The chapter sums up the discussion in the previous three chapters, addressing the question of where we are now in the transition process between CAPE and modernity. Was the transition short, as the material side of the story might suggest, or longer, as the social side of the story suggests? Are we now in modernity proper, or are we still in the transition? The chapter proceeds by looking for significant clusters of events, both material and social, that can give guidance as to how these questions might be answered. It argues that the unfolding contradiction between unrestrained development and the limits of planetary carrying capacity is emerging as the key dialectic for the future of humankind.