The chapter continues the analysis of social structure in the transition from the CAPE to the modern era, but looking at the institutions that emerged within the transition period itself. It looks at the synergies and contradictions within the unfolding institutional structure of modernity, and contrasts this turbulence with the relative harmony in the institutional structure of the CAPE era. Each institution is analysed for how it works across the three domains: interhuman, transnational and interpolity/state.