Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T12:32:45.094Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 6 - Emergency Psychiatry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 February 2024

Andrea Fiorillo
Affiliation:
University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples
Peter Falkai
Affiliation:
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Philip Gorwood
Affiliation:
Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris
Get access

Summary

In recent decades, the definition of psychiatric emergencies (PEs) has changed. These differences derive from the radical reorganization of the treatment system, including psychiatric drugs, which in turn is closely connected with the shift of attention toward the patients’ environment and social inequalities, change of the psychiatric paradigm oriented toward a global management of the disorders, involvement of relatives and stakeholders and increasing awareness of the stigma of mental illness (even by professionals). Among the many differentiating factors of EPs, we must include the patients’ socioeconomic conditions, but also the different inequalities in the environment in which they live, including inequalities in access to care. EPs are also deeply related to the duration of untreated psychosis, whose average length in Western countries is 72 weeks. It seems essential to conduct a review of national legislations and deepen the debate on the medical, legal, and social concepts of dangerousness, in particular for compulsive admissions (CA) and to revise how to deal with these interventions often seen by patients as traumatic and useless. It is essential to keep in mind the warning on the overreliance in psychiatry and mental health education on the biomedical model which marginalizes social determinants.

Type
Chapter
Information
Mental Health Research and Practice
From Evidence to Experience
, pp. 89 - 103
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Furlan, PM. Sbatti il matto in prima pagina. Rome: Donzelli; 2015. 1430. Italian.Google Scholar
Furlan, PM. Sei secoli di psichiatria in Piemonte. Torino: Celid; 2004. Italian.Google Scholar
Hollingshead, AB, Redlich, FC. Social Class and Mental Illness: Community Study. New Jersey: John Wiley&Sons Inc.; 1958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trouvé, M, Claudel, H. Urgences psychiatriques et précarité: étude descriptive et comparative sur la prise en charge de sujets SDF. Inf Psychiatr 2011;87(2):8994. French.Google Scholar
Pingani, L, Luciano, M, Sampogna, G, et al. The crisis in psychiatry: a public health perspective. Int Rev Psychiatry 2014;26(4):530–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pūras, D. Special rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. In: Seventy-Fourth Session of the UN General Assembly, 2019, Oct 29; New York, pp. 115.Google Scholar
Lebeau, A, Bozzini, L, Contandriopoulos, AP, Pineault, R. Les urgences psychiatriques dans la région du Montréal métropolitain: quelques différences entre les hommes et les femmes. Sante Ment Que. 1979;4(2):2552. French.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutiérrez-Colosía, MR, Salvador-Carulla, L, Salinas-Pérez, JA, et al. Standard comparison of local mental health care systems in eight European countries. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2019;28(2):210–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. Mental Health Atlas 2017. Geneva; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.Google Scholar
Kohn, R, Saxena, S, Levav, I, Saraceno, B. The treatment gap in mental health care. Bull World Health Organ. 2004;82(11):858–66.Google ScholarPubMed
Nicholls, K. Emergency Psychiatry. Cambridge: Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2015.Google Scholar
Riba, MB, Ravindranath, D, Winder, GS, Clinical Manual of Emergency Psychiatry. 2nd ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2016.Google Scholar
Menezes, NM, Arenovich, T, Zipursky, RB. A systematic review of longitudinal outcome studies of first-episode psychosis. Psychol Med 2006;36(10):1349–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maj, M, van Os, J, De Hert, M, et al. The clinical characterization of the patient with primary psychosis aimed at personalization of management. World Psychiatry 2021;20(1):433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wasserman, D, Apter, G, Baeken, C, et al. Compulsory admissions of patients with mental disorders: state of the art on ethical and legislative aspects in 40 European countries. Eur Psychiatry 2020;63(1):e82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, JM, Stern, TA. Involuntary hospitalization of primary care patients. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2014;16(3):PCC.13f01613.Google ScholarPubMed
Durham, ML, Carr, HD, Pierce, GL. Police involvement and influence in involuntary civil commitment. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1984;35(6):580–4.Google ScholarPubMed
Ruiz, J, Miller, C. An exploratory study of Pennsylvania police officers’ perceptions of dangerousness and their ability to manage persons with mental illness. Police Q 2004;7(3):359–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, VG, Mclearen, AM, Zapf, PA. Dispositional decisions with the mentally ill: police perceptions and characteristics. Police Q 2004;7(3):295310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Donoghue, B, Lyne, J, Hill, M, et al. Involuntary admission from the patients’ perspective. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2010;45(6):631–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernardo, A, Del Vayo, MA, Hernàndez, A, Tuñas, O. 35 años después del cierre de los antiguos psiquiátricos: la reforma aún sin terminar. 2021, updated Apr. 22. https://civio.es/medicamentalia/2021/04/22/salud-mental-esquizofrenia-reforma-psiquiatrica-atencion-comunitaria/. SpanishGoogle Scholar
Gías Gil, B. Tratamiento ambulatorio involuntario en psiquiatría: una revisión desde la bioética. Rev Bioet Derecho 2013(29):109121. Spanish.Google Scholar
Foniallaz, J, Gasser, J. Le juge et le psychiatre. Une tension necessaire. Geneva: Médecine et Hygiène/Stämpfli Editions; 2017. French.Google Scholar
Stone, AA. The China psychiatry crisis: following up on the plight of the Falun Gong. 2005, updated May 2. www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/china-psychiatry-crisis-following-plight-falun-gong.Google Scholar
Shao, Y, Xie, B. Approaches to involuntary admission of the mentally ill in the People’s Republic of China: changes in legislation from 2002 to 2012. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2015;43(1):3544.Google ScholarPubMed
Picci, RL, Versino, E, Oliva, F, et al. Does substance use disorder affect clinical expression in first-hospitalization patients with schizophrenia? Analysis of a prospective cohort. Psychiatry Res 2013;210(3):780–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Senato della Repubblica. 40 anni dopo. Riflessione sulla Legge 13 maggio 1978, N. 180. Rome: Senato della Repubblica 2018 Dec 20; www.senato.it/application/xmanager/projects/leg18/file/repository/relazioni/libreria/novita/XVIII/basaglia_minerva_eventi.pdf. Italian.Google Scholar
Luciano, M, Sampogna, G, Del Vecchio, V, et al. Use of coercive measures in mental health practice and its impact on outcome: a critical review. Expert Rev Neurother 2014;14(2):131–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oliva, F, Ostacoli, L, Versino, E, et al. Compulsory psychiatric admissions in an Italian urban setting: are they actually compliant to the need for treatment criteria or arranged for dangerous not clinical condition? Front Psychiatry 2019;9:740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jorm, AF, Reavley, NJ, Ross, AM. Belief in the dangerousness of people with mental disorders: a review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2012;46(11):1029–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pulay, AJ, Dawson, DA, Hasin, DS, et al. Violent behavior and DSM-IV psychiatric disorders: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69(1):1222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swartz, MS, Bhattacharya, S. Victimization of persons with severe mental illness: a pressing global health problem. World Psychiatry 2017;16(1):2627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pescosolido, BA. The public stigma of mental illness: what do we think; what do we know; what can we prove? J Health Soc Behav 2013;54(1):121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Large, MM, Ryan, CJ, Nielssen, OB, Hayes, RA. The danger of dangerousness: why we must remove the dangerousness criterion from our mental health acts. J Med Ethics 2008;34(12):877–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glasser, M. On violence: a preliminary communication. Int J Psychoanal 1998;79(Pt5):887902.Google ScholarPubMed
Yakeley, J. Psychodynamic approaches to violence. BJPsych Advances 2018;24:8392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliva, F, Dalmotto, M, Pirfo, E, Furlan, PM, Picci, RL. A comparison of thought and perception disorders in borderline personality disorder and schizophrenia: psychotic experiences as a reaction to impaired social functioning. BMC Psychiatry 2014;14:239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corrigan, PW, Watson, AC. Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry 2002;1(1):1620.Google ScholarPubMed
Jorm, AF, Griffiths, KM. The public’s stigmatizing attitudes towards people with mental disorders: how important are biomedical conceptualizations? Acta Psychiatr Scand 2008;118(4):315–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magliano, L, Fiorillo, A, De Rosa, C, Malangone, C, Maj, M. Beliefs about schizophrenia in Italy: a comparative nationwide survey of the general public, mental health professionals, and patients’ relatives. Can J Psychiatry 2004;49(5):322–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angermeyer, MC, Dietrich, S. Public beliefs about and attitudes towards people with mental illness: a review of population studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006;113(3):163–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phelan, JC, Link, BG. The growing belief that people with mental illnesses are violent: the role of the dangerousness criterion for civil commitment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1998;33 Suppl 1:S712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silton, NR, Flannelly, KJ, Milstein, G, Vaaler, ML. Stigma in America: has anything changed? Impact of perceptions of mental illness and dangerousness on the desire for social distance: 1996 and 2006. J Nerv Ment Dis 2011;199(6):361–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Large, M, Nielssen, O. The limitations and future of violence risk assessment. World Psychiatry 2017;16(1):2526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steadman, HJ, Mulvey, EP, Monahan, J, et al. Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55(5):393401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, R, McGuinness, D, Bainbridge, E, et al. Service users’ experiences of involuntary hospital admission under the Mental Health Act 2001 in the Republic of Ireland. Psychiatr Serv 2017;68(11):1127–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenhan, DL. On being sane in insane places. Science. 1973;179(4070):250–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cahalan, S. The great pretender. Edinburgh: Canongate; 2020.Google Scholar
Furlan, PM. Donne in manicomio. In: Bertolo, B. Donne e Follia in Piemonte. S. Ambrogio: Susalibri; 2021, pp. 226–50. Italian.Google Scholar
Petracci, M. I Matti del Duce. Manicomi e repressione politica nell’Italia fascista. Roma: Donzelli; 2014. Italian.Google Scholar
Peloso, P. La mostra di Roma e il “mea culpa” della psichiatria. 2018, updated Dec. 27; www.psychiatryonline.it/node/6692. Italian.Google Scholar
Dressing, H, Salize, HJ. Compulsory admission of mentally ill patients in European Union Member States. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2004 39(10):797803.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendiburu Belzunegui, L. Bioética y psiquiatría Tesina. Master en Bioetica. Córdoba: Instituto de Consulta y Especialización Bioética (ICEB); 2014. Spanish.Google Scholar
Ferreirós Marcos, CE. El tratamiento ambulatorio: cuestiones legales y prácticas. Comité Español de Representantes de Personas con Discapacidad . CERMI Edición; 2006. Spanish.Google Scholar
Pelto-Piri, V, Kjellin, L, Hylén, U, Valenti, E, Priebe, S. Different forms of informal coercion in psychiatry: a qualitative study. BMC Res Notes 2019;12(1):787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Längle, G, Renner, G, Günthner, A, et al. Psychiatric commitment: patients’ perspectives. Med Law 2003;22(1):3953.Google ScholarPubMed
Xu, Z, Lay, B, Oexle, N, et al. Involuntary psychiatric hospitalisation, stigma stress and recovery: a 2-year study. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2019 Aug;28(4):458–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wei, Y, McGrath, PJ, Hayden, J, Kutcher, S. Mental health literacy measures evaluating knowledge, attitudes and help-seeking: a scoping review. BMC Psychiatry 2015;15:291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Priebe, S, Katsakou, C, Glöckner, M, et al. Patients’ views of involuntary hospital admission after 1 and 3 months: prospective study in 11 European countries. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;196(3):179–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonsack, C, Borgeat, F. Perceived coercion and need for hospitalization related to psychiatric admission. Int J Law Psychiatry 2005;28(4):342–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reshetukha, T, Alavi, N, Prost, E, et al. Outcomes of involuntary hospital admission: satisfaction with treatment and the effect of involuntary admissions on patients. Eur Psychiatry 2017;41:S328S329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ota, J. Involuntary psychiatric intervention in community mental health. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi. 2013;115(7):751–8. Japanese.Google ScholarPubMed
Sibitz, I, Scheutz, A, Lakeman, R, Schrank, B, Schaffer, M, Amering, M. Impact of coercive measures on life stories: qualitative study. Br J Psychiatry 2011;199(3):239–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nyttingnes, O, Ruud, T, Rugkåsa, J.It’s unbelievably humiliating”: patients’ expressions of negative effects of coercion in mental health care. Int J Law Psychiatry 2016;49(Pt A):147–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luciano, M, Sampogna, G, Del Vecchio, V, et al. Use of coercive measures in mental health practice and its impact on outcome: a critical review. Expert Rev Neurother. 2014;14(2):131–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiorillo, A, De Rosa, C, Del Vecchio, V, et al. How to improve clinical practice on involuntary hospital admissions of psychiatric patients: suggestions from the EUNOMIA study. Eur Psychiatry. 2011;26(4):201–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HAS Haute Autorité de Santè. Programme de soins psychiatriques sans consentement. Paris: Ministère de la solidarité e de la santé, 2021. www.has-sante.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2021-04/programme_de_soins_psychiatriques_sans_consentement._guide.pdf. French.Google Scholar
HAS Haute Autorité de Santè. Programme “psychiatrie et santé mentale” de la HAS. 2021 updated Jan. 20; www.has-sante.fr/jcms/c_1721760/fr/programme-psychiatrie-et-sante-mentale-de-la-has. French.Google Scholar
Galeazzi, GM, Mackinnon, A, Curci, P. Constraints perceived by psychiatrists working in community mental health services: development and pilot study of a novel instrument. Community Ment Health J 2007;43(6):609–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams, JR, Drake, RE, Wolford, GL. Shared decision-making preferences of people with severe mental illness. Psychiatr Serv 2007;58(9):1219–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hotzy, F, Jaeger, M. Clinical relevance of informal coercion in psychiatric treatment: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry 2016;7:197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Austin, WJ, Kagan, L, Rankel, M, Bergum, V. The balancing act: psychiatrists’ experience of moral distress. Med Health Care Philos 2008;11(1):8997.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Currier, GW, Allen, MH. Emergency psychiatry: physical and chemical restraint in the psychiatric emergency service. Psychiatr Serv 2000;51(6):717–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. The European Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2020. Geneva: World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe, 2015. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/175672.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×