The balance of benefits and risks of a vegetarian pregnancy is likely to depend on how restrictive the diet is. The reasons for following a vegetarian diet may also play a part. Both health professionals and women themselves are likely to have concerns about following a vegetarian diet during pregnancy or lactation. The protein intake of vegetarians is usually lower than that of nonvegetarians but adequate for pregnancy. Vegetarians usually have a higher carbohydrate intake than nonvegetarians, and they tend to consume more unrefined carbohydrates and have a higher fiber intake as well. Although high fiber intakes are an advantage as far as pregnancy-associated constipation is concerned, very high intakes can reduce absorption of essential minerals such as iron and zinc. Some vegetarian or vegan women may decide to introduce meat or other animal products to their diet for one reason or another during pregnancy or lactation.