Abbott, L, Johnson, NC. 2017. Introduction: Perspectives on mycorrhizas and soil fertility, pp. 93–105. In Johnson, NC, Gehring, C, Jansa, J, eds. Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil: Fertility, Structure, and Carbon Storage. Amsterdam: Elsevier Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abbott, L, Robson, A. 1982. The role of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agriculture and the selection of fungi for inoculation. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 33:389–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Agerer, R. 2006. Fungal relationships and structural identity of their ectomycorrhizae. Mycological Progress 5:67–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ågren, GI, Bosatta, E. 1998. Theoretical Ecosystem Ecology: Understanding Element Cycles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Aguirre, F, Nouhra, E, Urcelay, C. 2021. Native and non-native mammals disperse exotic ectomycorrhizal fungi at long distances from pine plantations. Fungal Ecology 49:101012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aldon, EF. 1975. Endomycorrhizae enhance survival and growth of fourwing saltbush on coal mine spoils. USDA Forest Service Research Note R.M. 294.Google Scholar

Alexander, I. 1989. Mycorrhizas in tropical forests. Special publications of the British Ecological Society.Google Scholar

Alexopoulos, CJ, Mims, CW, Blackwell, M. 1979. Introductory Mycology, 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar

Allen, EB. 1988. The Reconstruction of Disturbed Arid Ecosystems. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Allen, EB, Allen, MF. 1980. Natural re-establishment of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae following stripmine reclamation in Wyoming. Journal of Applied Ecology 17:139–47.Google Scholar

Allen, EB, Allen, MF. 1984. Competition between plants of different successional stages: Mycorrhizae as regulators. Canadian Journal of Botany 62:2625–9.Google Scholar

Allen, EB, Allen, MF. 1986. Water relations of xeric grasses in the field: Interactions of mycorrhizas and competition. New Phytologist 104:559–71.Google Scholar

Allen, EB, Allen, MF. 1988. Facilitation of succession by the nonmycotrophic colonizer Salsola-kali (Chenopodiaceae) on a harsh site: Effects of mycorrhizal fungi American Journal of Botany 75:257–66.Google Scholar

Allen, EB, Allen, MF. 1990. The mediation of competition by mycorrhizae in successional and patchy environments, pp. 367–89. In Grace, JB, Tilman, GD, eds. Perspectives on Plant Competition. San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Allen, EB, Allen, MF, Egerton-Warburton, L, Corkidi, L, Gómez-Pompa, A. 2003. Impacts of early‐and late‐seral mycorrhizae during restoration in seasonal tropical forest, Mexico. Ecological Applications 13:1701–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, EB, Allen, MF, Helm, DJ, Trappe, JM, Molina, R, Rincon, E. 1995. Patterns and regulation of mycorrhizal plant and fungal diversity Plant and Soil 170:47–62.Google Scholar

Allen, EB, Brown, JS, Allen, MF. 2001. Restoration of animal, plant and microbial diversity. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 5:185–202.Google Scholar

Allen, EB, Chambers, JC, Connor, KF, Allen, MF, Brown, RW. 1987. Natural reestablishment of mycorrhizae in disturbed alpine ecosystems. Arctic and Alpine Research 19:11–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, EB, Cunningham, GL. 1983. Effects of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae on Distichlis spicata under three salinity levels. New Phytologist 93:227–36.Google Scholar

Allen, EB, Egerton-Warburton, LM, Hilbig, BE, Valliere, JM. 2016. Interactions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, critical loads of nitrogen deposition, and shifts from native to invasive species in a southern California shrubland. Botany 94:425–33.Google Scholar

Allen, EB, Rincon, E, Allen, MF, Perez-Jimenez, A, Huante, P. 1998. Disturbance and seasonal dynamics of mycorrhizae in a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico. Biotropica 30:261–74.Google Scholar

Allen, EB, Violi, HA, Allen, MF, Gomez-Pompa, A. 2003. Restoration of tropical seasonal forest in Quintana Roo, pp. 587–98. In Gomez-Pompa, A, Allen, MF, Fedick, S, Jimenez-Osornio, JJ, eds. Lowland Maya Area: Three Millennia at the Human–Wildland Interface. New York: Haworth Press.Google Scholar

Allen, K, Fisher, JB, Phillips, RP, Powers, JS, Brzostek, ER. 2020. Modeling the carbon cost of plant nitrogen and phosphorus uptake across temperate and tropical forests. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 3:43.Google Scholar

Allen, M. 1992. Mycorrhizal Functioning: An Integrative Plant–Fungal Process. New York: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar

Allen, M, Allen, E. 2017. Mycorrhizal mediation of soil fertility amidst nitrogen eutrophication and climate change, pp. 213–31. In Johnson, NC, Gehring, C, Jansa, J, eds. Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil: Fertility, Structure, and Carbon Storage. Amsterdam: Elsevier Press.Google Scholar

Allen, M, Clouse, S, Weinbaum, B, Jeakins, S, Friese, C, Allen, E. 1992. Mycorrhizae and the integration of scales: From molecules to ecosystems, pp. 488–515. In Allen, MF, ed. Mycorrhizal Functioning. New York: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar

Allen, M, Hipps, L. 1985. Long-distance dispersal of mycorrhizal fungi: A comparison of vectors of VAM and ectomycorrhizal fungi from predictable versus unpredictable habitats. Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology and 7th Conference on Biometeorology and Aerobiology, Scottsdale, AZ, May 21–24.Google Scholar

Allen, M, Klironomos, J, Harney, S. 1997. The epidemiology of mycorrhizal fungal infection during succession, pp. 169–83. In Carroll, G, Tudzynski, P, eds. The Mycota, vol VB. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar

Allen, M, St John, T. 1982. Dual culture of endomycorrhizae, pp. 85–89. In Schenck, NC, ed. Methods and Principles of Mycorrhizal Research. St. Paul, MN: American Phytopathological Society.Google Scholar

Allen, MF. 1980. Physiological alterations associated with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in Bouteloua gracilis. PhD thesis. University of Wyoming.Google Scholar

Allen, MF. 1982. Influence of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae on water-movement through Bouteloua gracilis. New Phytologist 91:191–6.Google Scholar

Allen, MF. 1983. Formation of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae in Atriplex gardneri (Chenopodiaceae): Seasonal response in a cold desert. Mycologia 75:773–6.Google Scholar

Allen, MF. 1987. Reestablishment of mycorrhizae on Mount St. Helens: Migration vectors. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 88:413–17.Google Scholar

Allen, MF. 1988. Belowground structure: A key to reconstructing a productive arid ecosystem, pp. 113–35. In Allen, EB, ed. The Reconstruction of Disturbed Arid Ecosystems. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Allen, MF. 1988. Re-establishment of VA-mycorrhizas following severe disturbance: Comparative patch dynamics of a shrub desert and a subalpine volcano. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Section B–Biological Sciences 94:63–71.Google Scholar

Allen, MF. 1991. The Ecology of Mycorrhizae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Allen, MF. 1996. The ecology of arbuscular mycorrhizas: A look back into the 20th century and a peek into the 21st. Mycological Research 100:769–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, MF. 2001. Modeling arbuscular mycorrhizal infection: Is % infection an appropriate variable? Mycorrhiza 10:255–8.Google Scholar

Allen, MF. 2006. Water dynamics of mycorrhizas in arid soils, pp. 74–97. In Gadd, GM, ed. Fungi in Biogeochemical Cycles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Allen, MF. 2007. Mycorrhizal fungi: Highways for water and nutrients in arid soils. Vadose Zone Journal 6:291–7.Google Scholar

Allen, MF. 2009. Bidirectional water flows through the soil–fungal–plant mycorrhizal continuum. New Phytologist 182:290–3.Google Scholar

Allen, MF. 2011. Linking water and nutrients through the vadose zone: A fungal interface between the soil and plant systems. Journal of Arid Land 3:155–63.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Allen, EB. 1986. Utah State Project Exemplifies Restoration Ecology Approach to Research. Restoration and Management Notes 4:64–7.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Allen, EB. 1990. Carbon source of VA mycorrhizal fungi associated with Chenopodiaceae from a semiarid shrub-steppe. Ecology 71:2019–21.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Allen, EB. 1992. Mycorrhizae and plant community development: Mechanisms and patterns, pp. 455–79. In. Carroll, GC, Wicklow, DT, eds. The Fungal Community. New York: Marcel Dekker.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Allen, EB, Dahm, C, Edwards, F. 1993. Preservation of biological diversity in mycorrhizal fungi: Importance and human impacts, pp. 81–108. In Sundnes, G, ed. International Symposium on Human Impacts on Self-Recruiting Populations. Trondheim, Norway: The Royal Norwegian Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Allen, EB, Friese, CF. 1989. Responses of the non-mycotrophic plant Salsola-Kali to invasion by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal-fungi New Phytologist 111:45–9.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Allen, EB, Gomez-Pompa, A. 2005. Effects of mycorrhizae and nontarget organisms on restoration of a seasonal tropical forest in Quintana Roo, Mexico: Factors limiting tree establishment. Restoration Ecology 13:325–33.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Allen, EB, Lansing, JL, Pregitzer, KS, Hendrick, RL, et al. 2010. Responses to chronic N fertilization of ectomycorrhizal pinon but not arbuscular mycorrhizal juniper in a pinon-juniper woodland. Journal of Arid Environments 74:1170–6.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Allen, EB, Stahl, PD. 1984. Differential niche response of Bouteloua-Gracilis and Pascopyrum-Smithii to VA mycorrhizae. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 111:361–5.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Allen, EB, West, NE. 1987. Influence of parasitic and mutualistic fungi on artemesia tridentata during high precipitation years. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 114:272–9.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Boosalis, MG. 1983. Effects of two species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on drought tolerance of winter wheat New Phytologist 93:67–76.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Crisafulli, C, Friese, CF, Jeakins, SL. 1992. Re-formation of mycorrhizal symbioses on Mount St. Helens, 1980–1990: Interactions of rodents and mycorrhizal fungi Mycological Research 96:447–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, MF, Egerton-Warburton, L, Treseder, K, Cario, C, Lindahl, A, Lansing, J, Querejeta, I, Karen, O, Harney, S, Zink, T. 2005. Biodiversity and mycorrhizal fungi in southern California. In Kus, B, Beyers, JL, eds. Planning for Biodiversity: Bringing Research and Management Together: Proceedings of a Symposium for the South Coast Ecoregion, March 2000, Pomona, CA. USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station General Technical Report PSW-GTR-195.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Figueroa, C, Weinbaum, BS, Barlow, SB, Allen, EB. 1996. Differential production of oxalate by mycorrhizal fungi in arid ecosystems. Biology and Fertility of Soils 22:287–92.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Hipps, LE, Wooldridge, GL. 1989. Wind dispersal and subsequent establishment of VA mycorrhizal fungi across a successional arid landscape. Landscape Ecology 2:165–71.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Jenerette, GD, Santiago, LS. 2013. Carbon Balance in California Deserts: Impacts of Widespread Solar Power Generation: Final Project Report. Publication number: CEC-500-2013-063. California Energy Commission.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Kitajima, K. 2013. In situ high-frequency observations of mycorrhizas. New Phytologist 200:222–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Allen, MF, Kitajima, K. 2014. Net primary production of ectomycorrhizas in a California forest. Fungal Ecology 10:81–90.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Kitajima, K, Hernandez, RR. 2014. Mycorrhizae and global change, pp. 37–59. In Tausz, M, Grulke, N, eds. Trees in a Changing Environment: Ecophysiology, Adaptation, and Future Survival. Dordrecht: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, MF, Klironomos, JN, Treseder, KK, Oechel, WC. 2005. Responses of soil biota to elevated CO₂ in a chaparral ecosystem. Ecological Applications 15:1701–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, MF, MacMahon, JA. 1985. Impact of disturbance on cold desert fungi: Comparative microscale dispersion patterns. Pedobiologia 28:215–24.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, MacMahon, JA. 1988. Direct VA mycorrhizal inoculation of colonizing plants by pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides) on Mount St. Helens. Mycologia 80:754–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, MF, MacMahon, JA, Andersen, DC. 1984. Reestablisment of Endogonaceae on Mount St. Helens: Survival of residuals. Mycologia 76:1031–8.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Mishler, BD. In press. A phylogenetic approach to conservation: Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning for a changing globe. In B Swartz, BD Mishler, eds. Speciesism and the Future of Humanity: Biology, Culture, and Sociopolitics. Springer.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Moore, TS, Christensen, M. 1980. Phytohormone changes in Bouteloua gracilis infected by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae. 1. Cytokinin increases in the host plant. Canadian Journal of Botany 58:371–4.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Moore, TS, Christensen, M. 1982. Phytohormone changes in Bouteloua gracilis infected by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae. 2. Altered levels of gibberellin-like substances and abscisic-acid in the host plant. Canadian Journal of Botany 60:468–71.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Moore, TS, Christensen, M, Stanton, N. 1979. Growth of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Bouteloua gracilis in a defined medium. Mycologia 71:666–9.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, O’Neill, MR, Crisafulli, CM, MacMahon, JA. 2018. Succession and mycorrhizae on Mount St. Helens, pp. 199–216. In Dale, VH, Crisafulli, CM, eds. Ecological Responses at Mount St. Helens: Revisited 35 Years after the 1980 Eruption. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Richards, JH, Busso, CA. 1989. Influence of clipping and soil-water status on vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae of two semi-arid tussock grasses. Biology and Fertility of Soils 8:285–9.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Rincon, E. 2003. The changing global environment and the lowland Maya: Past patterns and current dynamics, pp. 13–29. In Gomez-Pompa, A, Allen, MF, Fedick, S, Jimenez-Osornio, JJ, eds. Lowland Maya Area: Three Millennia at the Human–Wildland Interface. New York: Haworth Press.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Rincon, E, Allen, EB, Huante, P, Dunn, JJ. 1993. Observations of canopy bromeliad roots compared with plants rooted in soils of a seasonal tropical forest, Chamela, Jalisco, Mexico. Mycorrhiza 4:27–8.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Sexton, JC, Moore, TS Jr, Christensen, M. 1981. Influence of phosphate source on vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizae of Bouteloua gracilis. New Phytologist 87:687–94.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Smith, WK, Moore, TS, Christensen, M. 1981. Comparative water relations and photosynthesis of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Bouteloua gracilis. New Phytologist 88:683–93.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Swenson, W, Querejeta, JI, Egerton-Warburton, LM, Treseder, KK. 2003. Ecology of mycorrhizae: A conceptual framework for complex interactions among plants and fungi. Annual Review of Phytopathology 41:271–303.Google Scholar

Allen, MF, Vargas, R, Graham, EA, Swenson, W, Hamilton, M, et al. 2007. Soil sensor technology: Life within a pixel. BioScience 57:859–67.Google Scholar

Allen, TF, Starr, TB. 1982. Hierarchy: Perspectives for Ecological Complexity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Alvarez, W. 2008. T. Rex and the Crater of Doom. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Anacker, BL, Klironomos, JN, Maherali, H, Reinhart, KO, Strauss, SY. 2014. Phylogenetic conservatism in plant‐soil feedback and its implications for plant abundance. Ecology Letters 17:1613–21.Google Scholar

Anderson, R, Homola, RL, Davis, RB, Jacobson, GL Jr. 1984. Fossil remains of the mycorrhizal fungal Glomus fasciculatum complex in postglacial lake sediments from Maine. Canadian Journal of Botany 62:2325–8.Google Scholar

Anderson, R, Liberta, A, Dickman, L. 1984. Interaction of vascular plants and vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi across a soil moisture–nutrient gradient. Oecologia 64:111–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anonymous. 1931. Establishing pines. Preliminary observations on the effects of soil inoculation. Rhodesia Agricultural Journal 28:185–7.Google Scholar

Antibus, RK, Kroehler, CJ, Linkins, AE. 1986. The effects of external pH, temperature, and substrate concentration on acid phosphatase activity of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Canadian Journal of Botany 64:2383–7.Google Scholar

Antoninka, AJ, Ritchie, ME, Johnson, NC. 2015. The hidden Serengeti: Mycorrhizal fungi respond to environmental gradients. Pedobiologia 58:165–76.Google Scholar

Antunes, P, Koyama, A. 2017. Mycorrhizas as nutrient and energy pumps of soil food webs: Multitrophic interactions and feedbacks, pp. 149–73: In Johnson, NC, Gehring, C, Jansa, J, eds. Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil: Fertility, Structure, and Carbon Storage. Amsterdam: Elsevier Press.Google Scholar

Aquino, SD, Scabora, MH, Andrade, JAD, da Costa, SMG, Maltoni, KL, Cassiolato, AMR. 2015. Mycorrhizal colonization and diversity and corn genotype yield in soils of the Cerrado region, Brazil. Semina-Ciencias Agrarias 36:4107–17.Google Scholar

Arnolds, E. 1991. Decline of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Europe. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 35:209–44.Google Scholar

Aronson, EL, Dierick, D, Botthoff, JK, Oberbauer, S, Zelikova, TJ, et al. 2019. ENSO-influenced drought drives methane flux dynamics in a tropical wet forest soil. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences 124:2267–76.Google Scholar

Asai, T. 1943. Die Bedeutung der Mykorrhiza fiir das Pfianzenleben. Japanese Journal of Botany 12:359–436.Google Scholar

Asghari, HR, Cavagnaro, TR. 2011. Arbuscular mycorrhizas enhance plant interception of leached nutrients. Functional Plant Biology 38:219–26.Google Scholar

Augé, RM, Stodola, AJW, Tims, JE, Saxton, A. 2001. Moisture retention properties of a mycorrhizal soil. Plant and Soil 202:87–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Augé, RM, Toler, HD, Saxton, AM. 2015. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis alters stomatal conductance of host plants more under drought than under amply watered conditions: A meta-analysis. Mycorrhiza 25:13–24.Google Scholar

Averill, C, Dietze, MC, Bhatnagar, JM. 2018. Continental‐scale nitrogen pollution is shifting forest mycorrhizal associations and soil carbon stocks. Global Change Biology 24:4544–53.Google Scholar

Baar, J, Horton, TR, Kretzer, A, Bruns, TD. 1999. Mycorrhizal colonization of Pinus muricata from resistant propagules after a stand‐replacing wildfire. New Phytologist 143:409–18.Google Scholar

Bae, K-S, Barton, LL. 1989. Alkaline phosphatase and other hydrolyases produced by Cenococcum graniforme, an ectomycorrhizal fungus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55:2511–16.Google Scholar

Bago, B, Azcón‐Aguilar, C, Goulet, A, Piché, Y. 1998. Branched absorbing structures (BAS): A feature of the extraradical mycelium of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist 139:375–88.Google Scholar

Bago, B, Pfeffer, PE, Zipfel, W, Lammers, P, Shachar-Hill, Y. 2002. Tracking metabolism and imaging transport in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Metabolism and transport in AM fungi. Plant and Soil 244:189–97.Google Scholar

Bahram, M, Harend, H, Tedersoo, L. 2014. Network perspectives of ectomycorrhizal associations. Fungal Ecology 7:70–7.Google Scholar

Bainbridge, D. 2007. New Hope for Arid Lands: A Guide for Desert and Dryland Restoration. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar

Baldocchi, DD. 2020. How eddy covariance flux measurements have contributed to our understanding of global change biology. Global Change Biology 26:242–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Balogh-Brunstad, Z, Keller, CK, Shi, Z, Wallander, H, Stipp, SL. 2017. Ectomycorrhizal fungi and mineral interactions in the rhizosphere of Scots and red pine seedlings. Soils 1:5.Google Scholar

Barabási, A-L, Albert, R. 1999. Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 286:509–12.Google Scholar

Barbosa, MV, Pereira, EA, Cury, JC, Carneiro, MA. 2017. Occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 89:1737–43.Google Scholar

Barceló, M, van Bodegom, PM, Soudzilovskaia, NA. 2019. Climate drives the spatial distribution of mycorrhizal host plants in terrestrial ecosystems. Journal of Ecology 107:2564–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barea, JM, Azcon, R, Azcón-Aguilar, C. 1992. 21 Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in nitrogen-fixing systems. Methods in Microbiology 24:391–416.Google Scholar

Barrows, CW, Murphy-Mariscal, ML, Hernandez, RR. 2016. At a crossroads: The nature of natural history in the twenty-first century. BioScience 66:592–9.Google Scholar

Bartnicki-García, S. 2002. Hyphal tip growth: Outstanding questions, pp. 29–58. In Osiewacz, HD, ed. Molecular Biology of Fungal Development. New York: Marcel Dekker.Google Scholar

Barton, LL, Northup, DE. 2011. Microbial Ecology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar

Beach, T, Luzzadder-Beach, S, Cook, D, Dunning, N, Kennett, DJ, et al. 2015. Ancient Maya impacts on the Earth’s surface: An early anthropocene analog? Quaternary Science Reviews 124:1–30.Google Scholar

Becquer, A, Guerrero-Galan, C, Eibensteiner, JL, Houdinet, G, Bucking, H, et al. 2019. The ectomycorrhizal contribution to tree nutrition. Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Trees 89:77–126.Google Scholar

Beilby, J, Kidby, D. 1980. Sterol composition of ungerminated and germinated spores of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus caledonius. Lipids 15:375–8.Google Scholar

Beiler, KJ, Durall, DM, Simard, SW, Maxwell, SA, Kretzer, AM. 2010. Architecture of the wood-wide web: Rhizopogon spp. genets link multiple Douglas-fir cohorts. New Phytologist 185:543–53.Google Scholar

Beiler, KJ, Simard, SW, Durall, DM. 2015. Topology of tree-mycorrhizal fungus interaction networks in xeric and mesic Douglas-fir forests. Journal of Ecology 103:616–28.Google Scholar

Bellgard, S, Whelan, R, Muston, R. 1994. The impact of wildfire on vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their potential to influence the re-establishment of post-fire plant communities. Mycorrhiza 4:139–46.Google Scholar

Bellgard, SE. 1991. Mycorrhizal associations of plant-species in Hawkesbury Sandstone vegetation Australian Journal of Botany 39:357–64.Google Scholar

Bennett, JA, Maherali, H, Reinhart, KO, Lekberg, Y, Hart, MM, Klironomos, J. 2017. Plant-soil feedbacks and mycorrhizal type influence temperate forest population dynamics. Science 355:181–4.Google Scholar

Berkeley, M. 1846. Observations, Botanical and Physiological, on the Potato Murrain. Reprinted as Phytopathological Classics 8. Saint Paul, MN: APS Press.Google Scholar

Bethlenfalvay, GJ, Brown, MS, Pacovsky, RS. 1982. Parasitic and mutualistic associations between a mycorrhizal fungus and soybean: Development of the host plant Phytopathology 72:889–93.Google Scholar

Bever, JD. 2002. Negative feedback within a mutualism: Host-specific growth of mycorrhizal fungi reduces plant benefit. Proceedings of the Royal Society B–Biological Sciences 269:2595–601.Google Scholar

Bidartondo, MI. 2005. The evolutionary ecology of myco‐heterotrophy. New Phytologist 167:335–52.Google Scholar

Bitterlich, M, Rouphael, Y, Graefe, J, Franken, P. 2018. Arbuscular mycorrhizas: A promising component of plant production systems provided favorable conditions for their growth. Frontiers in Plant Science 9:154.Google Scholar

Björkman, E. 1942. Über die bedingungen der Mykorrhizabildung bei Kiefer und Fichte. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 2:1–191.Google Scholar

Björkman, E. 1960. Monotropa hypopitys L.: An epiparasite on tree roots. Physiologia Plantarum 13:308–27.Google Scholar

Bledsoe, CS, Allen, MF, Southworth, D. 2014. Beyond mutualism: Complex mycorrhizal interactions. Progress in Botany 75:311–34.Google Scholar

Blom, C, Voesenek, L. 1996. Flooding: The survival strategies of plants. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11:290–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bloss, H, Walker, C. 1987. Some endogonaceous mycorrhizal fungi of the Santa Catalina mountains in Arizona. Mycologia 79:649–54.Google Scholar

Blum, U, Rice, EL. 1969. Inhibition of symbiotic nitrogen-fixation by gallic and tannic acid, and possible roles in old-field succession. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 96:531–44.Google Scholar

Bohlen, PJ, Scheu, S, Hale, CM, McLean, MA, Migge, S, et al. 2004. Non-native invasive earthworms as agents of change in northern temperate forests. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2:427–35.Google Scholar

Bonfante-Fasolo, P, Scannerini, S. 1977. Cytological observations on the mycorrhiza Endogone flammicorona - Pinus strobus. Allionia 22:23–34.Google Scholar

Bonfante-Fasolo, P, Scannerini, S. 1977. A cytological study of the vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza in Ornithogalum umbellatum. Allionia 22:5–21.Google Scholar

Bornyasz, MA, Graham, RC, Allen, MF. 2005. Ectomycorrhizae in a soil-weathered granitic bedrock regolith: Linking matrix resources to plants. Geoderma 126:141–60.Google Scholar

Bosatta, E, Ågren, GI. 1996. Theoretical analyses of carbon and nutrient dynamics in soil profiles. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 28:1523–31.Google Scholar

Boulet, FM, Lambers, H. 2005. Characterisation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonisation in cluster roots of shape Hakea verrucosa F. Muell (Proteaceae), and its effect on growth and nutrient acquisition in ultramafic soil. Plant and Soil 269:357–67.Google Scholar

Boyce, MS. 1979. Seasonality and patterns of natural-selection for life histories. American Naturalist 114:569–83.Google Scholar

Bradshaw, AD, Chadwick, MJ. 1980. The Restoration of Land: The Ecology and Reclamation of Derelict and Degraded Land. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Branco, S, Bi, K, Liao, HL, Gladieux, P, Badouin, H, et al. 2017. Continental-level population differentiation and environmental adaptation in the mushroom Suillus brevipes. Molecular Ecology 26:2063–76.Google Scholar

Branco, S, Gladieux, P, Ellison, CE, Kuo, A, LaButti, K, et al. 2015. Genetic isolation between two recently diverged populations of a symbiotic fungus. Molecular Ecology 24:2747–58.Google Scholar

Bravo, A, Brands, M, Wewer, V, Dormann, P, Harrison, MJ. 2017. Arbuscular mycorrhiza-specific enzymes FatM and RAM2 fine-tune lipid biosynthesis to promote development of arbuscular mycorrhiza. New Phytologist 214: 1631–45.Google Scholar

Bray, JR, Curtis, JT. 1957. An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecological Monographs 27:325–49.Google Scholar

Briscoe, CB. 1959. Early results of mycorrhizal inoculation of pine in Puerto Rico. Carribean Forester July–December:73–77.Google Scholar

Brosed, M, Jabiol, J, Gessner, MO. 2017. Nutrient stoichiometry of aquatic hyphomycetes: Interstrain variation and ergosterol conversion factors. Fungal Ecology 29:96–102.Google Scholar

Bruns, TD, Corradi, N, Redecker, D, Taylor, JW, Öpik, M. 2018. Glomeromycotina: What is a species and why should we care? New Phytologist 220:963–7.Google Scholar

Bruns, TD, Hale, ML, Nguyen, NH. 2019. Rhizopogon olivaceotinctus increases its inoculum potential in heated soil independent of competitive release from other ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycologia 111:936–41.Google Scholar

Brusatte, S. 2018. The Rise and Fall of the Dinosaurs: A New History of Their Lost World. New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar

Brzostek, ER, Fisher, JB, Phillips, RP. 2014. Modeling the carbon cost of plant nitrogen acquisition: Mycorrhizal trade‐offs and multipath resistance uptake improve predictions of retranslocation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 119:1684–97.Google Scholar

Buchmann, NB, Brooks, JR, Ehleringer, JR. 2002. Predicting daytime carbon isotope ratios of atmospheric CO2 within forest canopies. Functional Ecology 16:49–57.Google Scholar

Buller, A. 1909. Researches on Fungi. Vol I. London: Longmans, Green and Company.Google Scholar

Buntgen, U, Lendorff, H, Lendorff, A, Leuchtmann, A, Peter, M, et al. 2019. Truffles on the move. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 17:200–1.Google Scholar

Burrola-Aguilar, C, Garibay-Orijel, R, Argüelles-Moyao, A. 2013. Abies religiosa forests harbor the highest species density and sporocarp productivity of wild edible mushrooms among five different vegetation types in a neotropical temperate forest region. Agroforestry Systems 87:1101–15.Google Scholar

Burton, AJ, Pregitzer, KS, Ruess, RW, Hendrik, RL, Allen, MF. 2002. Root respiration in North American forests: Effects of nitrogen concentration and temperature across biomes. Oecologia 131:559–68.Google Scholar

Cabello, M, Gaspar, L, Pollero, R. 1994. Glomus antarcticum sp- nov, a vesicular–arbuscular mycorrrhizal fungus from Antarctica. Mycotaxon 51:123–8.Google Scholar

Caldwell, MM, Eissenstat, DM, Richards, JH, Allen, MF. 1985. Competition for phosphorus: Differential uptake from dual-isotope labelled soil interspaces between shrub and grass Science 229:384–6.Google Scholar

Cannon, JP, Allen, EB, Allen, MF, Dudley, LM, Jurinak, JJ. 1995. The effects of oxalates produced by Salsola tragus on the phosphorus nutrition of Stipa pulchra. Oecologia 102:265–72.Google Scholar

Cario, CH. 2005. Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and chronic atmospheric nitrogen deposition change nitrogen dynamics associated with two Mediterranean climate evergreen oaks. PhD dissertation. University of California, Davis.Google Scholar

Carpenter, AT, Allen, MF. 1988. Responses of Hedysarum boreale Nutt to mycorrhizas and Rhizobium: Plant and soil nutrient changes in a disturbed shrub-steppe. New Phytologist 109:125–32.Google Scholar

Carpenter, SE, Trappe, JM, Ammirati, J. Jr 1987. Observations of fungal succession in the Mount St. Helens devastation zone, 1980–1983. Canadian Journal of Botany 65:716–28.Google Scholar

Caruso, T, Hogg, ID, Uffe, NN, Bottos, EN, Lee, CK, et al. 2019. Nematodes in a polar desert reveal the relative role of biotic interactions in the coexistence of soil animals. Communications Biology 2:63.Google Scholar

Chagnon, P-L, Bradley, RL, Maherali, H, Klironomos, JN. 2013. A trait-based framework to understand life history of mycorrhizal fungi. Trends in Plant Science 18:484–91.Google Scholar

Chambers, SM, Williams, PG, Seppelt, RD, Cairney, JWG. 1999. Molecular identification of Hymenoscyphus sp. from rhizoids of the leafy liverwort Cephaloziella exiliflora in Australia and Antarctica. Mycological Research 103:286–8.Google Scholar

Chang, Y, Desiro, A, Na, H, Sandor, L, Lipzen, A, et al. 2019. Phylogenomics of Endogonaceae and evolution of mycorrhizas within Mucoromycota. New Phytologist 222:511–25.Google Scholar

Chapela, IH, Osher, LJ, Horton, TR, Henn, MR. 2001. Ectomycorrhizal fungi introduced with exotic pine plantations induce soil carbon depletion. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33:1733–40.Google Scholar

Chiarello, N, Hickman, JC, Mooney, HA. 1982. Endomycorrhizal role for interspecific transfer of phosphorus in a community of annual plants. Science 217:941–3.Google Scholar

Chilvers, GA, Lapeyrie, FF, Horan, DP. 1987. Ectomycorrhizal vs. endomycorrhizal fungi within the same root-system. New Phytologist 107:441.Google Scholar

Christensen, M. 1969. Soil microfungi of dry to mesic conifer–hardwood forests in northern Wisconsin. Ecology 50:9–27.Google Scholar

Christian, D. 2011. Maps of Time. An Introduction to Big History. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Claridge, AW, Trappe, JM, Mills, DJ, Claridge, DL. 2009. Diversity and habitat relationships of hypogeous fungi. III. Factors influencing the occurrence of fire-adapted species. Mycological Research 113:792–801.Google Scholar

Clark, AL, St Clair, SB. 2011. Mycorrhizas and secondary succession in aspen–conifer forests: Light limitation differentially affects a dominant early and late successional species. Forest Ecology and Management 262:203–7.Google Scholar

Clark, DA, Clark, DB, Oberbauer, SF. 2013. Field‐quantified responses of tropical rainforest aboveground productivity to increasing CO2 and climatic stress, 1997–2009. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 118:783–94.Google Scholar

Clausen, J, Keck, DD, Hiesey, WM. 1948. Experimental studies on the nature of species. III: Environmental responses of climatic races of Achillea. Publication 581. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington.Google Scholar

Clements, F. 1916. Plant Succession. Publication 242. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington.Google Scholar

Collins, M, Knutti, R, Arblaster, J, Dufresne, J-L, Fichefet, T, et al. 2013. Long-term climate change: Projections, commitments and irreversibility, pp. 1029–136. In Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Colpaert, JV, Vandenkoornhuyse, P, Adriaensen, K, Vangronsveld, J. 2000. Genetic variation and heavy metal tolerance in the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Suillus luteus. New Phytologist 147:367–79.Google Scholar

Cooke, JC, Gemma, J, Koske, R. 1987. Observations of nuclei in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycologia 79:331–3.Google Scholar

Cooper, DJ, Sueltenfuss, J, Oyague, E, Yager, K, Slayback, D, et al. 2019. Drivers of peatland water table dynamics in the central Andes, Bolivia and Peru. Hydrological Processes 33:1913–25.Google Scholar

Cooper, WS. 1923. The recent ecological history of Glacier Bay, Alaska: The present vegetation cycle. Ecology 4:223–46.Google Scholar

Corkidi, L, Allen, EB, Merhaut, D, Allen, MF, Downer, J, et al. 2005. Effectiveness of commercial mycorrhizal inoculants on the growth of Liquidambar styraciflua in plant nursery conditions. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 23:72–76.Google Scholar

Corkidi, L, Merhaut, DJ, Allen, EB, Downer, J, Bohn, J, Evans, M. 2011. Effects of mycorrhizal colonization on nitrogen and phosphorus leaching from nursery containers. HortScience 46:1472–9.Google Scholar

Corradi, N, Brachmann, A. 2017. Fungal mating in the most widespread plant symbionts? Trends in Plant Science 22:175–83.Google Scholar

Corrales, A, Henkel, TW, Smith, ME. 2018. Ectomycorrhizal associations in the tropics: Biogeography, diversity patterns and ecosystem roles. New Phytologist 220:1076–91.Google Scholar

Correia, M, Heleno, R, da Silva, LP, Costa, JM, Rodríguez‐Echeverría, S. 2019. First evidence for the joint dispersal of mycorrhizal fungi and plant diaspores by birds. New Phytologist 222:1054–60.Google Scholar

Cowan, M, Lewis, B, Thain, J. 1972. Uptake of potassium by the developing sporangiophore of Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 58:113–26.Google Scholar

Cowles, HC. 1899. The ecological relations of the vegetation on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan. Botanical Gazette 27:95–391.Google Scholar

Cowling, RM, Richardson, DM. 1995. Fynbos: South Africa’s Unique Floral Kingdom. Capetown: Fernwood Press.Google Scholar

Cox, G, Tinker, PB. 1976. Translocation and transfer of nutrients in vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizas. 1. Arbuscule and phosphorus transfer: Quantitative ultrastructural study. New Phytologist 77:371.Google Scholar

Craine, JM, Elmore, AJ, Aidar, MPM, Bustamante, M, Dawson, TE, et al. (2009) Global patterns of foliar nitrogen isotopes and their relationships with climate, mycorrhizal fungi, foliar nutrient concentrations, and nitrogen availability. New Phytologist 183:980–92.Google Scholar

Cromack, K Jr, Sollins, P, Graustein, WC, Speidel, K, Todd, AW, et al. 1979. Calcium oxalate accumulation and soil weathering in mats of the hypogeous fungus Hysterangium crassum. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 11:463–8.Google Scholar

Crowell, HF, Boerner, RE. 1988. Influences of mycorrhizae and phosphorus on belowground competition between two old-field annuals. Environmental and Experimental Botany 28:381–92.Google Scholar

Daft, M, Hacskaylo, E. 1976. Arbuscular mycorrhizas in the anthracite and bituminous coal wastes of Pennsylvania. Journal of Applied Ecology 13:523–31.Google Scholar

Dangeard, P. 1896. Une maladie du peuplier dans l’ouest de la France. Le Botaniste 5:38–43.Google Scholar

Dangeard, P. 1900. Le Rhizophagus populinus. Le Botaniste 7:285–7.Google Scholar

Darwin, C. 1859. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Available from http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=1. Last accessed November 16, 2021.Google Scholar

Darwin, C. 1881. The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms. London: John Murray.Google Scholar

Darwin, C, Wallace, AR, Lyell, SC, Hooker, JD. 1858. On the tendency of species to form varieties and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection, 1858: Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Available from http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F350&viewtype=text&pageseq=1Zoology 3:45–50. Last accessed November 16, 2021.Google Scholar

Davidson, DE, Christensen, M. 1977. Root-microfungal and mycorrhizal associations in a shortgrass prairie, pp. 279–87. In Marshall, JK, ed. The Belowground Ecosystem: A Synthesis of Plant-Associated Processes. Fort Colloins: Colorado State University.Google Scholar

De Mazancourt, C, Schwartz, MW. 2010. A resource ratio theory of cooperation. Ecology Letters 13:349–59.Google Scholar

Deacon, J, Fleming, L. 1992. Interactions of ectomycorrhizal fungi, pp. 249–300. In Allen, MF, ed. Mycorrhizal Functioning. New York: Chapman and Hall Press.Google Scholar

DeBary, A. 1853. Untersuchungen über die Brandpilze und die durch sie verursachten Krankheiten der Pflanzen mit Rücksicht auf das Getreide und andere Nutzpflanzen. Berlin: GWF Müller.Google Scholar

DeBary, A. 1879. Die erscheinung der symbiose. Strasbourg: Verlag von Karl J Trübner.Google Scholar

DeBary, A. 1887. Comparative Morphology and Biology of the Fungi, Mycetozoa and Bacteria (English translation of the 1884 edition). Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Defrenne, CE, Abs, E, Longhi Cordeiro, A, Dietterich, L, Hough, M, et al. 2021. The Ecology Underground coalition: Building a collaborative future of belowground ecology and ecologists. New Phytologist 229:3058–64.Google Scholar

Defrenne, CE, Childs, J, Fernandez, CW, Taggart, M, Nettles, WR, et al. 2021. High‐resolution minirhizotrons advance our understanding of root‐fungal dynamics in an experimentally warmed peatland. Plants, People, Planet 3:640–52.Google Scholar

DeMars, BG, Boerner, RE. 1995. Mycorrhizal status of Deschampsia antarctica in the Palmer Station area, Antarctica. Mycologia 87:451–3.Google Scholar

Di Fossalunga, AS, Lipuma, J, Venice, F, Dupont, L, Bonfante, P. 2017. The endobacterium of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus modulates the expression of its toxin–antitoxin systems during the life cycle of its host. The ISME Journal 11:2394–8.Google Scholar

Dickie, IA, Alexander, I, Lennon, S, Opik, M, Selosse, MA, et al. 2015. Evolving insights to understanding mycorrhizas. New Phytologist 205:1369–74.Google Scholar

Dickie, IA, Bufford, JL, Cobb, RC, Desprez‐Loustau, ML, Grelet, G, et al. 2017. The emerging science of linked plant–fungal invasions. New Phytologist 215:1314–32.Google Scholar

Dickie, IA, Xu, B, Koide, RT. 2002. Vertical niche differentiation of ectomycorrhizal hyphae in soil as shown by T‐RFLP analysis. New Phytologist 156:527–35.Google Scholar

Dickson, S. 2004. The Arum–Paris continuum of mycorrhizal symbioses. New Phytologist 163:187–200.Google Scholar

Dominguez, LS, Sérsic, A. 2004. The southernmost myco-heterotrophic plant, Arachnitis uniflora: Root morphology and anatomy. Mycologia 96:1143–51.Google Scholar

Dominik, T. 1951. Badanie mykotrofizmu roślinności wydm nadmorskich i środlądowych. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 21:125–64.Google Scholar

Downing, JL, Liu, H, McCormick, MK, Arce, J, Alonso, D, Lopez‐Perez, J. 2020. Generalized mycorrhizal interactions and fungal enemy release drive range expansion of orchids in southern Florida. Ecosphere 11:e03228.Google Scholar

Driver, JD, Holben, WE, Rillig, MC. 2005. Characterization of glomalin as a hyphal wall component of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 37:101–6.Google Scholar

Droser, ML, Gehling, JG, Dzaugis, ME, Kennedy, MJ, Rice, D, Allen, MF. 2014. A new Ediacaran fossil with a novel sediment displacive life habit. Journal of Paleontology 88:145–51.Google Scholar

Duddridge, J, Malibari, A, Read, D. 1980. Structure and function of mycorrhizal rhizomorphs with special reference to their role in water transport. Nature 287:834–6.Google Scholar

Egerton-Warburton, L, Graham, R, Hubbert, K. 2003. Spatial variability in mycorrhizal hyphae and nutrient and water availability in a soil-weathered bedrock profile. Plant and Soil 249:331–42.Google Scholar

Egerton-Warburton, LM, Allen, EB. 2000. Shifts in arbuscular mycorrhizal communities along an anthropogenic nitrogen deposition gradient. Ecological Applications 10:484–96.Google Scholar

Egerton-Warburton, LM, Graham, RC, Allen, EB, Allen, MF. 2001. Reconstruction of the historical changes in mycorrhizal fungal communities under anthropogenic nitrogen deposition. Proceedings of the Royal Society B–Biological Sciences 268:2479–84.Google Scholar

Egerton-Warburton, LM, Johnson, NC, Allen, EB. 2007. Mycorrhizal community dynamics following nitrogen fertilization: A cross-site test in five grasslands. Ecological Monographs 77:527–44.Google Scholar

Egerton-Warburton, LM, Querejeta, JI, Allen, MF. 2008. Efflux of hydraulically lifted water from mycorrhizal fungal hyphae during imposed drought. Plant Signaling & Behavior 3:68–71.Google Scholar

Egler, FE. 1954. Vegetation science concepts I. Initial floristic composition, a factor in old-field vegetation development with 2 figs. Vegetatio 4:412–17.Google Scholar

Ek, H, Andersson, S, Söderström, B. 1997. Carbon and nitrogen flow in silver birch and Norway spruce connected by a common mycorrhizal mycelium. Mycorrhiza 6:465–7.Google Scholar

Ellenberg, D, Mueller-Dombois, D. 1974. Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar

Elser, JJ, Bracken, ME, Cleland, EE, Gruner, DS, Harpole, WS, et al. 2007. Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology Letters 10:1135–42.Google Scholar

Enloe, HA, Graham, RC, Sillett, SC. 2006. Arboreal histosols in old‐growth redwood forest canopies, northern California. Soil Science Society of America Journal 70:408–18.Google Scholar

Espeleta, J, Clark, DA. 2007. Multi‐scale variation in fine‐root biomass in a tropical rain forest: A seven‐year study. Ecological Monographs 77:377–404.Google Scholar

Espiñeira, J, Novo Uzal, E, Gómez Ros, L, Carrión, J, Merino, F, et al. 2011. Distribution of lignin monomers and the evolution of lignification among lower plants. Plant Biology 13:59–68.Google Scholar

Fang, F, Wang, C, Wu, F, Tang, M, Doughty, R. 2020. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mitigate nitrogen leaching under poplar seedlings. Forests 11:325.Google Scholar

Fasolo-Bonfante, P, Brunel, A. 1972. Caryological features in a mycorrhizal fungus: Tuber melanosporum Vitt. Allionia 18:5–11.Google Scholar

Favre-Godal, Q, Gourguillon, L, Lordel-Madeleine, S, Gindro, K, Choisy, P. 2020. Orchids and their mycorrhizal fungi: An insufficiently explored relationship. Mycorrhiza 30:5–22.Google Scholar

Fenn, ME, Poth, MA, Johnson, DW. 1996. Evidence for nitrogen saturation in the San Bernardino Mountains in southern California. Forest Ecology and Management 82:211–30.Google Scholar

Fernandez, CW, Koide, RT. 2012. The role of chitin in the decomposition of ectomycorrhizal fungal litter. Ecology 93:24–8.Google Scholar

Fernandez, CW, Koide, RT. 2014. Initial melanin and nitrogen concentrations control the decomposition of ectomycorrhizal fungal litter. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 77:150–7.Google Scholar

Fernandez-Bou, AS, Dierick, D, Allen, MF, Harmon, TC. 2020. Precipitation–drainage cycles lead to hot moments in soil carbon dioxide dynamics in a Neotropical wet forest. Global Change Biology 26:5303–19.Google Scholar

Fernandez-Bou, AS, Dierick, D, Swanson, AC, Allen, MF, Alvarado, AGF, et al. 2019. The role of the ecosystem engineer, the Leaf-Cutter Ant Atta cephalotes, on soil CO₂ dynamics in a wet tropical rainforest. Journal of Geophysical Research – Biogeosciences 124:260–73.Google Scholar

Fetcher, N, Oberbauer, SF, Chazdon, RL, McDade, LA, Bawa, KS, et al. 1994. Physiological ecology of plants, pp. 128–41. In McDade, LA, Bawa, KS, Hespenheide, HA, Hartshorn, GS, eds. La Selva: Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Rain Forest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Field, CB, Chapin, FS III, Matson, PA, Mooney, HA. 1992. Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to the changing atmosphere: A resource-based approach. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23:201–35.Google Scholar

Field, KJ, Pressel, S, Duckett, JG, Rimington, WR, Bidartondo, MI. 2015. Symbiotic options for the conquest of land. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 30:477–86.Google Scholar

Field, KJ, Rimington, WR, Bidartondo, MI, Allinson, KE, Beerling, DJ, et al. 2016. Functional analysis of liverworts in dual symbiosis with Glomeromycota and Mucoromycotina fungi under a simulated Palaeozoic CO2 decline. ISME Journal 10:1514–26.Google Scholar

Finlay, R, Read, D. 1986. The structure and function of the vegetative mycelium of ectomycorrhizal plants: I. Translocation of 14C‐labelled carbon between plants interconnected by a common mycelium. New Phytologist 103:143–56.Google Scholar

Finlay, R. Söderström, B. 1992. Mycorrhiza and carbon flow to the soil, pp. 134–62. In Allen, MF, ed. Mycorrhizal Functioning. New York: Chapman and Hall Press.Google Scholar

Fisher, JB, Sitch, S, Malhi, Y, Fisher, RA, Huntingford, C, Tan, SY. 2010. Carbon cost of plant nitrogen acquisition: A mechanistic, globally applicable model of plant nitrogen uptake, retranslocation, and fixation. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 24.Google Scholar

Fitter, A. 1977. Influence of mycorrhizal infection on competition for phosphorus and potassium by two grasses. New Phytologist 79:119–25.Google Scholar

Fitter, A. 1986. Effect of benomyl on leaf phosphorus concentration in alpine grasslands: A test of mycorrhizal benefit. New Phytologist 103:767–76.Google Scholar

Fitter, A, Graves, J, Watkins, N, Robinson, D, Scrimgeour, C. 1998. Carbon transfer between plants and its control in networks of arbuscular mycorrhizas. Functional Ecology 12:406–12.Google Scholar

Fitter, A, Heinemeyer, A, Staddon, P. 2000. The impact of elevated CO₂ and global climate change on arbuscular mycorrhizas: A mycocentric approach. New Phytologist 147:179–87.Google Scholar

Fitter, A, Sanders, I. 1992. Interactions with the soil fauna, pp. 333–56. In Allen, MF, ed. Mycorrhizal Functioning. New York: Chapman and Hall Press.Google Scholar

Fitter, AH. 2006. What is the link between carbon and phosphorus fluxes in arbuscular mycorrhizas? A null hypothesis for symbiotic function. New Phytologist 172:3–6.Google Scholar

Fogel, R, Hunt, G. 1979. Fungal and arboreal biomass in a western Oregon Douglas-fir ecosystem: Distribution patterns and turnover. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 9:245–56.Google Scholar

Fogel, R, Hunt, G. 1983. Contribution of mycorrhizae and soil fungi to nutrient cycling in a Douglas-fir ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 13:219–32.Google Scholar

Fowler, D, Pitcairn, CER, Sutton, MA, Flechard, C, Loubet, B, et al. 1998. The mass budget of atmospheric ammonia in woodland within 1 km of livestock buildings. Environmental Pollution 102:343–8.Google Scholar

Fox, T, Comerford, N. 1990. Low‐molecular‐weight organic acids in selected forest soils of the southeastern USA. Soil Science Society of America Journal 54:1139–44.Google Scholar

Fox, T, Comerford, N. 1992. Influence of oxalate loading on phosphorus and aluminum solubility in spodosols. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56:290–4.Google Scholar

Francis, R, Finlay, R, Read, D. 1986. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza in natural vegetation systems: IV. Transfer of nutrients in inter- and intra-specific combinations of host plants. New Phytologist 102:103–11.Google Scholar

Francis, R, Read, D. 1984. Direct transfer of carbon between plants connected by vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelium. Nature 307:53–6.Google Scholar

Francl, LJ, Dropkin, VH. 1985. Glomus fasciculatum, a weak pathogen of Heterodera glycines Journal of Nematology 17:470–5.Google Scholar

Frank, A. 1894. Die Bedeutung der Mykorrhizapilze für die gemeine Kiefer. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 16:185–90.Google Scholar

Frank, B. 1885. Über die auf Wurzelsymbiose beruhende Ernährung gewisser Bäume durch unterirdische Pilze. Berichte der Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft 3:128–45.Google Scholar

Frank, B. 1887. Über neue Mycorhiza-Formen. Berichte der Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft 5:395–422.Google Scholar

Frank, B. 1888. Über die physiologische Bedeutung der Mycorhiza. Berichte der Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft 6:248–68.Google Scholar

Frank, B. 1891. Über die auf Verdauung von Pilzen abzielende Symbiose der mit endotrophen Mykorhizen begabten Pflanzen, sowie der Leguminosen und Erlen. Berichte der Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft 9:244–53.Google Scholar

Frey, SD. 2019. Mycorrhizal fungi as mediators of soil organic matter dynamics. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 50:237–59.Google Scholar

Friedman, M. 2016. Mushroom polysaccharides: Chemistry and antiobesity, antidiabetes, anticancer, and antibiotic properties in cells, rodents, and humans. Foods 5:80.Google Scholar

Friedmann, E, Ocampo-Friedmann, R. 1984. The Antarctic cryptoendolithic ecosystem: Relevance to exobiology. Origins of Life 14:771–6.Google Scholar

Friese, C, Allen, M. 1993. The interaction of harvester ants and vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a patchy semi-arid environment: The effects of mound structure on fungal dispersion and establishment. Functional Ecology 7:13–20.Google Scholar

Friese, CF, Allen, MF. 1991. The spread of VA mycorrhizal fungal hyphae in the soil: Inoculum types and external hyphal architecture. Mycologia 83:409–18.Google Scholar

Friese, CF, Allen, MF. 1991. Tracking the fates of exotic and local VA mycorrhizal fungi: Methods and patterns. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 34:87–96.Google Scholar

Friese, CF, Allen, MF, Martin, R, Vanalfen, NK. 1992. Temperature and structural effects on transfer of double-stranded-RNA among isolates of the chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria–Parasitica). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58:2066–70.Google Scholar

Frydman, I. 1957. Mykotrofizm roślinności pokrywającej gruzy i ruiny domów Wrocławia [Mycotrophic properties of plants growing on ruins in Wrocław]. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 26:45–60.Google Scholar

Gadd, GM. 1993. Interactions of fungi with toxic metals New Phytologist 124:25–60.Google Scholar

Gadgil, RL, Gadgil, P. 1971. Mycorrhiza and litter decomposition. Nature 233:133.Google Scholar

Gadgil, RL, Gadgil, PD. 1975. Suppression of litter decomposition by mycorrhizal roots of Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forest Science 5:35–41.Google Scholar

Gadkar, V, Rillig, MC. 2006. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal protein glomalin is a putative homolog of heat shock protein 60. FEMS Microbiology Letters 263:93–101.Google Scholar

Gallaud, I. 1905. Études sur les mycorrhizes endophytes. Revue Genéral de Botanique 17:5–500.Google Scholar

Gan, T, Luo, T, Pang, K, Zhou, C, Zhou, G, et al. 2021. Cryptic terrestrial fungus-like fossils of the early Ediacaran Period. Nature Communications 12:1–12.Google Scholar

Garcia, K, Delaux, PM, Cope, KR, Ane, JM. 2015. Molecular signals required for the establishment and maintenance of ectomycorrhizal symbioses. New Phytologist 208:79–87.Google Scholar

Gardes, M, Bruns, TD. 1993. ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes: Application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular Ecology 2:113–18.Google Scholar

Gebauer, G, Dietrich, P. 1993. Nitrogen isotope ratios in different compartments of a mixed stand of spruce, larch and beech trees and of understorey vegetation including fungi. Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 29:35–44.Google Scholar

Gehring, C, Sevanto, S, Patterson, A, Ulrich, DE, Kuske, C. 2020. Ectomycorrhizal and dark septate fungal associations of pinyon pine are differentially affected by experimental drought and warming. Frontiers in Plant Science 11:1570.Google Scholar

Gehring, CA, Theimer, TC, Whitham, TG, Keim, P. 1998. Ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure of pinyon pines growing in two environmental extremes. Ecology 79:1562–72.Google Scholar

Gehring, CA, Whitham, TG. 1991. Herbivore-driven mycorrhizal mutualism in insect-susceptible pinyon pine. Nature 353:556–7.Google Scholar

Gerdemann, J. 1955. Relation of a large soil-borne spore to phycomycetous mycorrhizal infections. Mycologia 47:619–32.Google Scholar

Gerdemann, J, Trappe, J. 1974. The Endogonaceae in the Pacific Northwest. Mycologia Memoir, No. 5. New York: New York Botanical Garden.Google Scholar

Gerdemann, JW. 1964. The effect of mycorrhiza on the growth of maize. Mycologia 56:342–9.Google Scholar

Gherbi, H, Markmann, K, Svistoonoff, S, Estevan, J, Autran, D, et al. 2008. SymRK defines a common genetic basis for plant root endosymbioses with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi, rhizobia, and Frankiabacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105:4928–32.Google Scholar

Giesemann, P, Eichenberg, D, Stöckel, M, Seifert, LF, Gomes, SI, et al. 2020. Dark septate endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Paris‐morphotype) affect the stable isotope composition of “classically” non‐mycorrhizal plants. Functional Ecology 34:2453–66.Google Scholar

Gildon, A, Tinker, PB. 1981. A heavy-metal tolerant strain of a mycorrhizal fungus Transactions of the British Mycological Society 77:648–9.Google Scholar

Glassman, SI, Levine, CR, DiRocco, AM, Battles, JJ, Bruns, TD. 2016. Ectomycorrhizal fungal spore bank recovery after a severe forest fire: Some like it hot. The ISME Journal 10:1228–39.Google Scholar

Glassman, SI, Lubetkin, KC, Chung, JA, Bruns, TD. 2017. The theory of island biogeography applies to ectomycorrhizal fungi in subalpine tree “islands” at a fine scale. Ecosphere 8:e01677.Google Scholar

Glassman, SI, Peay, KG, Talbot, JM, Smith, DP, Chung, JA, et al. 2015. A continental view of pine‐associated ectomycorrhizal fungal spore banks: A quiescent functional guild with a strong biogeographic pattern. New Phytologist 205:1619–31.Google Scholar

Godbold, DL, Hoosbeek, MR, Lukac, M, Cotrufo, MF, Janssens, IA, et al. 2006. Mycorrhizal hyphal turnover as a dominant process for carbon input into soil organic matter. Plant and Soil 281:15–24.Google Scholar

Gomez-Pompa, A., Allen, MF, Fedick, S, Jimenez-Osornio, JJ. 2003. Lowland Maya Area: Three Millennia at the Human–Wildland Interface. New York: Haworth Press.Google Scholar

González-Chicas, E, Cappello, S, Cifuentes, J. 2019. New records of Boletales (Basidiomycota) in a tropical oak forest from Mexican Southeast. Botanical Sciences 97:423–32.Google Scholar

Gooday, GW. 1994. Physiology of microbial degradation of chitin and chitosan, pp. 279–312. In Ratledge, R, ed. Biochemistry of Microbial Degradation. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar

Goode, LK, Allen, MF. 2008. The impacts of Hurricane Wilma on the epiphytes of El Eden Ecological Reserve, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 135:377–87.Google Scholar

Goode, LK, Allen, MF. 2009. Seed germination conditions and implications for establishment of an epiphyte, Aechmea bracteata (Bromeliaceae). Plant Ecology 204:179–88.Google Scholar

Goss, MJ, Carvalho, M, Brito, I. 2017. Functional Diversity of Mycorrhiza and Sustainable Agriculture: Management to Overcome Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Goss, RW. 1960. Mycorrhizae of Ponderosa Pine in Nebraska Grassland Soils. Research Bulletin. Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, 192.Google Scholar

Graham, RC, Rossi, AM, Hubbert, KR. 2010. Rock to regolith conversion: Producing hospitable substrates for terrestrial ecosystems. GSA Today 20:2–9.Google Scholar

Graustein, WC, Cromack, K, Sollins, P. 1977. Calcium oxalate: Occurrence in soils and effect on nutrient and geochemical cycles. Science 198:1252–4.Google Scholar

Greenall, JM. 1963. The mycorrhizal endophytes of Griselinia littoralis (Cornaceae). New Zealand Journal of Botany 1:389–400.Google Scholar

Griffin, DM. 1972. Ecology of Soil Fungi. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar

Griffin, DM. 1981. Fungal Physiology New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Grime, J. 1979. Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar

Grime, JP, Mackey, JML, Hillier, SH, Read, DJ. 1987. Floristic diversity in a model system using experimental microcosms. Nature 328:420–2.Google Scholar

Gupta, RS. 1995. Phylogenetic analysis of the 90 kD heat shock family of protein sequences and an examination of the relationship among animals, plants, and fungi species. Molecular Biology and Evolution 12:1063–73.Google Scholar

Hacskaylo, E. 1967. Mycorrhizae: Indispensible invasions by fungi. Agricultural Science Review 5:13–20.Google Scholar

Hacskaylo, E, Vozzo, J. 1967. Inoculation of Pinus caribaea with pure cultures of mycorrhizal fungi in Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the XVI IUFRO Congress, Munich, 5:139–48.Google Scholar

Hadley, G. 1970. Non‐specificity of symbotic infection in orchid mycorrhiza. New Phytologist 69:1015–23.Google Scholar

Hadley, G. 1984. Uptake of [¹⁴C] glucose by asymbiotic and mycorrhizal orchid protocorms. New Phytologist 96:263–73.Google Scholar

Hall, I. 1977. Species and mycorrhizal infections of New Zealand endogonaceae. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 68:341–56.Google Scholar

Hall, SJ, McDowell, WH, Silver, WL. 2013. When wet gets wetter: Decoupling of moisture, redox biogeochemistry, and greenhouse gas fluxes in a humid tropical forest soil. Ecosystems 16:576–89.Google Scholar

Hallsworth, S, Dore, A, Bealey, W, Dragosits, U, Vieno, M, et al. 2010. The role of indicator choice in quantifying the threat of atmospheric ammonia to the ‘Natura 2000’ network. Environmental Science & Policy 13:671–87.Google Scholar

Halvorson, JJ, Smith, JL. 2009. Carbon and nitrogen accumulation and microbial activity in Mount St. Helens pyroclastic substrates after 25 years. Plant and Soil 315:211–28.Google Scholar

Halvorson, JJ, Smith, JL, Kennedy, AC. 2005. Lupine effects on soil development and function during early primary succession at Mount St. Helens, pp. 243–54. In Dale, VH, Swanson, FJ, Crisafulli, CM, eds. Ecological Responses to the 1980 Eruptions of Mount St. Helens. New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar

Hansen, DR, Van Alfen, NK, Gillies, K, Powell, WA. 1985. Naked dsRNA associated with hypovirulence of Endothia parasitica is packaged in fungal vesicles. Journal of General Virology 66:2605–14.Google Scholar

Harari, YN. 2015. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. First U.S. edition. New York: Harper.Google Scholar

Hardie, K. 1985. The effect of removal of extraradical hyphae on water uptake by vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. New Phytologist 101:677–84.Google Scholar

Hardie, K, Leyton, L. 1981. The influence of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza on growth and water relations of red clover in phosphate deficient soil. New Phytologist 89:599–608.Google Scholar

Harley, J. 1968. Presidential address: Fungal symbiosis. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 51:1–11.Google Scholar

Harley, JL. 1959. The Biology of Mycorrhiza. London: Leonard Hill.Google Scholar

Harley, JL. 1969. The Biology of Mycorrhiza, 2nd ed. London: Leonard Hill.Google Scholar

Harris, D, Paul, EA. 1987. Carbon requirements of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae, pp. 93–105. In Safir, GE, ed. Ecophysiology of V A Mycorrhizal Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar

Harrison, MJ, Dewbre, GR, Liu, JY. 2002. A phosphate transporter from Medicago truncatula involved in the acquisiton of phosphate released by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Cell 14:2413–29.Google Scholar

Hartig, R. 1874. Important Diseases of Forest Trees: Contributions to Mycology and Phytopathology for Botanists and Foresters. Phytopathology Classics. Minneapolis: APS Publications.Google Scholar

Hartig, T. 1840. Vollständige Naturgeschichte der forstlichen Culturpflanzen Deutschlands. Berlin: Förstner’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar

Hartnett, DC, Wilson, GW. 1999. Mycorrhizae influence plant community structure and diversity in tallgrass prairie. Ecology 80:1187–95.Google Scholar

Hartnett, DC, Wilson, GW. 2002. The role of mycorrhizas in plant community structure and dynamics: Lessons from grasslands. Plant and Soil 244:319–31.Google Scholar

Haselwandter, K, Häninger, G, Ganzera, M, Haas, H, Nicholson, G, Winkelmann, G. 2013. Linear fusigen as the major hydroxamate siderophore of the ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycota Laccaria laccata and Laccaria bicolor. Biometals 26:969–79.Google Scholar

Haselwandter, K, Read, D. 1982. The significance of a root-fungus association in two Carex species of high-alpine plant communities. Oecologia 53:352–4.Google Scholar

Hasselquist, N, Germino, MJ, McGonigle, T, Smith, WK. 2005. Variability of Cenococcum colonization and its ecophysiological significance for young conifers at alpine–treeline. New Phytologist 165:867–73.Google Scholar

Hasselquist, NJ, Douhan, GW, Allen, MF. 2011. First report of the ectomycorrhizal status of boletes on the Northern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico determined using isotopic methods. Mycorrhiza 21:465–71.Google Scholar

Hasselquist, NJ, Högberg, P. 2014. Dosage and duration effects of nitrogen additions on ectomycorrhizal sporocarp production and functioning: An example from two N-limited boreal forests. Ecology and Evolution 4:3015–26.Google Scholar

Hasselquist, NJ, Metcalfe, DB, Marshall, JD, Lucas, RW, Högberg, P. 2016. Seasonality and nitrogen supply modify carbon partitioning in understory vegetation of a boreal coniferous forest. Ecology 97:671–83.Google Scholar

Hasselquist, NJ, Santiago, LS, Allen, MF. 2010. Belowground nitrogen dynamics in relation to hurricane damage along a tropical dry forest chronosequence. Biogeochemistry 98:89–100.Google Scholar

Hatch, A. 1937. The physical basis of mycotrophy in Pinus. Black Rock Forest Bulletin 6:1–168.Google Scholar

Hattingh, MJ, Gray, LE, Gerdemann, JW. 1973. Uptake and translocation of P-32-labelled phosphate to onion roots by endomycorrhizal fungi Soil Science 116:383–7.Google Scholar

Hayman, D. 1974. Plant growth responses to vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza: VI. Effect of light and temperature. New Phytologist 73:71–80.Google Scholar

Hayman, D. 1975. The occurrence of mycorrhiza in crops as affected by soil fertility, pp. 495–509. In Sanders, FE, Mosse, B, Tinker, PB, eds. Endomycorrhizas: Proceedings of a Symposium Held at the University of Leeds, 22–25 July 1974. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

He, XH, Bledsoe, CS, Zasoski, RJ, Southworth, D, Horwath, WR. 2006. Rapid nitrogen transfer from ectomycorrhizal pines to adjacent ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal plants in a California oak woodland. New Phytologist 170:143–51.Google Scholar

Heffernan, JB, Soranno, PA, Angilletta, MJ Jr, Buckley, LB, Gruner, DS, et al. 2014. Macrosystems ecology: Understanding ecological patterns and processes at continental scales. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12:5–14.Google Scholar

Heidel, B, Jones, G. 2006. Botanical and Ecological Characteristics of Fens in the Medicine Bow Mountains, Medicine Bow National Forest. Laramie: Wyoming Natural Diversity Database, University of Wyoming. Available from: www.uwyo.edu/wyndd/_files/docs/reports/wynddreports/u06hei06wyus.pdf. Last accessed November 16, 2021.Google Scholar

van der Heijden, MGA, Klironomos, JN, Ursic, M, Moutoglis, P, Streitwolf-Engel, R, et al. 1998. Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69–72.Google Scholar

Heinemeyer, A, Hartley, IP, Evans, SP, Carreira de La Fuente, JA, Ineson, P. 2007. Forest soil CO₂ flux: Uncovering the contribution and environmental responses of ectomycorrhizas. Global Change Biology 13:1786–97.Google Scholar

Helber, N, Wippel, K, Sauer, N, Schaarschmidt, S, Hause, B, Requena, N. 2011. A versatile monosaccharide transporter that operates in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus sp is crucial for the symbiotic relationship with plants. Plant Cell 23:3812–23.Google Scholar

Helm, D, Allen, E. 1995. Vegetation chronosequence near Exit Glacier, Kenai Fjords National Park, Alaska, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research 27:246–57.Google Scholar

Henkel, TW, Aime, MC, Chin, MML, Miller, SL, Vilgalys, R, Smith, ME. 2012. Ectomycorrhizal fungal sporocarp diversity and discovery of new taxa in Dicymbe monodominant forests of the Guiana Shield. Biodiversity and Conservation 21:2195–220.Google Scholar

Hernandez, RR, Allen, MF. 2013. Diurnal patterns of productivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi revealed with the Soil Ecosystem Observatory. New Phytologist 200:547–57.Google Scholar

Hetrick, BAD, Wilson, GWT, Todd, TC. 1996. Mycorrhizal response in wheat cultivars: Relationship to phosphorus. Canadian Journal of Botany 74:19–25.Google Scholar

Hetrick, BD, Kitt, DG, Wilson, GT. 1986. The influence of phosphorus fertilization, drought, fungal species, and nonsterile soil on mycorrhizal growth response in tall grass prairie plants. Canadian Journal of Botany 64:1199–203.Google Scholar

Hetrick, BD, Wilson, GT, Hartnett, D. 1989. Relationship between mycorrhizal dependence and competitive ability of two tallgrass prairie grasses. Canadian Journal of Botany 67:2608–15.Google Scholar

Hetrick, BD, Wilson, GT, Schwab, A. 1988. Effects of soil microorganisms on mycorrhizal contribution to growth of big bluestem grass in non-sterile soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 20:501–7.Google Scholar

Heylighen, F. 2008. Complexity and self-organization. In Bates, MJ, Maack, MN, eds. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences. London: Taylor & Francis. Available from: http://pcp.vub.ac.be/Papers/ELIS-complexity.pdf. Last accessed November 16, 2021.Google Scholar

Hickson, LD. 1993. The effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the light harvesting, gas exchange, and architecture of sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata). MS thesis. San Diego State University.Google Scholar

Hiiesalu, I, Partel, M, Davison, J, Gerhold, P, Metsis, M, et al. 2014. Species richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Associations with grassland plant richness and biomass. New Phytologist 203:233–44.Google Scholar

Hill, PW, Broughton, R, Bougoure, J, Havelange, W, Newsham, KK, et al. 2019. Angiosperm symbioses with non‐mycorrhizal fungal partners enhance N acquisition from ancient organic matter in a warming maritime Antarctic. Ecology Letters 22:2111–9.Google Scholar

Hobbie, EA, Agerer, R. 2010. Nitrogen isotopes in ectomycorrhizal sporocarps correspond to belowground exploration types. Plant and Soil 327:71–83.Google Scholar

Hobbie, EA, Högberg, P. 2012. Nitrogen isotopes link mycorrhizal fungi and plants to nitrogen dynamics. New Phytologist 196:367–82.Google Scholar

Hobbie, EA, Macko, SA, Shugart, HH. 1999. Insights into nitrogen and carbon dynamics of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi from isotopic evidence. Oecologia 118:353–60.Google Scholar

Hobbie, JE, Hobbie, EA. 2006. 15N in symbiotic fungi and plants estimates nitrogen and carbon flux rates in Arctic tundra. Ecology 87:816–22.Google Scholar

Hodge, A. 2017. Accessibility of inorganic and organic nutrients for mycorrhizas, pp. 129–48. In Johnson, NC, Gehring, C, Jansa, J, eds. Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil: Fertility, Structure, and Carbon Storage. Amsterdam: Elsevier Press.Google Scholar

Hodge, A, Campbell, CD, Fitter, AH. 2001. An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus accelerates decomposition and acquires nitrogen directly from organic material. Nature 413:297–9.Google Scholar

Hoeksema, JD, Chaudhary, VB, Gehring, CA, Johnson, NC, Karst, J, et al. 2010. A meta‐analysis of context‐dependency in plant response to inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi. Ecology Letters 13:394–407.Google Scholar

Högberg, MN, Briones, MJ, Keel, SG, Metcalfe, DB, Campbell, C, et al. 2010. Quantification of effects of season and nitrogen supply on tree below‐ground carbon transfer to ectomycorrhizal fungi and other soil organisms in a boreal pine forest. New Phytologist 187:485–93.Google Scholar

Högberg, P, Högberg, MN, Quist, ME, Ekblad, A, Näsholm, T. 1999. Nitrogen isotope fractionation during nitrogen uptake by ectomycorrhizal and non‐mycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris. New Phytologist 142:569–76.Google Scholar

Högberg, P, Högbom, L, Schinkel, H, Högberg, M, Johannisson, C, Wallmark, H. 1996. 15 N abundance of surface soils, roots and mycorrhizas in profiles of European forest soils. Oecologia 108:207–14.Google Scholar

Högberg, P, Nasholm, T, Franklin, O, Hogberg, MN. 2017. Tamm Review: On the nature of the nitrogen limitation to plant growth in Fennoscandian boreal forests. Forest Ecology and Management 403:161–85.Google Scholar

Högberg, P, Nordgren, A, Buchmann, N, Taylor, AFS, Ekblad, A, et al. 2001. Large‐scale forest girdling shows that current photosynthesis drives soil respiration. Nature 411:789–92.Google Scholar

Huang, CH, Sun, RR, Hu, Y, Zeng, LP, Zhang, N, et al. 2016. Resolution of brassicaceae phylogeny using nuclear genes uncovers nested radiations and supports convergent morphological evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33:394–412.Google Scholar

Huante, P, Rincon, E, Chapin, FS. 1998. Effect of changing light availability on nutrient foraging in tropical deciduous tree-seedlings. Oikos 82:449–58.Google Scholar

Hubau, W, Lewis, SL, Phillips, OL, Affum-Baffoe, K, Beeckman, H, et al. 2020. Asynchronous carbon sink saturation in African and Amazonian tropical forests. Nature 579:80–7.Google Scholar

Hughes, NM, Carpenter, KL, Cook, DK, Keidel, TS, Miller, CN, et al. 2015. Effects of cumulus clouds on microclimate and shoot-level photosynthetic gas exchange in Picea engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa at treeline, Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming, USA. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 201:26–37.Google Scholar

von Humboldt, A, Bonpland, A. 1807. Essai sur la géographie des plantes. Paris: Fr. Schoell.Google Scholar

Humphreys, CP, Franks, PJ, Rees, M, Bidartondo, MI, Leake, JR, Beerling, DJ. 2010. Mutualistic mycorrhiza-like symbiosis in the most ancient group of land plants. Nature Communications 1:1–7.Google Scholar

Iversen, CM, Murphy, MT, Allen, MF, Childs, J, Eissenstat, DM, et al. 2012. Advancing the use of minirhizotrons in wetlands. Plant and Soil 352:23–39.Google Scholar

Iyer, JG, Corey, R, Wilde, S. 1980. Mycorrhizae: Facts and fallacies. Journal of Arboriculture 6:213–20.Google Scholar

Jackson, R, Moore, L, Hoffmann, W, Pockman, W, Linder, C. 1999. Ecosystem rooting depth determined with caves and DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96:11387–92.Google Scholar

Jacobs, R. 2019. The Truffle Underground. New York: Clarkson Potter.Google Scholar

Janos, DP. 1980. Mycorrhizae influence tropical succession. Biotropica 12:56–64.Google Scholar

Janos, DP. 1980. Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae affect lowland tropical rain forest plant growth. Ecology 61:151–62.Google Scholar

Janos, DP, Sahley, CT, Emmons, LH. 1995. Rodent dispersal of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Amazonian Peru. Ecology 76:1852–8.Google Scholar

Jansa, J, Treseder, K. 2017. Introduction: Mycorrhizas and the carbon cycle, pp. 343–55. In Johnson, NC, Gehring, C, Jansa, J, eds. Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil: Fertility, Structure, and Carbon Storage. Amsterdam: Elsevier Press.Google Scholar

Janse, J. 1897. Les endophytes radicaux de quelques plantes javanaises. Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 14:53–201.Google Scholar

Jaroszewicz, B, Cholewińska, O, Gutowski, JM, Samojlik, T, Zimny, M, Latałowa, M. 2019. Białowieża forest: A relic of the high naturalness of European forests. Forests 10:849.Google Scholar