So much has been written on the wildlife of the Ngorongoro and Serengeti ecosystems that we do not attempt to summarise it all here. Instead this chapter concentrates on the main patterns in the wildlife community, and on management themes. The term ‘wildlife’ has changed over the past few decades, from meaning large game animals worthy of sport hunting, to to the present connotation of whole communities of wild plants and animals linked by intricate patterns of ecological interdependence. The main features of these communities were outlined for NCA in chapter 2, and factors governing the plant resources were discussed in chapter 5. In this chapter we introduce the main animal components, and outline the major natural processes governing the interactions and dynamics of the wild animal populations of NCA – migration, competition, disease, predation and plant–herbivore interactions. We then go on to select specific management issues: wildlife management goals; the concept of naturalness and the extent and desirability of change; species and areas of particular conservation importance; subsistence hunting and ivory poaching.