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Chapter 14 - Botulinum Toxin in Treatment of Tics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 November 2023

Daniel Truong
Affiliation:
University of California, Riverside
Dirk Dressler
Affiliation:
Hannover Medical School
Mark Hallett
Affiliation:
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Christopher Zachary
Affiliation:
University of California, Irvine
Mayank Pathak
Affiliation:
Truong Neuroscience Institute
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Summary

Tics are brief, sudden, movements (motor tics) or sounds (phonic tics) that are intermittent but may be repetitive and stereotypic (Jankovic et al., 2022). Although tics often spontaneously improve after childhood, they may persist into adulthood and become associated with a variety of comorbid disorders such as attention deficit disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder. Tourette’s syndrome (TS), considered a genetic and neurodevelopmental disorder, is the most common cause of chronic tics. Motor and phonic tics consist of either simple or complex movements that may be seemingly goal directed. Motor tics may be rapid (clonic) or more prolonged. Many patients exhibit suggestibility and may have a compulsive component, sometimes perceived as an “urge” or a need to perform the movement or sound repetitively until it feels “just right.” Although tics are often considered relatively benign, many patients with TS have severe or disabling tics. “Whiplash” tics can produce disabling compressive myelopathy, and therefore need to be treated early and aggressively. When oral medications fail to provide satisfactory relief of tics, local chemodenervation with botulinum toxin (BoNT) offers the possibility of relaxing the muscles involved in focal tics without causing undesirable systemic side effects.

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Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

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References

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