This concluding chapter assesses similarities and differences among Moses Mendelssohn, Hermann Cohen, Franz Rosenzweig, and Walter Benjamin regarding politics, power, God, and violence, as well as exploring further connections between these authors and rabbinic ideas about idolatry and the value of individual life. In light of the consistent pattern of thought and reasoning found in all four thinkers and classical rabbinic literature, the chapter argues for a fundamental rethinking of typical understandings of Judaism and politics, the history of Jewish thought, and the ethical and political dynamics of the broader Western philosophical tradition.