Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Contributors
- Editor's Preface
- Part 1 The mechanism of human facial expression or an electrophysiological analysis of the expression of the emotions
- Preface
- A Introduction
- B Scientific section
- Foreword
- Chapter 5 Anatomical preparations, and portraits of the subjects who underwent electrophysiological experiments
- Chapter 6 The muscle of attention (m. frontalis)
- Chapter 7 The muscle of reflection (superior part of m. orbicularis oculi, that part of the muscle called the sphincter of the eyelids)
- Chapter 8 The muscle of aggression (m. procerus)
- Chapter 9 The muscle of pain (m. corrugator supercilii)
- Chapter 10 The muscles of joy and benevolence (m. zygomaticus major and the inferior part of m. orbicularis oculi)
- Chapter 11 The muscle of lasciviousness (transverse part of m. nasalis)
- Chapter 12 The muscle of sadness (m. depressor anguli oris)
- Chapter 13 The muscles of weeping and whimpering (m. zygomaticus minor and m. levator labii superioris)
- Chapter 14 The muscles complementary to surprise (muscles that lower the mandible)
- Chapter 15 The muscle of fright, of terror (m. platysma)
- Chapter 16 A critical study of several antiquities from the point of view of m. corrugator supercilii and m. frontalis
- C Aesthetic section
- Part 2 Commentary chapters
- Index
Chapter 8 - The muscle of aggression (m. procerus)
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 November 2010
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Contributors
- Editor's Preface
- Part 1 The mechanism of human facial expression or an electrophysiological analysis of the expression of the emotions
- Preface
- A Introduction
- B Scientific section
- Foreword
- Chapter 5 Anatomical preparations, and portraits of the subjects who underwent electrophysiological experiments
- Chapter 6 The muscle of attention (m. frontalis)
- Chapter 7 The muscle of reflection (superior part of m. orbicularis oculi, that part of the muscle called the sphincter of the eyelids)
- Chapter 8 The muscle of aggression (m. procerus)
- Chapter 9 The muscle of pain (m. corrugator supercilii)
- Chapter 10 The muscles of joy and benevolence (m. zygomaticus major and the inferior part of m. orbicularis oculi)
- Chapter 11 The muscle of lasciviousness (transverse part of m. nasalis)
- Chapter 12 The muscle of sadness (m. depressor anguli oris)
- Chapter 13 The muscles of weeping and whimpering (m. zygomaticus minor and m. levator labii superioris)
- Chapter 14 The muscles complementary to surprise (muscles that lower the mandible)
- Chapter 15 The muscle of fright, of terror (m. platysma)
- Chapter 16 A critical study of several antiquities from the point of view of m. corrugator supercilii and m. frontalis
- C Aesthetic section
- Part 2 Commentary chapters
- Index
Summary
Plates 16, 17, 18
Plate 16: Showing that m. procerus terminates superiorly in the skin at the level of the heads of the eyebrows. Electrical contraction of both mm. procerus in a young man of gentle character (see his portrait, Plate 4): expression of severity.
Plate 17: A study of the expressive action of m. procerus in an old man (also shown in Plates 3, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, and 14). On the right, electrization of m. procerus: severity, aggression. On the left: attention.
Plate 18: Strong electrization of both mm. procerus: aggression, wickedness.
Further notes on these plates
Technical details
The experiment shown in Plate 16 sheds light on a previously unknown anatomical fact: The superior termination of m. procerus (P, Plate 1) is in the skin between, and at the level of, the heads of the two eyebrows, explaining the complete independence of this muscle. The electrodes have been placed on the root of the nose and we see that the skin of the inter-eyebrow space is drawn from above and below. A transverse furrow is thus formed at the level of the head of the eyebrow. This furrow does not exist in Plate 4, which shows the face of the same individual in repose.
The electrodes have not produced any muscular movement at the point corresponding to this transverse furrow; this is a new proof that the neutral point of the transverse furrow marks the insertion of m. procerus.
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- Information
- The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression , pp. 56 - 59Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 1990