Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T06:30:44.325Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

1 - Debating Mobile Technologies

from Part I - Introduction

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2020

C. N. Duckworth
Affiliation:
University of Newcastle upon Tyne
A. Cuénod
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
D. J. Mattingly
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
Get access

Summary

This chapter introduces the larger themes of the volume. Connections and barriers within the Trans-Saharan region (and the interrelationship between these two aspects) form one focus. The introduction presents an overview of crucial themes and considerations which cross-cut all or many of the contributions. Fundamentally, this book seeks to explore what defines technology, how technological knowledge spreads and how technological change has happened in Saharan societies. After reviewing how the Sahara serves as a linking space for the wider Trans-Saharan region, the chapter discusses broad issues of technological mobility and transfers and foregrounds the coming discussing on issues relating to farming technology (plants and animals), textiles (further discussed in Part II), metals (Part III), glass (Part IV) and pottery (Part V).

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alpern, S.B. 2005. Did they or didn’t they invent it? Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa. History in Africa 32: 4194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, G. 2007. The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why Did Foragers Become Farmers? Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Barth, H. 1858. [1890]. Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa. London: Ward, Lock and Co.Google Scholar
Berbrugger, A. 1862. Les puits artesiens des oasis meridionales de l’Algerie. Paris: Hachette.Google Scholar
Braudel, F. 1995. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. Berkeley: California University Press.Google Scholar
Bray, P., Cuénod, A., Gosden, C., Hommel, P., Liu, R. and Pollard, M. 2015. Form and flow: The ‘karmic cycle’ of copper. Journal of Archaeological Science 56: 202–09.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brogan, O. and Smith, D.J. 1984. Ghirza. A Libyan Settlement in the Roman Period. London and Tripoli: Society for Libyan Studies/Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Broodbank, C. 2013. The Making of the Middle Sea. A History of the Mediterranean from the Beginning to the Emergence of the Classical World. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Budd, P. and Taylor, T. 1995. The faerie smith meets the bronze industry: Magic versus science in the interpretation of prehistoric metal-making. World Archaeology 27.1: 133–43.Google Scholar
Bulliet, R.W. 1975. The Camel and the Wheel. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bulliet, R.W. 1994. Determinism and pre-industrial technology. In Roe Smith, M and Marx, L (eds), Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma of Technological Determinism, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 201–16.Google Scholar
Camps, G. 1986. L’araire berbere. In Histroire et archéologie de l’Afrique du nord. 3e colloque international Montpellier, Paris: CNRS, 177–84.Google Scholar
Camps, G. and Chaker, S. 1993. Cheval. Encyclopédie berbère, 12 (Capsa – Cheval). Aix-en-Provence: Edisud, 1907–11.Google Scholar
Camps, G. and Gast, M. (eds). 1982. Les chars préhistoriques du Sahara. Aix en Provence: Université de Provence.Google Scholar
Camps-Fabrer, H. 1966. Matière et art mobilier dans la préhistoire nord-africaine et saharienne. Paris: Mémoires du centre de recherches anthropologiques préhistoriques et ethnographiques.Google Scholar
Capot-Rey, R. and Marcais, P. 1953. La charrue au Sahara. Travaux de l’Institut de Recherches Sahariennes 9: 3969.Google Scholar
Castelletti, L., Castiglioni, E., Cottini, M. and Rottoli, M. 1999. Archaeobotanical analysis of charcoal, wood and seeds. In di Lernia 1999, 131–48.Google Scholar
Charlton, M., Crew, P., Rehren, T. and Shennan, S. 2010. Explaining the evolution of ironmaking recipes: An example from northwest Wales. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 29: 352–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Childs, S.T. and Killick, D. 1993. Indigenous African metallurgy: Nature and culture. Annual Review of Anthropology 22: 317–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cissé, M. 2017. The Trans-Saharan trade connection with Gao (Mali) during the first millennium AD. In Mattingly et al. 2017, 101–30.Google Scholar
Cremaschi, M. 2001. Holocene climatic changes in an archaeological landscape: The case-study of the Wadi Tanezzuft and its drainage basin (SW Fezzan, Libyan Sahara). Libyan Studies 32: 528.Google Scholar
Cremaschi, M. and di Lernia, S. (eds). 1998. Wadi Teshuinat. Palaeoenvironment and Prehistory in South-Western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara): Survey and Excavations in the Tadrart Acacus, Erg Uan Kasa, Messak Sattafet and Edeyen of Murzuq, 1990–1995. Milan: All’Insegna del Giglio.Google Scholar
Daumas, E. 1968. The Horses of the Sahara (trans. S. M. Ohlendorf). Austin and London: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
di Lernia, S. 1999. The Uan Afuda Cave: Hunter-Gatherer Societies of Central Sahara. Firenze: All’Insegna del Giglio.Google Scholar
di Lernia, S. 2013. The emergence and spread of herding in Northern Africa: A critical reappraisal. In Mitchell and Lane 2013, 528–40.Google Scholar
Duckworth, C.N., Cuénod, A. and Mattingly, D.J. 2014. Non-destructive µXRF analysis of glass and metal objects from sites in the Libyan pre-desert and Fazzan. Libyan Studies 46: 1534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duckworth, C.N., Mattingly, D.J., Chenery, S. and Smith, V.C. 2016. End of the line? Glass bangles, technology, recycling and trade in Islamic North Africa. Journal of Glass Studies 58: 135–69.Google Scholar
Dussubieux, L. 2017. Glass beads in the Trans-Saharan trade. In Mattingly et al. 2017, 414–32.Google Scholar
Edgerton, D. 2008. The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History since 1900. London: Profile Books.Google Scholar
Eerkens, J.W. and Lipo, C.P. 2005. Cultural transmission, copying errors and the generation of variation in material culture and the archaeological record. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 24: 316–34.Google Scholar
Ehret, C. 2019. Berber peoples in the Sahara and North Africa: Linguistic historical proposals. In Gatto et al. 2019, 464–94.Google Scholar
Eldblom, L. 1968. Structure foncière. Organisation et structure sociale: Une étude comparative sur la vie socio-économique dans les trois oasis libyennes de Ghat, Mourzouk et particulièrement Ghadamès. Lund: Uniksol.Google Scholar
Fentress, E.W. 2019. The archaeological and genetic correlates of Amazigh linguistics. In Gatto et al. 2019, 495524.Google Scholar
Finley, M.I. 1965. Technical innovation and economic progress in the ancient world. Economic History Review 18: 2945.Google Scholar
Fuller, D. and Hildebrand, E. 2013. Domesticating plants in Africa. In Mitchell and Lane 2013, 507–25.Google Scholar
Gatto, M.C. and Zerboni, A. 2015. Holocene supraregional environmental crises as motor for major sociocultural changes in Northeastern Africa and the Sahara. African Archaeological Review 32: 301–33.Google Scholar
Gatto, M., Mattingly, D.J., Ray, N. and Sterry, M. (eds) 2019. Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond. Trans-Saharan Archaeology, Volume 2. Series editor Mattingly, D.J.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and the Society for Libyan Studies.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gauthier, Y. and Gauthier, C. 2011. Des chars et des Tifinagh: Étude aréale et corrélations. Les Cahiers de l’AARS 15: 91118.Google Scholar
Gifford-Gonzalez, D. and Hanotte, O. 2013. Domesticating animals in Africa. In Mitchell and Lane 2013, 491505.Google Scholar
Goblot, H. 1979. Les qanats: Une technique d’acquisition de l’eau. Paris and New York: Industrie et artisanat 9.Google Scholar
Gosselain, O. 2000. Materializing identities: An African perspective. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 7.3: 187217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gosselain, O., Haour, A., MacDonald, K. and Manning, K. 2010. Introduction. In Haour, A, Manning, K, Arazi, N, Gosselain, O, Guèye, N.S., Keita, D, Livingstone Smith, A, MacDonald, K, Mayor, A, McIntosh, S and Vernet, R (eds), African Pottery Roulettes Past and Present: Techniques, Identification and Distribution, Oxford: Oxbow, 134.Google Scholar
Greene, K. 1994. Technology and innovation in context: The Roman background to Medieval and later developments. Journal of Roman Archaeology 7: 2233.Google Scholar
Greene, K. 2000. Technological innovation and economic progress in the ancient world: M.I. Finley reconsidered. Economic History Review 53: 2959.Google Scholar
Gron, K.J. and Sørensen, L. 2018. Cultural and economic negotiation: A new perspective on the Neolithic transition of Southern Scandinavia. Antiquity 92.364: 958–74.Google Scholar
Haour, A. 2011. Putting pots and people in the Sahelian empires. Azania 46.1: 3648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herbert, E.W. 1984. Red Gold of Africa: Copper in Precolonial History and Culture. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 2012. Entangled: An Archaeology of the Relationships between Humans and Things. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hodges, H. 1970. Technology in the Ancient World. London: BCA.Google Scholar
Holmes, M. 2013. Faunal data appendices. In Mattingly 2013, 853–64.Google Scholar
Holmes, M. and Grant, A. 2013. The animal bone assemblage. In Mattingly 2013, 495501.Google Scholar
Kanungo, A. 2004. Glass beads in ancient India and furnace-wound beads at Purdalpur: An ethnoarchaeological approach. Asian Perspectives 43.1: 130–50.Google Scholar
Killick, D. 2004a. Social constructionist approaches to the study of technology. World Archaeology 36.4: 571–78.Google Scholar
Killick, D. 2004b. Review essay: What do we know about African iron working? Journal of African Archaeology 2.1: 97112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Killick, D. 2015. Invention and innovation in African iron-smelting technologies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 25.1: 307–19.Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (2nd edition). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lambert, N. 1983. Nouvelle contribution à l’étude du Chalcolithique de Mauritanie. In Echard, N (ed.), Métallurgies Africaines: Nouvelles contributions, Paris: Société des Africanistes (Mémoires de la Société des Africanistes 9), 6387.Google Scholar
Laureano, P. 1991. Sahara: Jardin méconnu. Paris: Larousse.Google Scholar
Lave, J. and Wenger, J. 1991. Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lechtman, H. 1977. Style in technology: Some early thoughts. In Lechtman, H and Merrill, T (eds), Material Culture: Style, Organization and Dynamics of Technology, St Paul (Minn): West, 320.Google Scholar
Lechtman, H. 1984. Andean value systems and the development of prehistoric metallurgy. Technology and Culture 25.1: 136.Google Scholar
Lecocq, B. 2015. Distant shores: A historiographic view of trans-Saharan space. Journal of African History 56.1: 2336.Google Scholar
Leitch, V., Duckworth, C., Cuénod, A., Mattingly, D.J., Sterry, M. and Cole, F. 2017. Early Saharan trade: The inorganic evidence. In Mattingly et al. 2017, 287340.Google Scholar
Lemonnier, P. 1992. Elements for an Anthropology of Technology. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology.Google Scholar
Lemonnier, P. (ed.) 1993. Technological Choices: Transformation in Material Cultures since the Neolithic. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lichtenberger, A. 2016. ‘Sea without water’: Conceptualising the Sahara and the Mediterranean. In Dabag, M, Haller, D, Jaspert, N and Lichtenberger, A (eds), New Horizons: Mediterranean Research in the 21st Century, Paderborn: Ferdinand Schoningh, 267–83.Google Scholar
Livingstone Smith, A. 2007. Histoire du décor à la roulette en Afrique subsaharienne. Journal of African Archaeology 5.2: 189216.Google Scholar
López, D. and Cantero, F.J. 2016. L’agriculture et alimentation à partir de l’étude des restes des grains et des fruits. In Kallala, N, Sanmarti, J and Belarte, C (eds), Althiburos II. L’aire du capitol et la nécropole méridionales: études, Tarragona: Universitat de Barcelona, 449–89.Google Scholar
Lydon, G. 2015. Saharan oceans and bridges, barriers and divides in Africa’s historiographical landscape. Journal of African History 56.1: 322.Google Scholar
McIntosh, S.K. 1994. Changing perceptions of West Africa’s past: Archaeological research since 1988. Journal of Archaeological Research 2.2: 165–98Google Scholar
McIntosh, S.K. 2020. Long-distance exchange and urban trajectories in the first millennium AD: Case studies from the Middle Niger and Middle Senegal river valleys. In Sterry and Mattingly 2020, 521–63.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S. 2017. Track and trace: Archaeometric approaches to the study of early Trans-Saharan trade. In Mattingly et al. 2017, 393413.Google Scholar
Mapunda, B.B.B. 2013. The appearance and development of metallurgy south of the Sahara. In Mitchell and Lane 2013, 615–26.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. 1996. Olive presses in Roman Africa: Technical evolution or stagnation? L’Africa romana 11: 577–95.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.) 2003. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 1, Synthesis. London: Society for Libyan Studies, Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. 2007. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 2, Site Gazetteer, Pottery and other Survey Finds. London: Society for Libyan Studies, Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.) 2010. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 3, Excavations carried out by C.M. Daniels. London: Society for Libyan Studies, Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.) 2013. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 4, Survey and Excavations at Old Jarma (Ancient Garama) carried out by C.M. Daniels (1962–69) and the Fazzan Project (1997–2001). London: Society for Libyan Studies, Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. 2016. Who shaped Africa? The origins of agriculture and urbanism in Maghreb and Sahara. In Mugnai, N, Nikolaus, J and Ray, N (eds), De Africa Romaque. Merging Cultures across North Africa, London: Society for Libyan Studies, 1125.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. and Cole, F. 2017. Visible and invisible commodities of trade: The significance of organic materials in Saharan trade. In Mattingly et al. 2017, 211–30.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., al-Aghab, S., Ahmed, A., Moussa, F., Sterry, M. and Wilson, A.I. 2010. DMP X: Survey and landscape conservation issues around the Tāqallit headland. Libyan Studies 41: 105–32.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Leitch, V., Duckworth, C.N., Cuenod, A., Sterry, M. and Cole, F. (eds) 2017. Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond. Trans-Saharan Archaeology, Volume 1. Series editor Mattingly, D.J.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and the Society for Libyan Studies.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Sterry, M., al-Haddad, M. and Bokbot, Y. 2018. Beyond the Garamantes: The early development of Saharan oases. In Purdue et al. 2018a, 205–28.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Sterry, M. and Fothergill, B.T. Forthcoming. Animal traffic in the Sahara. In Blanc-Bijon, V (ed.), Hommes et animaux au Maghreb, de la Préhistoire au Moyen Age: Explorations d’une relation complexe. XIe Colloque international Histoire et Archéologie de l’Afrique du Nord (Marseille – Aix-en-Provence, 8–11 octobre 2014), Aix-en-Provence: Presses universitaires de Provence.Google Scholar
Mercuri, A.M. 1999. Palynological analysis of the early Holocene sequence. In di Lernia 1999, 149–82.Google Scholar
Mercuri, A.M., Trevisan Grandi, G., Mariotti Lippi, M. and Cremaschi, M. 1998. New pollen data from Uan Muhuggiag rockshelter (Libyan Sahara). In Cremaschi and di Lernia 1998, 107–24.Google Scholar
Miller, H.M.-L. 2009. Archaeological Approaches to Technology. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press Inc.Google Scholar
Mitchell, P. and Lane, P. (eds) 2013. The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Oleson, J.P. (ed.) 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, A.L. 1970. The cuneiform texts. In Oppenheim, A.L. (ed.), Glass and Glassmaking in Ancient Mesopotamia: An Edition of the Cuneiform Texts which Contain Instructions for Glassmakers with a Catalogue of Surviving Objects, Corning, NY: The Corning Museum of Glass Press, 2101.Google Scholar
Pelling, R. 2008. Garamantian agriculture: The plant remains from Jarma, Fazzān. Libyan Studies 39: 4171.Google Scholar
Pelling, R. 2013a. The archaeobotanical remains. In Mattingly 2013, 473–94.Google Scholar
Pelling, R. 2013b. Botanical data appendices. In Mattingly 2013, 841–52.Google Scholar
Pfaffenberger, B. 1992. The social anthropology of technology. Annual Review of Anthropology 21: 491516.Google Scholar
Pinch, T.J. and Bijker, W.E. 2012. The social construction of facts and artifacts: Or how the sociology of science and the sociology of technology might benefit each other. In Bijker, W.E., Hughes, T.P. and Pinch, T.J. (eds), The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1750.Google Scholar
Power, R., Nikita, E., Mattingly, D.J., Lahr, M.M. and O’Connell, T. 2019. Human mobility and identity: Variation, diet and migration in relation to the Garamantes of Fazzan. In Gatto et al. 2019, 134–61.Google Scholar
Purdue, L., Charbonnier, J. and Khalidi, L. (eds) 2018a. Des refuges aux oasis: Vivre en milieu aride de la Préhistoire à aujourd’hui. XXXVIIIe rencontres internationales d’archéologie et d’histoire d’Antibes. Antibes: Éditions APDCA.Google Scholar
Purdue, L., Charbonnier, J. and Khalidi, L. 2018b. Introduction: Living in arid environments from prehistoric times to the present day: Approaches to the study of refugia and oases. In Purdue et al. 2018a, 932.Google Scholar
Rebay-Salisbury, K., Brysbaert, A. and Foxhall, L. (eds) 2014. Knowledge, Networks and Craft Traditions in the Ancient World: Material Crossovers. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Roberts, B.W. and Radivojević, M. 2015. Invention as a process: Pyrotechnologies in early societies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 25.1: 299306.Google Scholar
Roe Smith, M. and Marx, L. 1994. Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma of Technological Determinism. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Roux, V. 2003. A dynamic systems framework for studying technological change: Application to the emergence of the potter’s wheel in the southern Levant. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 10: 130.Google Scholar
Roux, V. 2010. Technological innovation and developmental trajectories: Social factors as evolutionary forces. In O’Brien, M.J. and Shennan, S.J. (eds), Innovation in Cultural Systems. Contributions from Evolutionary Anthropology, Cambridge (MA): MIT Press, 217–34.Google Scholar
Sanmartí, J., Kallla, N., Belarte, M.C., Ramon, J., Telmini, B.M., Jornet, R. and Miniaoui, S. 2012. Filling gaps in the Protohistory of the eastern Maghreb: The Althiburos Archaeological Project (el Kef, Tunisia). Journal of African Archaeology 10.1: 2144.Google Scholar
Schadewaldt, W. 1979. The concepts of ‘nature’ and ‘technique’ according to the Greeks. In Mitcham, C and Mackey, R (eds), Research in Philosophy and Technology 2, New York: Free Press, 159–71.Google Scholar
Scharff, R.C. and Dusek, V. 2014. Part II. Philosophy, modern science, and technology. In Scharff, R.C. and Dusek, V (eds), Philosophy of Technology: The Technological Condition, an Anthology (Second edition), Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 8990.Google Scholar
Scheele, J. 2017. The need for nomads: Camel-herding, raiding, and Saharan trade and settlement. In Mattingly et al. 2017, 5579.Google Scholar
Schmidt, P.R. and Mapunda, B.B. 1997. Ideology and the archaeological record in Africa: Interpreting symbolism in iron smelting technology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 16.1: 73102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schrüfer-Kolb, I. 2007. Metallurgical and non-metallurgical industrial activities. In Mattingly 2007, 448–62.Google Scholar
Skaggs, S., Norman, N., Garrison, E., Coleman, D. and Bouhlel, S. 2012. Local mining or lead importation in the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis? Lead isotope analysis of curse tablets from Roman Carthage, Tunisia. Journal of Archaeological Science 39: 970–83.Google Scholar
Sterry, M. and Mattingly, D.J. (eds) 2020. Urbanisation and State Formation in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond, Trans-Saharan Archaeology, Volume 3, series editor D.J. Mattingly, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and the Society for Libyan Studies.Google Scholar
Stos-Gale, Z., Gale, N.H., Houghton, J. and Speakman, R. 1995. Lead isotope data from the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: ‘Archaeometry’ data base 1, ores from the Western Mediterranean. Archaeometry 37.2: 407–15.Google Scholar
Stos-Gale, Z.A., Gale, N.H. and Annetts, N. 1996. Lead isotope data from the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: ‘Archaeometry’ data base 3, ores from the Aegean, part 1. Archeometry 38: 381390.Google Scholar
Trousset, P. 1986. Les oasis présahariennes dans l’antiquité: Partage de l’eau et division du temps. Antiquités africaines 22: 161–91.Google Scholar
Van der Veen, M. 1995. Ancient agriculture in Libya: A review of the evidence. Acta Palaeobotanica 35.1: 8598.Google Scholar
Van der Veen, M. 2010. Agricultural innovation: Invention and adoption or change and adaptation. World Archaeology 42.1: 112.Google Scholar
Van der Veen, M. and Westley, B. 2010. Palaeoeconomic studies. In Mattingly 2010, 488522.Google Scholar
Vavelidis, M., Bassiakos, I., Begemann, F., Patriarcheas, K., Pernicka, E., Schmitt-Strecker, S. and Wagner, G.A. 1985. Geologie und Erzvorkommen. In Wagner, G.A. and Weisgerber, G (eds), Silber, Blei und Gold auf Sifnos, Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, 5980.Google Scholar
White, K.D. 1984. Greek and Roman Technology. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Wild, J.P., Wild, F.C. and Clapham, A.J. 2007. Irrigation and the spread of cotton growing in Roman times. Archaeological Textiles Newsletter 44: 1618.Google Scholar
Wild, J.P.,Wild, F.C.Clapham, A.J. 2011. Roman cotton revisited. In Giner, C.A. (ed.), Purpureae Vestes I. Textiles y tintes del Mediterráneo en época romana. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia: 143–47.Google Scholar
Wilson, A. and Mattingly, D.J. 2003. Irrigation technologies: Foggaras, wells and field systems. In Mattingly 2003, 234–78.Google Scholar
Wilson, L. and Pollard, A.M. 2001. The provenance hypothesis. In Brothwell, D.R. and Pollard, A.M. (eds), Handbook of Archaeological Sciences, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 507–17.Google Scholar
Zapata, L., López-Sáez, J.A., Ruis-Alsonso, M., Linstädter, J., Pérez-Jordà, G., Morales, J., Kehl, M. and Peña-Chocarro, L. 2013. Holocene environmental change and human impact in NE Morocco: Palaeo-botanical evidence from Ifri Oudadane. The Holocene 23.9: 1286–96.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×