The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood was more than 60 years old by the time Syrian uprising unfolded in 2011, having survived Syria’s democratic era, the early Baʿth years, the consolidation of the Baʿth regime under Hafez al-Assad, its own militarisation, and long exile outside the country. This chapter provides an overview of the key points in the Brotherhood’s history, including the Islamic reform movements and organisations that contributed to its founding.