Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-f554764f5-8cg97 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-20T23:02:55.992Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - Marine Mammals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2017

P. Keith Probert
Affiliation:
University of Otago, New Zealand
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Marine Conservation , pp. 214 - 251
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Ainley, D., Ballard, G., Ackley, S., et al. (2007). Paradigm lost, or is top-down forcing no longer significant in the Antarctic marine ecosystem? Antarctic Science, 19, 283–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, P.K. & Domning, D.P. (2009). Steller’s sea cow Hydrodamalis gigas. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 2nd edn, ed. Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. & Thewissen, J.G.M., pp. 1103–6. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Baker, C.S. & Palumbi, S.R. (1996). Population structure, molecular systematics, and forensic identification of whales and dolphins. In Conservation Genetics: Case Histories from Nature, ed. Avise, J.C. & Hamrick, J.L., pp. 1049. New York: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, C.S., Steel, D., Choi, Y., et al. (2010). Genetic evidence of illegal trade in protected whales links Japan with the US and South Korea. Biology Letters, 6, 647–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, J.D., Becker, B.L., Wurth, T.A., et al. (2011). Translocation as a tool for conservation of the Hawaiian monk seal. Biological Conservation, 144, 2692–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bekoff, M. (2003). Consciousness and self in animals: some reflections. Zygon, 38, 229–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, E. (2012). Endangered science: the regulation of research by the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection and Endangered Species Acts. Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences, 42, 3061.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Best, P.B. (1993). Increase rates in severely depleted stocks of baleen whales. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 50, 169–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodkin, J.L., Ballachey, B.E., Coletti, H.A., et al. (2012). Long-term effects of the ‘Exxon Valdez’ oil spill: sea otter foraging in the intertidal as a pathway of exposure to lingering oil. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 447, 273–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boland, R.C. & Donohue, M.J. (2003). Marine debris accumulation in the nearshore marine habitat of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi 1999–2001. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46, 1385–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonner, W.N. (1982). Seals and Man: A Study of Interactions. Seattle: Washington Sea Grant.Google Scholar
Boren, L.J., Morrissey, M., Mull, C.G. & Gemmell, N.J. (2006). Entanglement of New Zealand fur seals in man-made debris at Kaikoura, New Zealand. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52, 442–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bossart, G.D. (2011). Marine mammals as sentinel species for oceans and human health. Veterinary Pathology, 48, 676–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowen, W.D. (1997). Role of marine mammals in aquatic ecosystems. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 158, 267–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowen, W.D. & Siniff, D.B. (1999). Distribution, population biology, and feeding ecology of marine mammals. In Biology of Marine Mammals, ed. Reynolds, J.E. III & Rommel, S.A., pp. 423–84. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Brownell, R.L. Jr & Yablokov, A.V. (2009). Whaling, illegal and pirate. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 2nd edn, ed. Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. & Thewissen, J.G.M., pp. 1235–9. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Butterworth, D.S. & Punt, A.E. (1999). Experiences in the evaluation and implementation of management procedures. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 56, 985–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cairns, D.K., Gaston, A.J. & Huettmann, F. (2008). Endothermy, ecothermy and the global structure of marine vertebrate communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 356, 239–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Childerhouse, S. & Gales, N. (1998). Historical and modern distribution and abundance of the New Zealand sea lion Phocarctos hookeri. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 25, 116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chilvers, B.L. (2012). Population viability analysis of New Zealand sea lions, Auckland Islands, New Zealand’s sub-Antarctics: assessing relative impacts and uncertainty. Polar Biology, 35, 1607–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchill, M., Berta, A. & Deméré, T. (2012). The systematics of right whales (Mysticeti: Balaenidae). Marine Mammal Science, 28, 497521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cisneros-Montemayor, A.M., Sumaila, U.R., Kaschner, K. & Pauly, D. (2010). The global potential for whale watching. Marine Policy, 34, 1273–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clapham, P.J. (2015). Japan’s whaling following the International Court of Justice ruling: Brave New World – or business as usual? Marine Policy, 51, 238–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clapham, P.J. & Baker, C.S. (2009). Whaling, modern, In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 2nd edn, ed. Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. & Thewissen, JGM., pp. 1239–43. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Clover, C. (2004). The End of the Line. London: Ebury Press.Google Scholar
Cooke, J.G. (1995). The International Whaling Commission’s Revised Management Procedure as an example of a new approach to fishery management. In Whales, Seals, Fish and Man, ed. Blix, A.S., Walløe, L. & Ulltang, Ø., pp. 647–57. Burlington, MA: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Daoust, P.-Y., Hammill, M., Stenson, G. & Caraguel, C. (2014). A review of animal welfare implications of the Canadian commercial seal hunt: a critique. Marine Policy, 43, 367–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, A.D., Boyer, A.G., Kim, H., et al. (2012). Drivers and hotspots of extinction risk in marine mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 3395–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dawson, S.M. (1991). Modifying gillnets to reduce entanglement of cetaceans. Marine Mammal Science, 7, 274–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, S.M., Northridge, S., Waples, D. & Read, A.J. (2013). To ping or not to ping: the use of active acoustic devices in mitigating interactions between small cetaceans and gillnet fisheries. Endangered Species Research, 19, 201–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, S.M., Read, A. & Slooten, E. (1998). Pingers, porpoises and power: uncertainties with using pingers to reduce bycatch of small cetaceans. Biological Conservation, 84, 141–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, S.M. & Slooten, E. (1993). Conservation of Hector’s dolphins: the case and process which led to establishment of the Banks Peninsula Marine Mammal Sanctuary. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 3, 207–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeMaster, D.P., Trites, A.W., Clapham, P., et al. (2006). The sequential megafaunal collapse hypothesis: testing with existing data. Progress in Oceanography, 68, 329–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, R. (2009). Whaling, traditional. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 2nd edn, ed. Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. & Thewissen, J.G.M., pp. 1243–54. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Estes, J.A. (1979). Exploitation of marine mammals: r-selection of K-strategists? Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 36, 1009–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estes, J.A., Bodkin, J.L. & Ben-David, M. (2009a). Otters, marine. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 2nd edn, ed. Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. & Thewissen, J.G.M., pp. 807–16. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Estes, J.A., Doak, D.F., Springer, A.M. & Williams, T.M. (2009b). Causes and consequences of marine mammal population declines in southwest Alaska: a food-web perspective. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 364, 1647–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estes, J.A. & Palmisano, J.F. (1974). Sea otters: their role in structuring nearshore communities. Science, 185, 1058–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Estes, J.A., Tinker, M.T. & Bodkin, J.L. (2010). Using ecological function to develop recovery criteria for depleted species: sea otters and kelp forests in the Aleutian archipelago. Conservation Biology, 24, 852–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gales, N.J., Kasuya, T., Clapham, P.J. & Brownell, R.L. Jr (2005). Japan’s whaling plan under scrutiny. Nature, 435, 883–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gall, S.C. & Thompson, R.C. (2015). The impact of debris on marine life. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 92, 170–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gambell, R. (1977). Whale conservation: role of the International Whaling Commission. Marine Policy, 1, 301–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gambell, R. (1993). International management of whales and whaling: an historical review of the regulation of commercial and aboriginal subsistence whaling. Arctic, 46, 97107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gambell, R. (1999). The International Whaling Commission and the contemporary whaling debate. In Conservation and Management of Marine Mammals, ed. Twiss, J.R. Jr & Reeves, R.R., pp. 179–98. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Garrod, B. & Fennell, D.A. (2004). An analysis of whalewatching codes of conduct. Annals of Tourism Research, 31, 334–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geijer, C.K.A. & Read, A.J. (2013). Mitigation of marine mammal bycatch in U.S. fisheries since 1994. Biological Conservation, 159, 5460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gelatt, T. & Lowry, L. (2012). Eumetopias jubatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T8239A17463451 (accessed 19 February 2016).Google Scholar
Gerrodette, T. (2009). The tuna-dolphin issue. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 2nd edn, ed. Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. & Thewissen, J.G.M., pp. 1192–5. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Geschke, K. & Chilvers, B.L. (2009). Managing big boys: a case study on remote anaesthesia and satellite tracking of adult male New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri). Wildlife Research, 36, 666–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilman, E.L. (2011). Bycatch governance and best practice mitigation technology in global tuna fisheries. Marine Policy, 35, 590609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gormley, A.M., Slooten, E., Dawson, S., et al. (2012). First evidence that marine protected areas can work for marine mammals. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49, 474–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gosliner, M.L. (1999). The tuna-dolphin controversy. In Conservation and Management of Marine Mammals, ed. Twiss, J.R. Jr & Reeves, R.R., pp. 120–55. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Hamilton, S. & Baker, G.B. (2015). Review of research and assessments on the efficacy of sea lion exclusion devices in reducing the incidental mortality of New Zealand sea lions Phocarctos hookeri in the Auckland Islands squid trawl fishery. Fisheries Research, 161, 200–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammill, M.O. & Stenson, G.B. (2010). Comment on ‘Towards a precautionary approach to managing Canada’s commercial harp seal hunt’ by Leaper et al. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67, 321–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammill, M.O., Stenson, G.B., Doniol-Valcroze, T. & Mosnier, A. (2015). Conservation of northwest Atlantic harp seals: past success, future uncertainty? Biological Conservation, 192, 181–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamner, R.M., Oremus, M., Stanley, M., et al. (2012a). Estimating the Abundance and Effective Population Size of Maui’s Dolphins Using Microsatellite Genotypes in 2010–11, with Retrospective Matching to 2001–07. Auckland, New Zealand: Department of Conservation, 44 pp.Google Scholar
Hamner, R.M., Pichler, F.B., Heimeier, D., Constantine, R. & Baker, C.S. (2012b). Genetic differentiation and limited gene flow among fragmented populations of New Zealand endemic Hector’s and Maui’s dolphins. Conservation Genetics, 13, 9871002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, J.R. (2001). A pre- and post-MARPOL Annex V summary of Hawaiian monk seal entanglements and marine debris accumulation in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 1982–1998. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42, 584–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hindell, M.A. & Perrin, W. F. (2009). Elephant seals: Mirounga angustirostris and M. leonina. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 2nd edn, ed. Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. & Thewissen, J.G.M., pp. 364–8. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hoelzel, A.R., Goldsworthy, S.D. & Fleischer, R.C. (2002). Population genetic structure. In Marine Mammal Biology: an Evolutionary Approach, ed. Hoelzel, A.R., pp. 325–52. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Holt, S.J. (1983). The Indian Ocean Whale Sanctuary. Ambio, 12, 345–7.Google Scholar
Holt, S. (2000). Whales and whaling. In Seas at the Millennium: An Environmental Evaluation, vol. III, ed. Sheppard, C., pp. 7388. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science Ltd.Google Scholar
Howard, C. & Parsons, E.C.M. (2006). Attitudes of Scottish city inhabitants to cetacean conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 15, 4335–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoyt, E. (2009). Marine protected areas. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 2nd edn, Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. & Thewissen, J.G.M., pp. 696705. London: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoyt, E. (2011). Marine Protected Areas for Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, 2nd edn. Abingdon, UK: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Hui, T.C.Y., Gryba, R., Gregr, E.J. & Trites, A.W. (2015). Assessment of competition between fisheries and Steller sea lions in Alaska based on estimated prey biomass, fisheries removals and predator foraging behaviour. PLoS ONE, 10, e0123786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
IUCN (2012). IUCN Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations August 2012. Adopted by Species Survival Commission Steering Committee at Meeting SC 4 6, 5th September 2012. www.issg.org/pdf/publications/Translocation-Guidelines-2012.pdfGoogle Scholar
IUCN SSC – Cetacean Specialist Group (2016). www.iucn-csg.org (accessed 15 May 2016).Google Scholar
IWC (1994). Report of the workshop on mortality of cetaceans in passive fishing nets and traps. Report of the International Whaling Commission Special Issue 15, 657.Google Scholar
Japp, D.W., Purves, M.G. & Wilkinson, S. (2012). Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem: State of Stocks Review. Report No. 2 (2012). Cape Town, South Africa: Capricorn Fisheries Monitoring.Google Scholar
Jefferson, T.A. & Curry, B.E. (1994). A global review of porpoise (Cetacea: Phocoenidae) mortality in gillnets. Biological Conservation, 67, 167–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jefferson, T.A., Leatherwood, S. & Webber, M.A. (1993). FAO Species Identification Guide. Marine Mammals of the World. Rome: FAO.Google Scholar
Joyner, C.C. & Tyler, Z. (2000). Marine conservation versus international free trade: reconciling dolphins with tuna and sea turtles with shrimp. Ocean Development & International Law, 31, 127–50.Google Scholar
Kaschner, K., Tittensor, D.P., Ready, J., Gerrodette, T. & Worm, B. (2011). Current and future patterns of global marine mammal biodiversity. PLoS ONE 6, e19653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirby, D.S., Visser, C. & Hanich, Q. (2014). Assessment of eco-labelling schemes for Pacific tuna fisheries. Marine Policy, 43, 132–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knowlton, A.R., Hamilton, P.K., Marx, M.K., Pettis, H.M. & Kraus, S.D. (2012). Monitoring North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis entanglement rates: a 30 yr retrospective. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 466, 293302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kock, K.-H. (2007). Antarctic marine living resources – exploitation and its management in the Southern Ocean. Antarctic Science, 19, 231–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovacs, K.M, Aguilar, A, Aurioles, D, et al. (2012). Global threats to pinnipeds. Marine Mammal Science, 28, 414–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovacs, K.M., Lydersen, C., Overland, J.E. & Moore, S.E. (2011). Impacts of changing sea-ice conditions on Arctic marine mammals. Marine Biodiversity, 41, 181–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laist, D.W. (1997). Impacts of marine debris: entanglement of marine life in marine debris including a comprehensive list of species with entanglement and ingestion records. In Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts, and Solutions, ed. Coe, J.M. & Rogers, D.B., pp. 99139. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavigne, D.M., Scheffer, V.B. & Kellert, S.R. (1999). The evolution of North American attitudes toward marine mammals. In Conservation and Management of Marine Mammals, ed. Twiss, J.R. Jr & Reeves, R.R., pp. 1047. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Lee, O.A., Burkanov, V. & Neill, W.H. (2014). Population trends of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) from a metapopulation perspective. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 451, 2534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowry, L.F., Laist, D.W., Gilmartin, W.G. & Antonelis, G.A. (2011). Recovery of the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi): a review of conservation efforts, 1972 to 2010, and thoughts for the future. Aquatic Mammals, 37, 397419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowry, M.S., Condit, R., Hatfield, B., et al. (2014). Abundance, distribution, and population growth of the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) in the United States from 1991 to 2010. Aquatic Mammals, 40, 2031.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magera, A.M., Mills Flemming, J.E., Kaschner, K., Christensen, L.B. & Lotze, H.K. (2013). Recovery trends in marine mammal populations. PLoS ONE, 8, e77908.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsh, H., O’Shea, T.J. & Reynolds, J.E. III (2011). Ecology and Conservation of the Sirenia: Dugongs and Manatees. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLeod, B.A., Brown, M.W., Moore, M.J., et al. (2008). Bowhead whales, not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century whalers in the western North Atlantic. Arctic, 61, 6175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, S., Robertson, B.C., Chilvers, B.L. & Krkošek, M. (2015). Population dynamics reveal conservation priorities of the threatened New Zealand sea lion Phocarctos hookeri. Marine Biology, 162, 1587–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monson, D.H., Doak, D.F., Ballachey, B.E. & Bodkin, J.L. (2011). Could residual oil from the Exxon Valdez spill create a long-term population ‘sink’ for sea otters in Alaska? Ecological Applications, 21, 2917–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, S.E. & Huntington, H.P. (2008). Arctic marine mammals and climate change: impacts and resilience. Ecological Applications, 18 (Suppl.), S15765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morissette, L., Christensen, V. & Pauly, D. (2012). Marine mammal impacts in exploited ecosystems: would large scale culling benefit fisheries? PLoS ONE, 7, e43966.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulvaney, K. & Mckay, B. (2000). Small cetaceans: small whales, dolphins and porpoises. In Seas at the Millennium: an Environmental Evaluation, Vol.III, ed. Sheppard, C., pp. 89103. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science Ltd.Google Scholar
Northridge, S.P. & Hofman, R.J. (1999). Marine mammal interactions with fisheries. In Conservation and Management of Marine Mammals, ed. Twiss, J.R. Jr & Reeves, R.R., pp. 99119. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Agardy, T., Hyrenbach, D., Scovazzi, T. & van Klaveren, P. (2008). The Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean marine mammals. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 18, 367–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Hara, T.M. & O’Shea, T.J. (2005). Assessing impacts of environmental contaminants. In Marine Mammal Research: Conservation beyond Crisis, ed. Reynolds, J.E. III, Perrin, W.F., Reeves, R.R., Montgomery, S. & Ragen, T.J., pp. 6383. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Olson, P.A. (2009). Pilot whales Globicephala melas and G. macrorhynchus. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 2nd edn, ed. Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. & Thewissen, J.G.M., pp. 847–52. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
O’Shea, T.J. & Brownell, R.L. Jr (1994). Organochlorine and metal contaminants in baleen whales: a review and evaluation of conservation implications. Science of the Total Environment, 154, 179200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. & Thewissen, J.G.M. (ed.) (2009). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 2nd edn. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Plagányi, E.E. & Butterworth, D.S. (2005). Indirect fishery interactions. In Marine Mammal Research: Conservation beyond Crisis, ed. Reynolds, J.E. III, Perrin, W.F., Reeves, R.R., Montgomery, S. & Ragen, T.J., pp. 1945. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Plagányi, E.E. & Butterworth, D.S. (2009). Competition with fisheries. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 2nd edn, ed. Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. & Thewissen, J.G.M., pp. 269–75. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Polanowski, A.M., Robbins, J., Chandler, D. & Jarman, S.N. (2014). Epigenetic estimation of age in humpback whales. Molecular Ecology Resources, 14, 976–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pompa, S., Ehrlich, P.R. & Ceballos, G. (2011). Global distribution and conservation of marine mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 13600–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Punt, A.E. & Butterworth, D.S. (1995). The effects of future consumption by the Cape fur seal on catches and catch rates of the Cape hakes. 4. Modelling the biological interaction between Cape fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus and the Cape hakes Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus. South African Journal of Marine Science, 16, 255–85.Google Scholar
Raum-Suryan, K.L., Jemison, L.A. & Pitcher, K.W. (2009). Entanglement of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in marine debris: identifying causes and finding solutions. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58, 1487–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ray, G.C., McCormick-Ray, J., Berg, P. & Epstein, H.E. (2006). Pacific walrus: benthic bioturbator of Beringia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 330, 403–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rayment, W., Dawson, S. & Slooten, E. (2010). Seasonal changes in distribution of Hector’s dolphin at Banks Peninsula, New Zealand: implications for protected area design. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 20, 106–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Read, A.J. (2010). Conservation biology. In Marine Mammal Ecology and Conservation: A Handbook of Techniques, ed. Boyd, I.L., Bowen, W.D. & Iverson, S.J., pp. 340–59. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Read, A.J., Drinker, P. & Northridge, S. (2006). Bycatch of marine mammals in U.S. and global fisheries. Conservation Biology, 20, 163–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Read, A.J., van Waerebeek, K., Reyes, J.C., McKinnon, J.S. & Lehman, L.C. (1988). The exploitation of small cetaceans in coastal Peru. Biological Conservation, 46, 5370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reeves, R.R. (2000). The Value of Sanctuaries, Parks, and Reserves (Protected Areas) as Tools for Conserving Marine Mammals. Final Report to the Marine Mammal Commission, contract number T74465385. Bethesda, MD: Marine Mammal Commission, 50 pp.Google Scholar
Reijnders, P.J.H., Aguilar, A. & Borrell, A. (2009). Pollution and marine mammals. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 2nd edn, ed. Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. & Thewissen, J.G.M., pp. 890–8. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Reynolds, J.E. III, Marsh, H. & Ragen, T.J. (2009). Marine mammal conservation. Endangered Species Research, 7, 23–8.Google Scholar
Riedman, M. (1990). The Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robards, M.D. & Reeves, R.R. (2011). The global extent and character of marine mammal consumption by humans: 1970–2009. Biological Conservation, 144, 2770–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, B.C. & Chilvers, B.L. (2011). The population decline of the New Zealand sea lion Phocarctos hookeri: a review of possible causes. Mammal Review, 41, 253–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rocha, R.C. Jr, Clapham, P.J. & Ivashchenko, Y.V. (2014). Emptying the oceans: a summary of industrial whaling catches in the 20th century. Marine Fisheries Review, 76 (4), 3748.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rojas-Bracho, L. & Reeves, R.R. (2013). Vaquitas and gillnets: Mexico’s ultimate cetacean conservation challenge. Endangered Species Research, 21, 7787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruzicka, J.J., Steele, J.H., Ballerini, T., Gaichas, S.K. & Ainley, D.G. (2013). Dividing up the pie: whales, fish, and humans as competitors. Progress in Oceanography, 116, 207–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schultz, J.K. (2011). Population genetics of the monk seals (genus Monachus): a review. Aquatic Mammals, 37, 227–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Senigaglia, V., Christiansen, F., Bejder, L., et al. (2016). Meta-analyses of whale-watching impact studies: comparisons of cetacean responses to disturbance. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 542, 251–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slooten, E. & Dawson, S.M. (2010). Assessing the effectiveness of conservation management decisions: likely effects of new protection measures for Hector’s dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori). Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 20, 334–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorice, M.G., Shafer, C.S. & Ditton, R.B. (2006). Managing endangered species within the use–preservation paradox: the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) as a tourism attraction. Environmental Management, 37, 6983.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stirling, I. & Derocher, A.E. (2012). Effects of climate warming on polar bears: a review of the evidence. Global Change Biology, 18, 2694–706.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, B.L. (2005). Identifying units to conserve. In Marine Mammal Research: Conservation beyond Crisis, ed. Reynolds, J.E. III, Perrin, W.F., Reeves, R.R., Montgomery, S. & Ragen, T.J., pp. 149–62. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Turvey, S.T. & Risley, C.L. (2006). Modelling the extinction of Steller’s sea cow. Biology Letters, 2, 94–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valqui, J. (2012). The marine otter Lontra felina (Molnia, 1782): a review of its present status and implications for future conservation. Mammalian Biology, 77, 7583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, P.R. (1998). Calculating limits to allowable human-caused mortality of cetaceans and pinnipeds. Marine Mammal Science, 14, 137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, M. & Overland, J.E. (2012). A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years: an update from CMIP5 models, Geophysical Research Letters, 39, L18501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weilgart, L.S. (2007). The impacts of anthropogenic ocean noise on cetaceans and implications for management. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 85, 1091–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Würsig, B. & Richardson, W.J. (2009). Noise, effects of. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 2nd edn, ed. Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. & Thewissen, J.G.M., pp. 765–73. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Yodzis, P. (2001). Must top predators be culled for the sake of fisheries? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 16, 7884.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Marine Mammals
  • P. Keith Probert, University of Otago, New Zealand
  • Book: Marine Conservation
  • Online publication: 13 July 2017
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139043588.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Marine Mammals
  • P. Keith Probert, University of Otago, New Zealand
  • Book: Marine Conservation
  • Online publication: 13 July 2017
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139043588.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Marine Mammals
  • P. Keith Probert, University of Otago, New Zealand
  • Book: Marine Conservation
  • Online publication: 13 July 2017
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139043588.010
Available formats
×