Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T22:58:16.220Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - Illuminating the Scriptoria: Monastic Book Production at the Medieval Monastery of St Michael

from II. - Production and Consumption of Food and Material Goods

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 April 2023

Louise Blanke
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh
Jennifer Cromwell
Affiliation:
Manchester Metropolitan University
Get access

Summary

The St Michael Collection (dating from 823 to 914) from the Fayum Oasis is the earliest extant group of painted Coptic manuscripts and is impressive because it has remained together as a cohesive whole. The manuscripts reveal aspects of monastic book production ranging from acquisition of materials to the practices of scribes and painters, as well as aspects of book culture, from the dedication of books to sharing them across a regional network of monasteries. The study of this unique collection allows the cost of these manuscripts to be estimated, using inferences about the materials, time, and effort required to produce them. The results of this analysis enhance our understanding of the relationships among patrons, books, monasteries, and scribes in the ninth and tenth centuries in the Fayum Oasis. Ultimately, this chapter argues that, within the context of the Egyptian monastic economy, the production of these books was not expensive. Yet, the cost of books in the medieval period was still perceived to be high.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, N.The Monasteries of the Fayyūm’, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, 53.1 (1936), 1333.Google Scholar
Achi, A. ‘Illuminating the Scriptorium: The St. Michael Collection and Monastic Book Production in the Fayyūm Oasis, Egypt during the Ninth and Tenth Centuries’, unpublished PhD thesis, New York University, 2018.Google Scholar
Agati, M. L. The Manuscript Book: A Compendium of Codicology (Rome: ‘L’ERMA’ di Brettschneider, Roma, 2017).Google Scholar
Alcock, A. The Life of Samuel of Kalamun by Isaac the Presbyter (Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1983).Google Scholar
Alcock, A. ‘Colophons of Coptic Manuscripts Part One: Fayyum’, online publication, available at www.academia.edu/30732203/Colophons_of_Coptic_Manuscripts_Part_One_Fayyum.Google Scholar
Alexander, J. Medieval Illuminators and Their Methods of Work (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).Google Scholar
Bagnall, R. S. Early Christian Books in Egypt (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009).Google Scholar
Bagnall, R. S. Egypt in Late Antiquity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).Google Scholar
Bagnall, R. S. and Rathbone, D. Egypt from Alexander to the Early Christians: An Archaeological and Historical Guide (Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum, 2014).Google Scholar
Begg, D. J. I.“It Was Wonderful, Our Return in the Darkness with … the Baskets of Papyri!” Papyrus Finds at Tebtunis from the Bagnani Archives, 1931–1936’, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists, 35 (1998), 185210.Google Scholar
Begg, D. J. I. ‘New Potential from Old Archives’ [unpublished paper presented at the conference ‘Ancient Lives: The Tebtunis Papyri in Context’, Berkeley, 2000].Google Scholar
Boud’hors, A.Copie et circulation des livres dans la région thébaine’ in Delattre, A. and Heilporn, P. (eds.), ‘Et maintenant ce ne sont plus que des villages’: Thèbes et sa région aux région époques hellénistique, romaine et byzantine Actes du colloque tenu à Bruxelles les 2 et 3 decembre 2005 (Brussels: Association égyptologique Reine Elisabeth, 2008), pp. 149–62.Google Scholar
Bowman, A. K. Egypt after the Pharaohs: 332 BC–AD 642: From Alexander to the Arab Conquest (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1996).Google Scholar
Browne, G. M.Ad P. Colon. Inv.Nr. 10.213’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 14 (1974), 51–2.Google Scholar
Buzi, P. and Emmel, S.Coptic Codicology’, in Bausi, A., Borbone, P. G., Briquel-Chatonnet, F., Buzi, P., Gippert, J., Macé, C., Maniaci, M., Melissakis, Z., Parodi, L. E., and Witakowski, W. (eds.), Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies: An Introduction (Hamburg: Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies, 2015), pp. 137–53.Google Scholar
Clemens, R. and Graham, T. Introduction to Manuscript Studies (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Cockerell, D.The Development of Bookbinding Methods – Coptic Influence’, The Library, 4.1 (1932), 119.Google Scholar
Cool, H. E. M. Eating and Drinking in Roman Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).Google Scholar
Coquin, R.-G.Monasteries of the Fayyum’ in Atiya, A. S. (ed.), The Coptic Encyclopedia (New York: Maxwell Macmillan International, 1991), pp. 1650b1651b.Google Scholar
Cromwell, J. Recording Village Life: A Coptic Scribe in Early Islamic Egypt (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2017).Google Scholar
Cromwell, J. and Grossman, E.Condition(al)s of Repayment: P.CLT 10 Reconsidered’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 96 (2010), 149–60.Google Scholar
Crum, W. E.Inscriptions from Shenoute’s Monastery’, The Journal of Theological Studies, 5.20 (1904), 552–69.Google Scholar
Crum, W. E.A Coptic Recipe for the Preparation of Parchment’, Society of Biblical Archaeology, 27 (1905), 166–70.Google Scholar
Crum, W. E.Bibliography: Christian Egypt’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 5 (1918), 201–15.Crum, W. E. A Coptic Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939).Google Scholar
Davis, S. J., Pyke, G., Davidson, E., Farag, M., and Schriever, D., with contributions by Blanke, L.Left Behind: A Recent Discovery of Manuscript Fragments in the White Monastery Church’, Journal of Coptic Studies, 16 (2014), 6987.Google Scholar
Depuydt, L. Catalogue of Coptic Manuscripts in the Pierpont Morgan Library (Leuven: Peeters, 1993).Google Scholar
Doresse, J.Monastères coptes aux environs d’Armant en Thébaide’, Analecta Bollandiana, 67 (1949), 327–49.Google Scholar
Emmel, S.Coptic Manuscripts’ in Bausi, A., Borbone, P. G., Briquel-Chatonnet, F., Buzi, P., Gippert, J., Macé, C., Maniaci, M., Melissakis, Z., Parodi, L. E., and Witakowski, W. (eds.), Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies: An Introduction (Hamburg: Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies, 2015), pp. 44–6.Google Scholar
Fournet, J.-L.The Multilingual Environment of Late Antique Egypt: Greek, Latin, Coptic, and Persian Documentation’ in Bagnall, R. S. (ed.), Oxford Handbook of Papyrology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 418–51.Google Scholar
Gallazzi, C.La ripresa degli scavi a Umm-el-Breigât (Tebtynis)’, Acme, 48 (1995), 324.Google Scholar
Gallazzi, C.Due campagne di scavo a Umm-el-Breigât (Tebtynis), 1995 e 1996’, Acme, 50 (1997), 1530.Google Scholar
Gascou, J.Economic Activities of Monasteries’ in Atiya, A. S. (ed.), The Coptic Encylopedia (New York: Maxwell Macmillan International, 1991), pp. 1639a1645b.Google Scholar
Goehring, J. E. Ascetics, Society, and the Desert: Studies in Early Egyptian Monasticism (Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 1999).Google Scholar
Goehring, J. E.Monasticism in Byzantine Egypt’ in Bagnall, R. S. (ed.), Egypt in the Byzantine World, 300–700 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 390407.Google Scholar
Górecki, T.Sheikh Abd El-Gurna: Hermitage in Tomb 1152 and Chapel in Tomb 1151’, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 19 (2010), 297303.Google Scholar
Hadji-Minaglou, G. Tebtynis IV: les habitations à l’est du temple de Soknebtynis (Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, 2007).Google Scholar
Haines-Eitzen, K.Textual Communities in Late Antique Christianity’ in Rousseau, P. (ed.), A Companion to Late Antiquity (Chichester: Blackwell, 2009), pp. 246–57.Google Scholar
Hyvernat, H. A Check List of Coptic Manuscripts in the Pierpont Morgan Library (New York: Privately printed, 1919).Google Scholar
Keenan, J.Pastoralism in Roman Egypt’, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists, 26.3/4 (1989), 175200.Google Scholar
Keenan, J.Deserted Villages: From the Ancient to the Medieval Fayyum’, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists, 40 (2003), 119–39.Google Scholar
Keenan, J.Fayyum Villages in SPP XX 229’ in Frösén, J., Purola, T., and Salmenkivi, E. (eds.), Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Papyrology, Helsinki, 1–7 August, 2004 (Helsinki: Societas Scientarum Fennica, 2004), pp. 486–96.Google Scholar
Koenen, L.Ein Mönch als Berufsschreiber. Zur Buchproduktion im 5./6. Jahrhundert’, in Festschrift zum 150 jährigen Bestehen des Berliner Ägyptischen Museums (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1974), pp. 347–54.Google Scholar
Kotsifou, C.Bookbinding and Manuscript Illumination in Late Antique and Early Medieval Monastic Circles in Egypt’ in Monferrer-Sala, J. P., Teuele, H., and Torallas Tovar, S. (eds.), Eastern Christians and Their Written Heritage: Manuscript, Scribes, and Context (Leuven: Peeters, 2012), pp. 213–44.Google Scholar
Kotsifou, C.Books and Book Production in the Monastic Communities of Byzantine Egypt’ in Klingshirn, W. and Safran, L. (eds.), The Early Christian Book (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2007), pp. 4868.Google Scholar
Krueger, D. Writing and Holiness: The Practice of Authorship in the Early Christian East (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011).Google Scholar
Layton, B.Rules, Patterns, and the Exercise of Power in Shenoute’s Monastery: The Problem of World Replacement and Identity Maintenance’, Journal of Early Christian Studies, 15.1 (2007), 4573.Google Scholar
Layton, B.The Monastic Rules of Shenoute’ in Clackson, J., Boud’hors, A., Louis, C., and Sijpesteijn, P. (eds.), Monastic Estates in Late Antique and Early Islamic Egypt: Ostraca, Papyri, and Essays in Memory of Sarah Clackson (P.Clackson) (Cincinnati: The American Society of Papyrologists, 2009), pp. 170–7.Google Scholar
Litinas, N. Tebtynis III: Vessels’ Notations from Tebtynis (Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale, 2000).Google Scholar
Lowden, J.Book Production’ in Haldon, J., Jeffreys, E., and Cormack, R. (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 462–72.Google Scholar
Luijendijk, A.-M. Forbidden Oracles? The Gospel of the Lots of Mary (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2014).Google Scholar
McFadden, D., Pasanen, E. G., Valero, M. D., Roberts, E. K., and Lee, T. M.Effect of Prenatal Androgens on Click-Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions in Male and Female Sheep (Ovis Aries)’, Hormones and Behavior, 55.1 (2009), 98105.Google Scholar
Mathisen, R.Paleography and Codicology’ in Harvey, S. A. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 140–68.Google Scholar
Meinardus, O. F. A. Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1999).Google Scholar
Migne, J.-P. (ed.) Patrologia Graeca, 161 vols (Paris: Imprimerie Catholique, 1857–66).Google Scholar
Newton, F. The Scriptorium and Library at Monte Cassino, 1085–1105 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).Google Scholar
Orlandi, T.The Library of the Monastery of Saint Shenute at Atripe’ in Egberts, A., Muhs, B. P., and van der Vliet, J. (eds.), Perspectives on Panopolis: An Egyptian Town from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest (Leiden: Brill, 1998), pp. 211–31.Google Scholar
Panayotova, S. Colour: The Art and Science of Illuminated Manuscripts (Turnhout: Brepols, 2016).Google Scholar
Papaconstantinou, A.Egypt’ in Johnson, S. F. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 195223.Google Scholar
Parássoglou, G. M.A Book Illuminator in Byzantine Egypt’, Byzantion, 44 (1974), 362–8.Google Scholar
Petersen, T. C.The Paragraph Mark in Illuminated Coptic Manuscripts’ in Miner, D. (ed.), Studies in Art and Literature for Belle Da Coasta Greene (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1954), pp. 295330.Google Scholar
Quecke, H. Untersuchungen Zum Koptischen Stundengebet (Leuven: Université catholique de Louvain, 1970).Google Scholar
Rathbone, D. Economic Rationalism and Rural Society in Third-Century AD Egypt: The Heroninos Archive and the Appianus Estate (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).Google Scholar
Richter, T. S.The Cultivation of Monastic Estates in Late Antique and Early Islamic Egypt: Some Evidence from Coptic Land Leases and Related Documents’ in Boud’hors, A., Clackson, J., Louis, C., and Sijpesteijn, P. (eds.), Monastic Estates in Late Antique and Early Islamic Egypt: Ostraca, Papyri, and Essays in Memory of Sarah Clackson (P.Clackson) (Cincinnati: The American Society of Papyrologists, 2009), pp. 205–16.Google Scholar
Richter, T. S.Language Choice in the Qurra Dossier’ in Papaconstantinou, A. (ed.), The Multilingual Experience in Egypt, from the Ptolemies to the Abbasids (Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2010), pp. 189220.Google Scholar
Rondot, V., Boutros, R., and Soukiassian, G. Tebtynis II: le temple de Soknebtynis et son dromos (Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale, 2004).Google Scholar
Russell, N. The Lives of the Desert Fathers: The Historia Monachorum in Aegypto (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 1981).Google Scholar
Samuelson, P. and Nordhause, W. Economics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1948).Google Scholar
Swanson, M. N. The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt: (641–1517) (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Timm, S. Das christlich-koptische Ägypten in arabischer Zeit, eine Sammlung christlicher Stätten in Ägypten in arabischer Zeit, 7 vols (Wiesbaden: L. Reichert, 1984–2007).Google Scholar
Ward, B. The Sayings of the Desert Fathers: The Alphabetical Collection (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1984).Google Scholar
Weber, M.Zur Ausschmückung Koptischer Bücher’, Enchoria, 3 (1973), 5362.Google Scholar
Wipszycka, E. Moines et communautés monastiques en Égypte (Warsaw: University of Warsaw and Raphael Taubenschlag Foundation, 2009).Google Scholar
Wipszycka, E.Resources and Economic Activities of the Egyptian Monastic Communities (4th–8th Century)’, Journal of Juristic Papyrology, 41 (2011), 159263.Google Scholar
Wortley, J. (ed.) The Spiritual Meadow (Pratum Spirituale) by John Moschus (Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 2008).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×