Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T17:52:27.046Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 8 - Treatment of Cervical Dystonia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 November 2023

By
Deepmala Nandanwar ,
Mayank S. Pathak ,
Karen Frei  and
Daniel Truong
Edited by
Daniel Truong ,
Dirk Dressler ,
Mark Hallett ,
Christopher Zachary  and
Mayank Pathak
Daniel Truong
Affiliation:
University of California, Riverside
Dirk Dressler
Affiliation:
Hannover Medical School
Mark Hallett
Affiliation:
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Christopher Zachary
Affiliation:
University of California, Irvine
Mayank Pathak
Affiliation:
Truong Neuroscience Institute
Get access

Summary

Cervical dystonia (CD) is an idiopathic focal dystonia characterized by abnormal head and neck posture caused by tonic involuntary contractions in a set of cervical muscles. Four subtypes, based on the principal direction of posture, consist of:

  • - Torticollis: Rotation of the head left or right in the transverse plane.

  • - Lateralcollis: Head tilt toward left or right shoulder, in the coronal plane.

  • - Anterocollis: Head tilt forward, with neck flexion in the sagittal plane.

  • - Retrocollis: Head tilt backward, with neck extension, in the sagittal plane.

The clinical spectrum of CD is extremely variable: the 54 muscles involved in head and neck posture may show complex mixtures of involvement, unilateral or bilateral, with contractions of tonic, tremulous or myoclonic character. Currently, the most effective, and now first-line treatment of CD, has become intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin.

This chapter enumerates the different muscles involved in major subtypes of CD, grouped by anatomical location, and their principal direction of action. Sets of muscles involved in different head postures are presented in tabular format for easy selection and targeting. Dose ranges for individual muscles are tabulated for each of the four commonly used botulinum neurotoxin preparations.

Keywords

Cervical dystoniaspasmodic torticollislateralcollisretrocollisanterocollisbotulinum neurotoxinsegmental dystoniageste antagonisteBoNTonabotulinumtoxinAabototulinumtoxinAincobotulinumtoxinA rimabotulinumtoxinB
Type
Chapter
Information
Manual of Botulinum Toxin Therapy , pp. 58 - 68
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Brin, MF, Lew, MF, Adler, CH et al. (1999). Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia. Neurology, 53, 1431–8. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.53.7.1431CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Comella, CL, Jankovic, J, Shannon, KM et al. (2005). Comparison of botulinum toxin serotypes A and B for the treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurology, 65, 1423–9. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000183055.81056.5cCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comella, CL, Jankovic, J, Truong, DD, Hanschmann, A, Grafe, S (2011). Efficacy and safety of incobotulinumtoxinA (NT 201, XEOMIN®, botulinum neurotoxin type A, without accessory proteins) in patients with cervical dystonia. J Neurol Sci, 308, 103–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2011.05.041CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Defazio, G, Jankovic, J, Giel, JL, Papapetropoulos, S (2013). Descriptive epidemiology of cervical dystonia. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y), 3, tre-03-193-4374-2. https://doi.org/10.7916/D80C4TGJGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frei, KP, Pathak, M, Jenkins, S, Truong, DD (2004). Natural history of posttraumatic cervical dystonia. Mov Disord, 19, 1492–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20239CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jankovic, J, Truong, D, Patel, AT et al. (2018). Injectable daxibotulinumtoxinA in cervical dystonia: a phase 2 dose-escalation multicenter study. Mov Disord Clin Pract, 5, 273–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.12613CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jinnah, HA, Comella, CL, Perlmutter, J, Lungu, C, Hallett, M (2018). Longitudinal studies of botulinum toxin in cervical dystonia: why do patients discontinue therapy? Toxicon, 147, 89–95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.09.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jochim, A, Meindl, T, Mantel, T et al. (2019). Treatment of cervical dystonia with abo- and onabotulinumtoxinA: long-term safety and efficacy in daily clinical practice. J Neurol, 266, 1879–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415–019-09349-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jost, WH, Tatu, L (2015). Selection of muscles for botulinum toxin injections in cervical dystonia. Mov Disord Clini Pract, 2, 224–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.12172Google ScholarPubMed
Kaji, R, Endo, A, Sugawara, M, Ishii, M (2021). Efficacy of botulinum toxin type B (rimabotulinumtoxinB) in patients with cervical dystonia previously treated with botulinum toxin type A: a post-marketing observational study in Japan. E Neurological Sci, 100374. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensci.2021.100374CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marques, RE, Duarte, GS, Rodrigues, FB et al. (2016). Botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 5, CD0043155. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004315.pub3Google Scholar
Truong, D, Duane, DD, Jankovic, J et al. (2005). Efficacy and safety of botulinum type A toxin (Dysport) in cervical dystonia: results of the first US randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord, 20, 783–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20403CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Truong, D, Lewitt, P, Cullis, P (1989). Effects of different injection techniques in the treatment of torticollis with botulinum toxin. Neurology, 39(Suppl), 294.Google Scholar
Tsui, JK, Eisen, A, Stoessl, AJ, Calne, S, Calne, DB (1986). Double-blind study of botulinum toxin in spasmodic torticollis. Lancet, 2, 245–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140–6736(86)92070-2Google ScholarPubMed
Yun, JY, Kim, JW, Kim, H-T et al. (2015). Dysport and Botox at a ratio of 2.5:1 units in cervical dystonia: a double-blind, randomized study. Mov Disord, 30, 206–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26085CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×