The limits of the Bourbons’ attempt to assert their legitimacy became apparent in the late 1820s, particularly as the economy slumped after 1825. The downturn fuelled the rise of economic liberalism, invoked by a vocal group of the government’s opponents in their quest for a smaller state and cheaper government – ‘un gouvernement à bon marché’. Though many of these people found themselves in power after the overthrow of the Bourbons in 1830, the new July Monarchy did little to reduce the size of the state. Rather, it largely upheld the existing fiscal system, doing little to reduce taxes and resorting to public credit to cover shortfalls in public finance that arose in the immediate aftermath of the Revolution of 1830. Borrowing therefore facilitated the survival of the fiscal system, which only incurred minor changes to direct taxes, alcohol duties and customs. While the Revolution changed little and thus demonstrated the continuities that affected French politics and economics during the ‘Age of Revolution’, it produced new pressures to reform the fiscal system, many of which encouraged the development of the French state’s economic interventionism from the late 1830s onwards.