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8 - Lizard chemical senses, chemosensory behavior, and foraging mode

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 August 2010

By
William E. Cooper Jr.
Edited by
Stephen M. Reilly ,
Lance B. McBrayer  and
Donald B. Miles
William E. Cooper Jr.
Affiliation:
Department of Biology Indiana University–Purdue University at Ft. Wayne
Stephen M. Reilly
Affiliation:
Ohio University
Lance B. McBrayer
Affiliation:
Georgia Southern University
Donald B. Miles
Affiliation:
Ohio University
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Summary

Introduction

Even to casual observers, one of the most obvious things about lizards is tongue-flicking. The form and frequency of tongue-flicking vary greatly among lizard species, but all do it. No other animals do. Even tuataras, the closest living relatives of squamate reptiles and sole survivors of Rhynchocephalia, do not tongue-flick (Schwenk, 1986, 1993a; Cooper et al., 2001a). Biologists have suggested several functions for tongue-flicking in lizards and snakes, including sensory functions such as gustation (Schwenk, 1985), touch (Klauber, 1956; Bodnar et al., 1975), detection of airborne vibration (Ditmars, 1937; Klauber, 1956), and chemoreception. Some lizards extend the tongue as part of antipredatory displays (Greene, 1988), and the author F. Scott Fitzgerald (1945), undoubtedly based on frequent tongue-flicking during courtship by some species, has likened tongue-flicks to a kiss:

The kiss originated when the first male reptile licked the first female, implying in a subtle, complimentary way that she was as succulent as the small reptile he had for dinner the night before.

All of the available evidence suggests that the primary function of tongue-flicking is chemosensory. It has been amply demonstrated that lizards can detect food, predators, and conspecifics by tongue-flicking (Halpern, 1992; Mason, 1992; Cooper, 1997a; Downes and Shine, 1998). The tongue bears variable numbers of taste buds in lizards, but not in snakes, suggesting possible use of tongue-flicking to taste potential foods and other stimulus sources (Schwenk, 1985).

Type
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Lizard Ecology , pp. 237 - 270
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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