The chapter describes the main nature conservation challenges in the Netherlands, its main policy responses and actions, and their achievements and lessons, primarily over the last 40 years. This covers the country’s natural characteristics, habitats and species of particular importance; the status of nature and main pressures affecting it; nature conservation policies (including biodiversity strategies), legislation, governance and key actors; species measures (e.g. the action plan for farmland birds, and reintroduction schemes); protected areas and ecological networks; general conservation measures (e.g. habitat management for farmland birds, the Programmatic Approach to Dealing with Nitrogen Pollution, and river restoration); nature conservation costs, economic benefits and funding sources; and biodiversity monitoring. Likely future developments are also identified. Conclusions are drawn on what measures have been most effective and why, and what is needed to improve the implementation of existing measures and achieve future nature conservation goals.