDermot, K. D., Bonara, E., Sykes, N., Coupe, A.-M., Lai, C. S. L., Vernes, S. C., Vargha-Khadem, F., McKenzie, F., Smith, R. L., Monaco, A. and Fisher, S. E. (2005). Identification of FOXP2 truncation as a novel cause of developmental speech and language deficits. American Journal of Human Genetics, 76, 1074–80.Google Scholar
MacDonald, K. and Roebroeks, W. (2013). Neanderthal linguistic abilities: An alternative view. In Botha, R. and Everaert, M. (eds.), The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Evidence and Inference. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 97117.Google Scholar
Majkić, A., d’Errico, F., Milošević, S., Mihailović, D. and Dimitrijeić, V. (2018). Sequential incisions on a cave bear bone from the Middle Paleolithic of Pešturina Cave, Serbia. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 25, 69116.Google Scholar
Majkić, A., Evans, S., Stepanchuk, V., Tsvelykh, A. and d’Errico, F. (2017). A decorated raven bone from Zaslalnya VI (Kolosovskaya) Neanderthal site, Crimea. PLoS ONE, 12, e0173435. doi.10.1371/journal.pone.0173435.Google Scholar
Malafouris, L. (2008). Beads for a plastic mind: The ‘blind man’s stick’ (BMS) hypothesis and the active nature of material culture. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 18, 401–14.Google Scholar
Malafouris, L. (2011). Commentary on Henshilwood and Dubreuil (2011). Current Anthropology, 52, 585–86.Google Scholar
Malafouris, L. (2013). How Things Shape the Mind: A Theory of Material Engagement. Cambridge, MA and London: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Marcus, G. F. and Fisher, S. E. (2003). FOXP2 in focus: What can genes tell us about speech and language? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3, 257–62.Google Scholar
Maricic, T., Günther, V., Georgiev, O., Gehre, S., Curlin, M., Schreiweis, C., Naumann, R., Burbano, H. A., Meyer, M., Lalueza-Fox, C., de la Rasilla, M., Rosas, A., Gajović, S., Kelso, J., Enard, W., Schaffner, W. and Pääbo, S. (2012). A recent evolutionary change affects a regulatory element in the human FOXP2 gene. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30, 844–52.Google Scholar
Marín, J., Saladié, P., Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A. and Carbonell, E. (2015). Neanderthal hunting strategies inferred from mortality profiles within the Abric Romaní sequence. PLoS ONE, 12, e0186970, pp. 122. https://doi.org/10.137/journal.pone.0186970.Google Scholar
Marín, J., Saladié, P., Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A. and Carbonell, E. (2017). Ungulate carcass transport strategies at the Middle Palaeolithic site of Abric Romaní (Capellades, Spain). Comptes Rendus Palevol, 16, 103–21.Google Scholar
Marquet, J. C. and Lorblanchet, M. (2000). Le ‘masque’ moustérian de la Roche-Cotard, Langeais (Indre-et-Loire)/The Mousterian ‘mask’ at La Roche-Cotard site, Langeais (Indre-et-Loire). Paléo, 12, 325–38.Google Scholar
Marquet, J. C. and Lorblanchet, M. (2003). A Neandertal face? The protofigurine from La Roche–Cotard, Langeais (Indre-et-Loire, France). Antiquity, 77, 661–70.Google Scholar
Marshall, M. (2012). Oldest confirmed art is a single red dot. Available from www.newscientist.com/article/dn21925–oldest–confirmed–cave–art–is–a–single–red–dot.Google Scholar
Martín-Loeches, M. (2017). Art Without a Symbolic Mind: Embodied Cognition and the Origins of Visual Artistic Behaviour. In Wynn, T. and Coolidge, F. L. (eds.), Cognitive Models in Palaeolithic Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 113–32.Google Scholar
Mazza, P. P. A., Martini, F., Sala, B., Magi, M., Colombini, M. P., Giacchi, G., Landucci, F., Lemorini, C., Modugno, F. and Ribechini, E. (2006). A new Palaeolithic discovery: Tar-hafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed. Journal of Archaeological Science, 33, 1310–18.Google Scholar
McManus, C. (2004). Right Hand, Left Hand: The Origins of Asymmetry in Human Brains, Bodies, Atoms and Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mellars, P. (1996a). The Neandertal Legacy: An Archaeological Perspective from Western Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mellars, P. (1996b). Symbolism, language and the Neanderthal mind. In Mellars, P. and Gibson, K. (eds.), Modelling the Early Human Mind. Cambridge: MacDonald Institute, 1532.Google Scholar
Mellars, P. (1998). Comments on d’Errico et al. (1998). Current Anthropology, 39, Supplement, June 1998, S25S26.Google Scholar
Mellars, P. (2010). Neanderthal symbolism and ornament manufacture: The bursting of a bubble? PNAS, 107, 20147–48.Google Scholar
Mellars, P. and Gravina, B. (2008). Châtelperron: Theoretical agendas, archaeological facts, and diversionary smoke-screens. PaleoAnthropology, 2008, 4364.Google Scholar
Meller, H. (2003). ‘Geisteskraft’: Die Altsteinzeit im Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle. In Meller, H. (ed.), Erkenntnisjäger. Kultur und Umwelt des frühen Menschen für Vorgeschichte: Festschrift für Dietrich Mania. Veroffentlichungen des Landesamtes für Archaologie Sachsen Anhalt – Landesmuseum für Vogeschichte, Band 57/II, pp.1–8.Google Scholar
Mellet, E., Salagnon, M., Majkić, A., Cremona, S., Joliot, M., Jobard, G., Mazoyer, B., Tzourio Mazoyer, N. and d’Errico, F. (2019). Neuroimaging supports the representational nature of the earliest human engravings. Royal Society Open Science, 6,112.Google Scholar
Milks, A. (2018). Making an impact. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 2, 1057–58.Google Scholar
Milks, A., Parker, D. and Pope, M. (2019). External ballistics of Pleistocene hand-thrown spears: Experimental performance data and implications for human evolution. Scientific Reports, 9, 820, 111.Google Scholar
Mithen, S. (1996). On early Palaeolithic ‘concept-mediated marks’, mental modularity, and the origins of art. Current Anthropology, 37, 666–70.Google Scholar
Mithen, S. (2005). The Singing Neanderthals. The Origins of Music, Language, Mind and Body. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson.Google Scholar
Mithen, S. (2007). General intellectual ability. In Gangestad, S. W. and Simpson, J. A. (eds.), The Evolution of Mind: Fundamental Questions and Controversies. New York and London: The Guilford Press, 319–24.Google Scholar
Mithen, S. (2014). The cognition of Homo Neanderthalensis and H. Sapiens: Does the use of pigment necessarily imply symbolic thought. In Akazawa, T., Ogihara, N., Tanabe, H. C. and Terashima, H. (eds.), Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans, Volume 2. Cognitive and Physical Perspectives. Japan: Springer, 716.Google Scholar
Moore, M. W. and Preston, Y. (2016). Experimental insights into the cognitive significance of early stone tools. PLoS ONE, 111, e0158803, pp. 137. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158803.Google Scholar
Morgan, T. J. H., Uomini, N. T., Rendell, L. E., Chouinard-Thuly, L., Street, S. E., Lewis, H. M., Cross, C. P., Evans, C., Kearny, R., de la Torre, I., Whiten, A. and Laland, K. N. (2015). Experimental evidence for the co-evolution of human tool-making teaching and language. Nature Communications, 6, article: 6029 (2015), pp. 129.Google Scholar
Morin, E. and Laroulandie, V. (2012). Presumed symbolic use of diurnal raptors by Neanderthals. PLoS ONE, 7, e32856, pp. 15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032856.Google Scholar
Morin, E., Meier, J., El Guennouni, K., Moigne, A.-M., Lebreton, L., Rusch, L., Valensi, P., Conolly, J. and Cochard, D. (2019). New evidence of broader diets for archaic Homo populations in the northwestern Mediterranean. Science Advances, 5, eaav9106, pp. 111.Google Scholar
Moro, A. (2014). Response to Pulvermüller: The syntax of action and other metaphors. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18, 221.Google Scholar
Moro Abadía, O. and Gonzáles Morales, M. R. (2010). Redefining Neanderthals and art: An alternative of the multiple species model for the origin of behavioural modernity. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 29, 229–43.Google Scholar
Moro Abadía, O. and Nowell, A. (2015). Palaeolithic personal ornaments: Historical development and epistemological challenges. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 22, 952–79.Google Scholar
Mountford, H. S. and Newbury, D. F. (2018). The genomic landscape of language: Insights into evolution. Journal of Language Evolution, 3, 4958.Google Scholar
Movius, H. L. (1969). The Châtelperronian in French archaeology: The evidence of Arcy-sur-Cure. Antiquity, XLIII, 111–23.Google Scholar
Naito, Y. I., Chikaraishi, Y., Drucker, D.G., Ohkouchi, N., Semal, P., Wissing, C. and Bocherens, H. (2016). Ecological niche of Neanderthals from Spy Cave revealed by nitrogen isotopes of individual amino acids in collagen. Journal of Human Evolution, 93, 8290.Google Scholar
Natsopoulos, D., Koutselini, M., Kiosseoglou, G. and Koundouris, F. (2002). Differences in language performance in variations of lateralization. Brain and Language, 82, 223–40.Google Scholar
Nishitani, N., Schürmann, M., Amunts, K. and Hari, R. (2005). Broca’s region: From action to language. Physiology, 20, 6069.Google Scholar
Niven, L., Steele, T. E., Rendu, W., Mallye, J.-B., McPherron, S., Soressi, M., Jaubert, J. and Hublin, J.-J. (2012). Neandertal mobility and large-game hunting: The exploitation of reindeer during the Quina Mousterian at Chez-Pinaud Jonzac (Charente-Maritime, France). Journal of Human Evolution, 63, 624–35.Google Scholar
Noble, W. and Davidson, I. (1991). The evolutionary emergence of modern human behaviour: Language and its archaeology. Man, 26, 223–53.Google Scholar
Noble, W. and Davidson, I. (1996). Human Evolution, Language and Mind: A Psychological and Archaeological Inquiry. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nowell, A. (2003). Beyond the microscope: Recognizing symboling in the archaeological record. Position paper presented at a round table organised at the 9th Annual Meeting of the Association of European Archaeologists, 10–14 September 2003, pp. 11–15. Available from www.semioticon.com.Google Scholar
Nowell, A. (2010). Defining behavioral modernity in the context of Neanderthal and Anatomically Modern Human populations. Annual Review of Anthropology, 39, 437–52.Google Scholar
Nowell, A. and d’Errico, F. (2007). The art of taphonomy and the taphhonomy of art: Layer IV, Moldova, Ukraine. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 14, 1–26.Google Scholar
Ocklenburg, S., Ströckens, F. and Güntürkün, O. (2013). Lateralization of conspecific vocalisation in non-human vertebrates. Laterality, 18, 131.Google Scholar
Ocklenburg, S., Hirnstein, M., Beste, C. and Güntürkün, O. (2014). Lateralization and cognitive systems. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, article: 1143, 13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ohnuma, K., Aoki, K. and Akazawa, T. (1997). Transmission of tool-making through verbal and non-verbal communication: Preliminary experiments in Levallois flake production. Anthropological Science, 105, 159–68.Google Scholar
Overmann, K. A. (2013). Material scaffolds in numbers and time. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 23, 1939.Google Scholar
Papadatou-Pastou, M. (2011). Handedness and language lateralization: Why are we right-handed and left-brained? Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 8, 248–65.Google Scholar
Papagianni, D. and Morse, M. A. (2015). The Neanderthals Rediscovered: How Modern Science is Rewriting Their Story. Revised and updated edition. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Pearce, E., Stringer, C. and Dunbar, R. I. M. (2013). New insights into differences in brain organization between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 280, 17.Google Scholar
Peirce, C. S. (1998). The Essential Peirce, Volume 2: Selected Philosophical Writings (1893–1913). Peirce Edition Project (ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Peresani, M., Fiore, I., Gala., M., Romandini, M. and Tagliacozzo, A., (2011). Late Neandertals and the intentional removal of feathers as evidenced from bird bone taphonomy at Fumane Cave 44 ky B.P., Italy. PNAS, 108, 3888–93.Google Scholar
Peresani, M., Vanhaeren, M., Quaggiotto, E., Queffelec, A. and d’Errico, F. (2013). An ochered fossil marine shell from the Mousterian of Fumane Cave, Italy. PLoS ONE, 8, e68572, pp. 113. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068572.Google Scholar
Peresani, M., Dallatorre, S., Astuti, P., Dal Colle, M., Ziggiotti, S. and Peretto, C. (2014). Symbolic or utilitarian? Juggling interpretations of Neanderthal behaviour: New inferences from the study of engraved stone surfaces. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 92, 233–55.Google Scholar
Pettitt, P. (2002). The Neanderthal dead: Exploring mortuary variability in Middle Palaeolithic Eurasia. Before Farming, 2002/1, 119. Available from www.waspjournals.com/Beforefarming.Google Scholar
Pettitt, P. (2011a). The Palaeolithic Origins of Human Burial. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pettitt, P. (2011b). The living as symbols, the dead as symbols: Problematising the scale and pace of hominin symbolic evolution. In Henshilwood, C. S. and d’Errico, F. (eds.), Homo Symbolicus: The Dawn of Language, Imagination and Spirituality. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 141–61.Google Scholar
Pettitt, P., Castillejo, A. M., Arias, P., Peredo, R. O., and Harrison, R. (2014). New views on old hands: The context of stencils in El Castillo and La Garma caves (Cantabria, Spain). Antiquity, 88, 4763.Google Scholar
Peyrony, D. (1934). La Ferrassie: Moustérien-Périgordien-Aurignacien. Préhistoire, 3, 192.Google Scholar
Pike, A. W. G., Hoffmann, D. L., Pettitt, P. B., García-Diez, M. and Zilhão, J. (2017). Dating Palaeolithic art: Why U-Th is the way to go. Quaternary International, 432, 4149.Google Scholar
Pike, A. W. G., Hoffmann, D. L., García-Diez, M., Pettitt, P. B., Alcolea, J., De Balbín, R., González-Sainz, C., de las Heras, C., Lasheras, J. A., Montes, R. and Zilhão, J. (2012). U-series dating of Paleolithic art in 11 caves in Spain. Science, 336, 1409–13.Google Scholar
Poeppel, D., Emmorey, K., Hickok, G. and Pylkkänen, I. (2012). Towards a new neurobiology of language. Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 14125–31.Google Scholar
Porrill, J., Dean, P. and Anderson, S.R. (2013). Adaptive filters and internal models: Multilevel description of cerebellar function. Neural Networks, 47, 134–49.Google Scholar
Price, C. J. (2012). A review and synthesis of the first 20 years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading. NeuroImage, 62, 816–47.Google Scholar
Progovac, L. (2016). A gradualist scenario for language evolution: Precise linguistic reconstruction of early human (and Neandertal) grammars. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, article number: 1714, pp. 114. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01714.Google Scholar
Pujol, J., Deus, J., Losilla, J. M. and Capdevila, A. (1999). Cerebral lateralization of language in normal left-handed people studied by functional MRI. Neurology, 52, 1038–43.Google Scholar
Putt, S. S., Woods, A. D. and Franciscus, R. G. (2014). The role of verbal interaction during experimental bifacial stone tool manufacture. Lithic Technology, 39, 96112.Google Scholar
Radick, G. (2007). The Simian Tongue: The Long Debate about Animal Language. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Radovčić, D., Sršen, A. O., Radovčić, J. and Frayer, D. W. (2015). Evidence for Neandertal jewelry: Modified white-tailed eagle claws at Krapina. PLoS ONE, 10, e01198022, pp.114. https://doi.org/10.137/journal.pone.0119802.Google Scholar
Rendu, W., Costamagno, S., Meignen, L. and Soulier, M.-C. (2012). Monospecific faunal spectra in Mousterian contexts: Implications for social behaviour. Quaternary International, 247, 5058.Google Scholar
Rendu, W., Beauval, C., Crevecoeur, I., Bayle, P., Balzeau, A., Bismuth, T., Bourguignon, L., Delfour, G., Faivre, J.-P., Lacrampe-Cuyaubère, F., Tavormina, C., Todisco, D., Turq, A. and Maureille, B. (2014). Evidence supporting an intentional Neandertal burial at La Chapelle-aux-Saints. PNAS, 111, 8186.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C. (2015). ‘The unanswered question’: Investigating early conceptualisations of death. In Renfrew, C., Boyd, M. J. and Morley, I. (eds.), Death Rituals, Social Order and the Archaeology of Immortality in the Ancient World: ‘Death Shall Have No Dominion’. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 114.Google Scholar
Renfrew, J. M. (2009). Neanderthal symbolic behaviour? In Renfrew, C. and Morley, I. (eds.), Becoming Human: Innovation in Prehistoric Material and Spiritual Culture. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 5060.Google Scholar
Riel-Salvatore, J. and Clark, G. A. (2001). Grave markers: Middle and Upper Paleolithic burials and the use of chronotypology in contemporary Paleolithic research. Current Anthropology, 42, 449–79.Google Scholar
Rincon, P. (2014). Neanderthal ‘artwork’ found in Gibraltar cave. www.bbc.com/news/science–environment–28967746.Google Scholar
Rizzolatti, G. and Craighero, L. (2004). The mirror-neuron system. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 7, 169–92.Google Scholar
Robb, J. E. (1998). The archaeology of symbols. Annual Review of Anthropology, 27, 329–46.Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Hidalgo, A., Morales, J. I., Cebriá, A., Courtenay, L. A., Fernández, -Marchena, J. L., García, -Argudo, G., Marín, J., Saladié, P., Soto, M., Tejero, J.-M. and Fullola, J.-M. (2019). The Châtelperronian Neanderthals of Cova Foradada (Calafell, Spain) used imperial eagle phalanges for symbolic purposes. Science Advances 5, eaax1984, 1–11.Google Scholar
Rodríguez-Vidal, J., d’Errico, F., Pacheco, F. G., Blasco, R., Rosell, J., Jennings, R. P., Queffelec, A., Finlayson, G., Fa, D. A., López, J. M. G., Carrión, J. S., Negro, J. J., Finlayson, S., Cáceres, L. M., Bernal, M. A., Jiménez, S. F. and Finlayson, C. (2014). A rock engraving made by Neanderthals in Gibraltar. PNAS, 111, 13301–06.Google Scholar
Roebroeks, W. (2006). The human colonisation of Europe: Where are we? Journal of Quaternary Science, 21, 425–35.Google Scholar
Roebroeks, W. and Soressi, M. (2016). Neandertals revised. PNAS, 113, 6372–79.Google Scholar
Roebroeks, W. and Verpoorte, A. (2009). A ‘language-free’ explanation for the difference between the European Middle and Upper Paleolithic record. In Botha, R. and Knight, C. (eds.), The Cradle of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 150–66.Google Scholar
Roebroeks, W. and Villa, P. (2011). On the earliest evidence of habitual use of fire in Europe. PNAS, 108, 5209–14.Google Scholar
Roebroeks, W., Sier, M. J., Nielsen, T. K., De Loecker, D., Parés, J. M., Arps, E. S. and Mücher, H. J. (2012). Use of red ochre by Neandertals. PNAS, 109, 1889–94.Google Scholar
Romandini, M., Peresani, M., Laroulandie, V., Metz, L., Pastoors, A., Vaquero, M. and Slimak, L. (2014). Convergent evidence of eagle talons used by late Neanderthals in Europe: A further assessment on symbolism. PLoS ONE, 9, e101278, pp. 111. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101278.Google Scholar
Rossano, M. J. (2010). Making friends, making tools, making symbols. Current Anthropology, 51, S89S98.Google Scholar
Rossano, M. J. (2011). Commentary on Henshilwood and Dubreuil (2011). Current Anthropology, 52, 387–88.Google Scholar
Ruebens, K. (2013). Regional behaviour among late Neanderthal groups in Western Europe: A comparative assessment of late Middle Palaeolithic bifacial tool variability. Journal of Human Evolution, 65, 341–62.Google Scholar
Sample, I. (2018). Neanderthals – not modern humans – were first artists on earth, experts claim. The Guardian, 22 February 2018. www.theguardian.com/science/2018/feb/22/neanderthals–not–humans–were–first–artists–on–earth–experts–claim.Google Scholar
Sandgathe, D. M., Dibble, H. J., Goldberg, P. and McPherron, S. P. (2011). The Roc de Marsal Neandertal child: A reassessment of its status as a deliberate burial. Journal of Human Evolution, 61, 243–53.Google Scholar
Sauvet, G., Bourrillon, R., Conkey, M., Fritz., C., Gárate-Maidagan, D., Rivero Vila, O., Tosello, G. and White, R. (2017). Uranium-thorium dating method and Palaeolithic rock art. Quaternary International, 432, 8692.Google Scholar
Scott, B., Bates, M., Bates, R., Conneller, C., Pope, M., Shaw, A. and Smith, G. (2014). A new view from La Cotte de St Brelade, Jersey. Antiquity, 88, 1329.Google Scholar
Shackley, M. L. (1980). Neanderthal Man. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Shu, W., Lu, M. M., Tucker, P. W. and Zhou, D. (2007). Foxp2 and Foxp1 cooperatively regulate lung and esophagus development. Development, 134, 19912000.Google Scholar
Skipper, J. I., Goldin-Meadow, S., Nusbaum, H. C., and Small, S. L. (2007). Speech-associated gestures, Broca’s area, and the human mirror system. Brain and Language, 101, 260–77.Google Scholar
Somers, M. (2015). On the relationship between lateralization and handedness. Abstract of PhD Dissertation, Utrecht University, 2015. http://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/313288.Google Scholar
Sommer, I. E. C. and Kahn, R. (2009). Sex differences in handedness and language lateralization. In Sommer, I. E. C and Kahn, R. (eds.), Language Lateralization and Psychosis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 101–18.Google Scholar
Sonneville-Bordes, D. (2002). Roc de Combe. Prehistoire du Sud-Ouest, 13, 3758.Google Scholar
Sorensen, B. (2009). Energy use by Eem Neanderthals. Journal of Archaeological Science, 30, 2201–05.Google Scholar
Soressi, M. (2005). Late Mousterian lithic technology: Its implications for the pace of the emergence of behavioural modernity and biological modernity. In Blackwell, L. and d’Errico, F. (eds.), From Tools to Symbols: From Early Hominins to Modern Humans. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand Press, 389417.Google Scholar
Soressi, M. and d’Errico, F. (2007). Pigment, gravures, parures: Les comportements symboliques controversés des Néandertaliens. In Vandermeersch, B. and Maureille, B. (eds.), Les Néandertaliens. Biologie et Cultures. Paris: Editions du C.T.H.S., 297309. Page references are to the English translation ‘Pigments, engravings, jewellery: The controversial symbolic behaviour of the Neandertals’, pp. 2–11. Available from http://donsmaps.com.neandertalsymbols.html.Google Scholar
Soressi, M., McPherron, S. P., Lenoir, M., Dogandzić, T., Goldberg, P., Jacobs, Z., Maigrot, Y., Martisius, N. L., Miller, C. E., Rendu, W., Richards, M., Skinner, M. M., Steele, T. E., Talamo, S. and Texier, J.-P. (2013). Neandertals made the first specialized bone tools in Europe. PNAS, 110, 14186–90.Google Scholar
Speth, J. D. (2007). Housekeeping, Neandertal-style: Hearth placement and midden formation in Kebara Cave (Israel). In Hovers, E. and Kuhn, S. L. (eds.), Transitions before the Transition: Evolution and Stability in the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age. New York: Springer, 171–88.Google Scholar
Spiering, H. (2019). 110.000 jaar oude krassen, mogelijk van Denisoviërs. NRC–Handelsblad, 30 July 2019, 1–4. www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2019/07/03/110000-jaar-oude-krassen-mogelijk-van-denisoviers.Google Scholar
Spikins, P., Needham, A., Tilley, L. and Hitchens, G. (2018). Calculated or caring? Neanderthal healthcare in social context. World Archaeology, 50, 384–03. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2018.1433060.Google Scholar
Stout, D. (2010). Possible relations between language and technology in human evolution. In Nowell, A. and Davidson, I. (eds.), Stone Tools and the Evolution of Human Cognition. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 159–84.Google Scholar
Stout, D. (2011). Stone toolmaking and the evolution of human culture and cognition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 366, 1050–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stout, D. and Chaminade, T. (2009). Making tools and making sense: Complex, intentional behaviour in human evolution. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 19, 8596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stout, D. and Chaminade, T. (2012). Stone tools, language and the brain in human evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 367, 7587.Google Scholar
Stout, D. and Khreisheh, N. (2015). Skill learning and human evolution: An experimental approach. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 25, 867–75.Google Scholar
Stout, D., Toth, N., Schick, K. and Chaminade, T. (2008). Neural correlates of Early Stone Age toolmaking: Technology, language and cognition in human evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 367, 7587.Google Scholar
Straus, L. G. (2009). Has the notion of ‘transitions’ in Paleolithic prehistory outlived its usefulness? The European record in wider context. In Camps, M. and Chauhan, P. (eds.). Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions: Methods, Theories, and Interpretations. New York: Springer, 318.Google Scholar
Straus, W. L. and Cave, A. J. E. (1957). Pathology and posture of Neanderthal man. Quarterly Review of Biology, 32, 321–48.Google Scholar
Stringer, C. (2011). The Origin of Our Species. London: Allan Lane.Google Scholar
Stringer, C. and Gamble, C. (1993). In Search of the Neandertals. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Stringer, C. B. and Hublin, J.-J. (1999). New age estimates for the Swanscombe hominid, and their significance for human evolution. Journal of Human Evolution, 37, 873–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stubbe-Dräger, D. and Knecht, S. (2009). The association between hand preference and language lateralization. In Sommer, E. C. and Kahn, R. (eds.), Language Lateralization and Psychosis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 5971.Google Scholar
Taborin, Y. (1998). Comments on d’Errico et al. (1998). Current Anthropology, 39, Supplement, June 1998, S27S29.Google Scholar
Tattersall, I. (2008). An evolutionary framework for the acquisition of symbolic cognition by Homo sapiens. Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews, 3, 99114.Google Scholar
Tattersall, I. (2010). Human evolution and cognition. Theory in Biosciences, 129, 193201.Google Scholar
Tattersall, I. (2016). A tentative framework for the acquisition of language and modern human cognition. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 94, 110.Google Scholar
Tattersall, I. (2017). How can we detect when language emerged? Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 24, 6467.Google Scholar
Thieme, H. (1997). Lower Paleolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature, 385, 807–10.Google Scholar
Tilley, L. (2015). Theory and practice in the bioarchaeology of care. In Martin, D.L. (ed.), Bioarchaeology and Social Theory. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. (2008). Origins of Human Communication. Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. (2014). A Natural History of Human Thinking. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Toth, N. and Schick, K. (1993). Early stone industries and inferences regarding language and cognition. In Gibson, K. R. and Ingold, T. (eds.), Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 346–62.Google Scholar
Trinkaus, E. (1985). Pathology and posture of the La Chapelle-aux-Saintes Neanderthal. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 67, 1914.Google Scholar
Trinkaus, E. (2007). European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals. PNAS, 104, 7367–72.Google Scholar
Trinkaus, E. (2013). The paleobiology of modern human emergence. In Smith, F. H. and Ahern, J. C. M. (eds.), The Origins of Modern Humans: Biology Reconsidered. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 393434.Google Scholar
Uomini, N. (2009). Prehistoric handedness and prehistoric language. In de Beaune, S. A., Coolidge, F. L., and Wynn, T. (eds.), Cognitive Archaeology and Human Evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 3755.Google Scholar
Uomini, N. T. (2011). Handedness in Neanderthals. In Conard, N. J. and Richter, J. (eds.), Neanderthal Lifeways, Subsistence and Technology: One Hundred and Fifty Years of Neanderthal Study. Dordrecht: Springer, 139–54.Google Scholar
Uomini, N. T. (2017). Language and tools in the brain. Nature Human Behaviour, 1, 12.Google Scholar
Vallortigara, G., Rogers, L. J. and Bisazza, A. (1999). Possible evolutionary origins of cognitive brain lateralization. Brain Research Reviews, 30, 164–75.Google Scholar
Vandermeerch, B. (1976). Les sépultures néandertaliennes. In de Lumley, H. (ed.), La Préhistoire Française. Paris: Editions CNRS, 725–27.Google Scholar
Vanhaeren, M. (2005). Speaking with beads: The evolutionary significance of personal ornaments. In d’Errico, F. and Blackwell, L. (eds.), From Tools to Symbols: From Early Hominids to Modern Humans. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand Press, 525–52.Google Scholar
Vanhaeren, M. and d’Errico, F. (2006). Aurignacian ethnolinguistic geography of Europe revealed by personal ornaments. Journal of Archaeological Science, 33, 1105–28.Google Scholar
Vauclair, J. and Cochet, H. (2013). Speech-gesture links in the ontogeny and phylogeny of gestural communication. In Botha, R. and Everaert, M. (eds.), The Evolutionary Emergence of Language: Evidence and Inference. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 160–80.Google Scholar
Villa, P. and Soriano, S. (2010). Hunting weapons of Neanderthals and early modern humans in South Africa: Similarities and differences. Journal of Archaeological Research, 66, 538.Google Scholar
Villa, P., Boscato, P., Ranaldo, F. and Ronchitelli, A. (2009). Stone tools for the hunt: Points with impact scars from a Middle Paleolithic site in southern Italy. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36, 850–59.Google Scholar
Villaverde, V., Wood, R. and Zapata, J. (2010). Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals. PNAS, 107, 1023–28.Google Scholar
Volpato, V., Macchiarelli, R., Guateli-Steinberg, D., Fiore, I., Bondioli, L. and Frayer, D. W. (2012). Hand to mouth in a Neandertal: Right-handedness in Regourdou 1. PLoS ONE, 7, e43949, pp. 16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043949.Google Scholar
Wager, T. D. and Smith, E. E. (2003). Neuroimaging studies of working memory. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 3, 255–74.Google Scholar
Wadley, L. (2001). What is cultural modernity? A general view and a South African perspective from Rose Cottage Cave. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 11, 201–21.Google Scholar
Wadley, L. (2003). How some archaeologists recognize culturally modern behaviour. South African Journal of Science, 99, 247–50.Google Scholar
Wales, N. (2012). Modeling Neanderthal clothing using ethnographic analogues. Journal of Human Evolution, 63, 781–95.Google Scholar
Watkins, K. E., Dronkers, N. F., and Vargha-Khadem, F. (2002). Behavioural analysis of an inherited speech and language disorder: Comparison with acquired aphasia. Brain, 125, 452–64.Google Scholar
Watkins, K. E., Paus, T., Lerch, J. P., Zijdenbos, A., Collins, D. L., Neelin, P., Taylor, J., Worseley, K. J. and Evans, A. C. (2001). Structural asymmetries in the human brain: A voxelbased statistical analysis of 142 MRI scans. Cerebral Cortex, 11, 868–77.Google Scholar
Watts, I. (2009). Red ochre, body painting, and language: Interpreting the Blombos ochre. In Botha, R. and Knight, C. (eds.), The Cradle of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 6292.Google Scholar
Weaver, A. H. (2005). Reciprocal evolution of the cerebellum and neocortex in fossil humans. PNAS, 102, 3576–80.Google Scholar
Welker, F., Hajdinjak, M., Talamo, S., Jaouen, K., Dannemann, M., David, F., Julien., M., Meyer, M., Kelso, J., Barnes, I., Brace, S., Kamminga, P., Fischer, R., Kessler, B. M., Stewart, J. R., Pääbo, S., Collins, M. J. and Hublin, J.-J. (2016). Palaeoproteomic evidence identifies archaic hominins associated with the Châtelperronian at the Grotte du Renne. PNAS, 113,1162–67.Google Scholar
Weyrich, L. S., Duchene, S., Soubrier, J., Arriola, L., Llamas, B., Breen, J., Morris, A. G., Alt, K. W., Caramelli, D., Dresely, V., Farrell, M., Farrer, A. G., Francken, M,. Gully, N., Haak, W., Hardy, K., Harvati, K., Held, P., Holmes, E.C., Kaidonis, J., Lalueza-Fox, C., de la Rasilla, M., Rosas, A., Semal, P., Soltysiak, A., Townsend, G., Usia, D., Wahl, J., Huson, D. H., Dobney, K. and Cooper, A. (2017). Neanderthal behaviour, diet, and disease inferred from ancient DNA in dental calculus. Nature, 544, 357–61.Google Scholar
White, M., Pettitt, P. and Schreve, D. (2016). Shoot first, ask questions later: Interpretative narratives of Neanderthal hunting. Quaternary Science Reviews, 140, 120.Google Scholar
White, R. (1998). Comments on d’Errico et al. (1998). Current Anthropology, 39, Supplement, June 1998, S30S32.Google Scholar
White, R. (2001). Personal ornaments from the Grotte du Renne at Arcy-sur-Cure. Athena Review, 2, 4146.Google Scholar
Wilkins, W. K. (2007). Layers, mosaic pieces, and tiers. The Linguistic Review, 24, 475–84.Google Scholar
Wissing, C., Rougier, H., Crevecoeur, I., Germonpré, M., Naito, Y. I., Semal, P., Bocherens, H. (2016). Isotopic evidence for dietary ecology of late Neandertals in North-Western Europe. Quaternary International, 411, 327–45.Google Scholar
Wynn, T. (1980). Commentary on Krantz (1980). Current Anthropology, 21, 788–89.Google Scholar
Wynn, T. (1993). Layers of thinking in tool behaviour. In Gibson, K. R. and Ingold, T. (eds.), Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 389406.Google Scholar
Wynn, T. (1995). Handaxe enigmas. World Archaeology, 27, 1024.Google Scholar
Wynn, T. (1999). The evolution of tools and symbolic behaviour. In Lock, A. and Peters, C. R. (eds.), Handbook of Human Symbolic Evolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 263–86.Google Scholar
Wynn, T. and Berlant, T. (in press). The handaxe aesthetic. In Overmann, K. and Coolidge, F. L. (eds.), Squeezing Minds from Stones: Cognitive Archaeology and the Evolution of the Human Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Page references to manuscript, pp. 1–41.Google Scholar
Wynn, T. and Coolidge, F. L. (2007). Did a small but significant enhancement in working memory capacity power the evolution of modern thinking? In Mellars, P., Boyle, K., Bar-Yosef, O. and Stringer, C. (eds.), Rethinking the Human Revolution. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 7990.Google Scholar
Wynn, T. and Coolidge, F. L. (2010). Beyond symbolism and language: An introduction to Supplement 1, working memory. Current Anthropology, 51, S5S16.Google Scholar
Wynn, T. and Coolidge, F. L. (2012). How to Think like a Neandertal. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wynn, T. and Gowlett, J. (2018). The handaxe reconsidered. Evolutionary Anthropology, 27, 2129.Google Scholar
Wynn, T., Overmann, K. A., and Coolidge, F. L. (2016). The false dichotomy: A refutation of the Neandertal indistinguishability claim. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 94, 201–21.Google Scholar
Zhang, J., Webb, D. M. and Podlaha, O. (2002). Accelerated protein evolution and origins of human-specific features: FOXP2 as an example. Genetics, 162, 1825–35.Google Scholar
Zilhão, J. (2001). Anatomically Archaic, Behaviourally Modern: The Last Neanderthals and Their Destiny. Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Zilhão, J. (2006a). Neandertals and moderns mixed and it matters. Evolutionary Anthropology, 15, 183–98.Google Scholar
Zilhão, J. (2006b). Aurignacian, behaviour, modern. In Bar-Yosef, O. and Zilhão, J. (eds.), Towards a Definition of the Aurignacian. Lisbon: Trabalhos de Arqueologia 45: 5369.Google Scholar
Zilhão, J. (2007). The emergence of ornaments and art: An archaeological perspective on the origins of ‘behavioral modernity’. Journal of Archaeological Research, 15, 154.Google Scholar
Zilhão, J. (2011). The emergence of language, art and symbolic thinking: A Neandertal test of competing hypotheses. In Henshilwood, C. S. and d’Errico, F. (eds.), Homo Symbolicus: The Dawn of Language, Imagination and Spirituality. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 111–31.Google Scholar
Zilhão, J. (2012). Personal ornaments and symbolism among the Neanderthals. In Elias, S. (ed.), Origins of Human Innovation and Creativity. Elsevier B.V., 3549. Volume 16 in a book series, van der Meer, J. J. M. (ed.), Developments in Quaternary Science.Google Scholar
Zilhão, J. (2013). Neandertal–Modern human contact in western Eurasia: Issues of dating, taxonomy, and cultural associations. In Akazawa, T., Ogihara, T., Tanabe, C. and Tarashima, H. (eds.), Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans. Vol. 1: Cultural Perspectives. Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series. Japan: Springer, 2157.Google Scholar
Zilhão, J. (2015). Lower and Middle Palaeolithic mortuary behaviours and the origins of ritual burial. In Renfrew, C., Boyd, M. J., and Morley, I. (eds.), Death Rituals, Social Order and the Archaeology of Immortality in the Ancient World: ‘Death Shall Have No Dominion’. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2744.Google Scholar
Zilhão, J., d’Errico, F., Bordes, J.-G., Lenoble, A. and Texier, J.-P. (2006). Analysis of Aurignacian interstratification at the Châtelperronian-type site and implications for the behavioral modernity of Neandertals. PNAS, 103, 12643–48.Google Scholar
Zilhão, J., d’Errico, F., Bordes, J.-G., Lenoble, A., Texier, J.-P., and Rigaud, J.-P. (2008a). Grotte des Fées (Châtelperron): History of research, stratigraphy, dating, and archaeology of the Châtelperronian type-site. (2008a). PaleoAnthropology, 2008, 142.Google Scholar
Zilhão, J., d’Errico, F., Bordes, J.-G., Lenoble, A., Texier, J.-P., Rigaud, J.-P. (2008b). Like Hobbes’ chimney birds. (2008b). PaleoAnthropology, 2008, 6567.Google Scholar
Zilhão, J., Anesin, D., Aubry, T., Badal, E., Cabanes, D., Kehl, M., Klasen, N., Lucena, A., Martín-Lerma, I., Martínez, S., Matias, H., Susini, D., Steier, P., Wild, E. M., Angelucci, D. E., Villaverde, V. and Zapata, J. (2017). Precise dating of the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition in Murcia (Spain) supports late Neandertal persistence in Iberia. Heliyon, 3, 151.Google Scholar
Zilhão, J., Angelucci, D. E., Badal-García, E., d’Errico, F., Daniel, F., Dayet, L., Douka, K., Higham, T. F. G., Martínez-Sánchez, M. J., Montes-Bernárdez, R., Murcia-Mascarós, S., Pérez-Sirvent, C., Roldán-García, C., Vanhaeren, M., Villaverde, V., Wood, R. and Zapata, J. (2010). Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals. PNAS, 107, 1023–28.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Rudolf Botha, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
  • Book: Neanderthal Language
  • Online publication: 26 April 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108868167.017
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Rudolf Botha, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
  • Book: Neanderthal Language
  • Online publication: 26 April 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108868167.017
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Rudolf Botha, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
  • Book: Neanderthal Language
  • Online publication: 26 April 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108868167.017
Available formats
×