Acknowledgments

Many people helped me write this book. Thank you especially to everyone who agreed to an interview or donated their papers to a university archive. If people had not generously shared their time, texts, and perspectives, this book could not exist.

Archivists were instrumental in making my research possible at the Bentley Historical Library at the University of Michigan, the Hoover Institution Library & Archives at Stanford University, and the Special Collections Research Center at the George Washington University. In particular, I am indebted to Diana Bachman, Nancy Bartlett, Bronweyn Coleman, Karen Jania, Kathy Lafferty, Gayle Martinson, Malgosia Myc, Caitlin Moriarty, Cinda Nofziger, Sarah Patton, Corinne Robertson, Joni Rosenthal, Danielle Scott Taylor, and Kierra Verdun for their expertise.

I worked with four talented research assistants. Shelby Gordon located, sifted, and sorted through many of the contemporary news sources and gave perceptive feedback on an early draft of Chapter 4. Amy LaFleur and Carolyn Angelo did impeccable work on archival research and reviewing the contemporary literature in sociolinguistics. Makayla Camp read early chapter drafts and prepared citations with aplomb.

My students, too, have shaped and reshaped much of my thinking about how writers navigate language. I owe a debt of gratitude to my students in First-Year Writing, Writing across Media, Professional Writing, Language and Society, and Structure and Variation of the English Language.

For funding this research, I would like to thank the Bentley Historical Library, for their Bordin/Gillette Research Travel Fellowship, the Hoover Institution Library & Archives, for their Scholar Research Support Award, the Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC), for their Emergent Researcher Award, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Mississippi State University, and the University of Massachusetts Lowell.

At the University of Washington, Gail Stygall first sparked my interest in language policy and the English language. I was also lucky to work with so many excellent mentors there who taught me about language, writing, and research, including Todd Borlik, Anne Browning, Jamie Oldham Feather, Gillian Harkins, Becca Herman, Emily James, Rick Keil, Colette Moore, Michael Oishi, Tanvi Patel, Paul Quay, and Johnny Stutsman.

The Center for Writing Studies at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign was the ideal place for me to push my research further. Paul Prior, Dennis Baron, Spencer Schaffner, and Michèle Koven totally transformed how I approached research, both by showing me what it could look like and by spending countless hours helping me make sense of my own work. Andrea Olinger welcomed me to Illinois and has continued to be an awe-inspiring and dear friend ever since. Annie Kelvie makes this work meaningful and fun – she always knows the right thing to say, and she helps me keep everything in perspective. Yu-Kyung Kang showed me it was possible to foreground language, literacy, and the local, and her work continues to inspire my own. Lindsay Rose Russell offered peerless advice during the late stages of the writing process. I am also grateful to many other colleagues I first met in Champaign-Urbana, including Paul Beilstein, Teresa Bertram, Andy Bowman, María Paz Carvajal Regidor, Anne Haas Dyson, Melissa Forbes, John Gallagher, Bonny Graham, Evin Groundwater, Lauri Harden, Douglas Kibbee, Gesa Kirsch, Bruce Kovanen, Allison Kranek, Eileen Lagman, Adrienne Lo, Kristi McDuffie, Thomas McNamara, Logan Middleton, Catherine Prendergast, Eric Darnell Pritchard, Jenn Raskauskas, Pamela Saunders, Maggie Shelledy, Kaia Simon, Siobhan Somerville, Jonathan Stone, Nicole Turnipseed, Kate Vieira, Amy Wan, Carolyn Wisniewski, Vivian Yan-Gonzalez, and Dan Zhang.

Scott Wible showed me it was possible to write the kind of book I wanted to write and to have the kind of career I wanted to have. He has paved the way for me in many ways.

My colleagues at Mississippi State University were exceptionally supportive and they made the research process fun. My writing group friends, Elizabeth Ellis Miller and Melanie Loehwing, were at once great company and great role models for how to write about activism and advocacy. My department head, Daniel Punday, helped me in many ways, not least of which was graciously matching my CCCC grant with an additional course release, which gave me a semester to focus on writing. Dhanashree Thorat was there for me, especially during lockdown. I am also grateful to Ted Atkinson, Diana Brown, Xi Chen, Shalyn Claggett, Lara Dodds, Kayleigh Few, Taylor Garner, Aaron Grimes, Margaret Hagerman, Wendy Herd, Holly Johnson, Anne Marshall, Lisa McReynolds, Ginger Pizer, Donald Shaffer, Megan Smith, Eric Vivier, Abigail Voller, and Jervette Ward.

I wrote several chapters and navigated the publishing process at the University of Massachusetts Lowell. Thank you to Luis Falcón and Todd Tietchen for the opportunity. Jenna Vinson and Robert Forrant provided invaluable feedback on an early draft of my book proposal. Anthony Szczesiul gave me crucial comments on a draft of my introduction. Bridget Marshall advised me at the contract stage. Rebecca Richards led by example and cheered me on every step of the way. Ann Dean created space for conversations about writing, and at one point she wrote me to say, “Your goals should be (a) survive, (b) work on your book. Everything else can wait,” which is the best thing someone can say. Stacy Szczesiul, Sue Kim, Christa Hodapp, and Darcie Boyer brought junior women faculty in Fine Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences together for valuable mentoring and camaraderie. Julie Nash created the opportunity to do the Faculty Success Program, where I was lucky to work with coach Dione King and group members Nozomi Tanaka, Rebekah Slodounik, and Hwanhee Hong. I am fortunate to be going through the assistant professor experience with friends like Larissa Gaias, Anita Li, and Kristen Stern. Rose Paton and her colleagues at the University Library helped me track down dozens of sources through Interlibrary Loan. I have benefited from so many conversations with Sara Backer, Laura Barefield, Shelley Barish, Dina Bozicas, Rosemarie Buxton, Mary Kate Cragg, Katherine Conlon, Kelly Drummey, Bernardo Feliciano, Milena Gueorguieva, Paula Haines, Natalie Houston, Andrew Johnson, Jacqueline Ledoux, Sean McCreery, Tracy Michaels, Keith Mitchell, Shaima Ragab, Nancy Selleck, Richard Serna, Katherine Shrieves, Jonathan Silverman, and Wilson Valentín-Escobar.

I wrote Chapter 1 last. When I was stuck, Brendan O’Connor’s work helped me realize that I should try to follow the money.

Helen Barton, Isabel Collins, Christian Green, Snadha Suresh Babu, Edward Street, and their colleagues at Cambridge University Press have expertly shepherded the manuscript through the publishing process. Thomas Ricento and the anonymous reviewers were uncommonly brilliant and generous, and they motivated me to keep writing and revising.

Parts of Chapter 3 first appeared as “Upscaling and downscaling: Negotiating scale in the English-only movement,” in the Journal of Sociolinguistics, 25(2), 235–252, copyright © 2021, published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. An earlier version of Chapter 4 first appeared in 2019 as “Resisting and rewriting English-only policies: Navigating multilingual, raciolinguistic, and translingual approaches to language advocacy,” in Literacy in Composition Studies, 7(1), 67–89.

Finally, I owe everything to my family, especially Jean Luchi, Garner Vogt, Patty Vogt, Alex Vogt, Victor Vogt, Lisa Vogt-Wolfgang, Max Wolfgang, Marie Poage, Debbie Streck-Black, David Black, Ann Black, Jenna Black, Thomas Black, Amanda Hightower, Velma Black, Emily Kesheimer, Benjamin Flowers, Otero Flowers, James Flowers, and Mike Black. Thank you all for being so generous, funny, supportive, and patient.