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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 March 2025
Major Dynasties
The Abbasid Caliphate: the Caliphs
422–67/1031–75: ʿAbd Allah b. al-Qadir al-Qaʾim.
467–87/1075–94: ʿAbd Allah b. Muhammad al-Muqtadi.
487–512/1094–1118: Ahmad b. al-Muqtadi al-Mustazhir.
512–29/1118–35: al-Fadl b. al-Mustazhir al-Mustarshid.
The Great Seljuq Sultanate
431–55/1040–63: Tughrul (I) Beg, Abu Talib Muhammad b. Mikaʾil b. Seljuq.
431–52/1040–60: Chagri Beg Dawud b. Mikaʾil b. Seljuq, ruler in Khurasan.
455–65/1063–73: ʿAdud al-Dawla Abu Shuja Muahammed b. Davud Chagri Beg Alp Arslan.
465–85/1073–92: Malik Shah I b. Alp Arslan, Jalal al-Dawla Muʿizz al-Din Abu ʾl-Fath.
485–7/1092–4: Mahmud I b. Malik Shah, Nasir al-Dunya wa ʿl-Din.
487–98/1094–1105: Berkyaruk b. Malik Shah, Abu ʿl-Muzaffar Rukn al-Dunya wa ʿl-Din.
498–511/1105–18: Muhammad I Tapar b. Malik Shah, Abu Shuja Ghiyath al-Dunya wa ʾl-Din.
511–52/1118–57: Ahmad Sanjar b. Malik Shah, Aba Shujaʾ Ghiyath al-Dunya wa ʿl-Din.
Sultans in Iraq and Western Persia
511–26/1118–32: Mahmud II b. Muhammad I, Abu ʿl-Qasim Mughith al-Dunya wa ʿl-Din Jalal al-Dawla.
The Fatimid Caliphate: the Caliphs
427–87/1036–94: Maʾadd b. al-Zahir, Abu Tamim al-Mustansir.
487–95/1094–1101: Ahmad b. al-Mustansir, Abu ʿl-Qasim al-Mustaʿli.
495–524/1101–30: al-Mansur b. al-Mustaʿli, Abu ʿAli al-Amir.
The Fatimid Viziers (with Political Authority)
467–87/1074–94: Abu l-Najm Badr al-Jamali al-Mustansiri.
487–515/1094–1121: al-Afdal b. Badr al-Jamali.
Rulers of Aleppo, Damascus and Mosul
Aleppo
433–49/1042–57: Thimal b. Salih, Abu ʿUlwan Muʾizz al-Dawla (first reign).
449–52/1057–60: Fatimid occupation of Aleppo by Ibn Mulhim.
452–3/1060–1: Mahmud b. Nasr II, Rashid al-Dawla (first reign).
453–4/1061–2: Thimal b. Salih, Abu ʿUlwan Muʾizz al-Dawla (second reign).
454–7/1062–5: ʿAtiyya b. Salih, Abu Dhuʾaba.
457–68/1065–76: Mahmud b. Nasr II, Rashid al-Dawla (second reign).
468/1075–6: Nasr b. Mahmud, Abu ‘l-Muzaffar Jalal al-Dawla.
468–72/1076–80: Sabiq b. Mahmud, Abu ʿl-Fadaʾil.
472–80/1080–7: Muslim b. Quraysh, Abu ʿl-Makarim Sharaf al-Dawla.
480–7/1087–95: Qasim al-Dawla Aqsunqur.
487/1095: Tutush b. Alp Arslan, Abu Saʾid Taj al-Dawla.
488–507/1095–1104: Ridwan b. Tutush, Fakhr al-Mulk.
507/1113: Alp Arslan al-Akhras b. Ridwan.
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