Al-ʿAbbani, Shaykh Saʿd ibn Ahmad. Muʿarraba li-Sana Shamsiyya 1242. MS 371, Jawhari 42103, Azhar.Google Scholar

(Anonymous.) Tahdhib al-anam fi taʿrib lalandnama. MS ṬR 182, ENL.Google Scholar

Al-ʿAzzazi, Khalil. Al-Kawkab al-Azhar fi al-ʿaml bi-l-rubʿ al-muqantar. MS K 3990, ENL.Google Scholar

Al-ʿAzzazi, Khalil. Muqaddima fi ʿamal mawaqiʿ ʿaqarib al-saʿat ʿala qadr al-hisas al-sharʿiyya li-kull ʿard. MS TR 204, ENL.Google Scholar

Batru, ʿIsa. Qatf azhar rawdat al-kaʾinat, wa-ma qasahu Adam min al-imtihanat. MS Or. 12.334, Leiden University.Google Scholar

Al-Biruni, Abu Rayhan. Al-Istiʿab bi-l-wujuh al-mumkina fi sinaʿat al-asturlab. MS K 8528, ENL.Google Scholar

Al-Dimashqi, ʿAbd al-Latif. Al-Manhaj al-Aqrab li-Tashih Mawqiʿ al-ʿAqrab. Isl Ms. 808, Michigan; MSS DM 812, DM 1104, TR 286, Z 822, ENL.Google Scholar

Al-Husayni, Ahmad. Tabaqat al-Shafiʿiyya. MS Taymur: Tarikh 1411, ENL.Google Scholar

Hüsnü, Hüseyin. Tercume-i zij-i Lalande. Ms T 6553, Istanbul University.Google Scholar

Ibn Hasan, Ibrahim “Shihab al-Din.” Sharh al-Lumʿa fi Hall al-Kawakib al-Sabʿa. MS DM 638, ENL.Google Scholar

Ibn Hasan, Ibrahim Sharh Muqaddimat Mahmud Qutb al-Mahalli. MS ṬM 225, ENL.Google Scholar

Ibn Qasim, Ahmad. Tuhfat al-Ikhwan. MS DM 1016, ENL.Google Scholar

Ibn Qasim, Ahmad. Wasilat al-mubtadiʾin li-ʿilm ghurrat al-shuhur wa-l-sinin. MS DM 1016, ENL.Google Scholar

Al-Jurjani, ʿAli b. Muhammad al-Sharif. Sharh al-tadhkira. MSS TH 32, TH 42, DH 103, DH 91, DH 86, ENL.Google Scholar

Al-Kawm al-Rishi, Abuʾl-ʿAbbas Ahmad ibn Ghulam Allah ibn Ahmad. Al-Lumʿa fi Hall al-Kawakib al-Sabʿa. MS Arabe 2526, BnF; MS Arab 249, Houghton Library, Harvard University.Google Scholar

Al-Khashshab, ʿAli. Risala mukhtasira fi taʿdil al-zaman wa-l-kusufat wa-l-khusuf. MS DM 261, ENL.Google Scholar

Al-Khawaniki, Ramadan b. Salih. Jadawil Mawqiʿ al-Saʿat ʿala Hasab Awqat al-Salawat. Isl. MS 808, Michigan; MS DM 812 and Z 822, ENL.Google Scholar

Al-Khudari al-Dimyati, Muhammad. Sharh al-Lumʿa fi Hall al-Kawakib al-Sabʿa. Isl. Ms. 772, Michigan; MSS 397 Bakhit 45606, 379 ʿArusi 42758, 374 ʿArusi 42753, Azhar; MSS 523.4089927 and 520.89927, QNL.Google Scholar

Al-Khudari al-Dimyati, Muhammad. Sharh Zad al-Musafir fi maʿrifat wadʿ fadl al-daʾir. MS ṬM 124, ENL.Google Scholar

De Lalande, J.J. Al-Mukhtasar fi ʿilm al-falak. Trans. Basili Fakhr et al. MSS Arabe 2554 and 2555, BnF.Google Scholar

Al-Nabuli, Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Rahman. Kashf al-Hijab ʿan Murshid al-Tullab, Ms 386 ʿArusi 42765, Azhar.Google Scholar

Al-Nabuli, Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Rahman. Natijat mawqiʿ ʿaqrab al-saʿat ʿala qadr hisas awaʾil awqat al-salawat fi al-shuhur al-qibtiyya. MS 317 al-Saqqa 28898, Azhar.Google Scholar

Al-Nisaburi, Nizam al-Din. Tawdih al-tadhkira. MS DH 88, ENL.Google Scholar

Al-Sannar, Muhammad. Kitab Rawdat al-Fasaha fi ʿIlmay al-Handasa wa-l-Misaha. MS TR 95, ENL.Google Scholar

Al-Shafiʿi, Mustafa Muhammad. Risala fi dhawat al-adhnab wa-takhtiʾat man zaʿm fanaʾ al-ʿalam biʾstidam al-ard bi-najm dhi dhanab. MS TR 82, ENL.Google Scholar

Al-Sharbatli, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim. Dustur Usul ʿIlm al-Miqat. Isl. Ms. 760, Michigan.Google Scholar

Al-Tahhan, Ibn Abi al-Khayr al-Husayni al-Armayuni. Al-Durra al-Mudiʾa fi Sharh al-Lumʿa al-Bahiyya. MS K 4009, ENL.Google Scholar

Voulgaris, Eugenios. Kitab fi al-miʾa sina al-ula min tajassud al-masih al-mukhallis. Trans. ʿIsa Batru. Ms Isl. Ms. 3rd Ser. no. 828, Princeton University.Google Scholar

Yahya, Husayn. Jadwal al-tawqiʿat al-yawmiyya wa-fihi samt al-qibla. MS K 4011.2, ENL.Google Scholar

Zayid, Husayn. Al-Matlaʿ al-saʿid fi hisabat al-kawakib al-sabʿa ʿala al-rasd al-jadid. MS ṬM 193, ENL.Google Scholar

Al-ʿAbbasi, Muhammad. Al-Fatawa al-Mahdiyya fi al-Waqaʾiʿ al-Misriyya. Cairo: al-Matbaʿa al-Azhariyya, 1301 [1883–84].Google Scholar

Al-Alusi al-Baghdadi, Abu al-Thanaʾ Shihab al-Din Mahmud al-Hasani al-Husayni. Al-Fayd al-Warid ʿala Rawd Marthiyyat Mawlana Khalid. Cairo: al-Matbaʿa al-Kastaliyya, 1278 [1861–62].Google Scholar

Amin, Ahmad. My Life. Trans. Issa J. Boullata. Leiden: Brill, 1978.Google Scholar

Al-ʿAzzazi, Khalil. Nukhbat qawl al-sadat fi maʿrifat ma yataʿallaq bi-l-munharifat. Cairo, 1315 [1897–98].Google Scholar

Al-ʿAzzazi, Khalil. Tashil al-raqaʾiq fi hisab al-daraj wa-l-daqaʾiq. N.p.: al-Matbaʿa al-Bahiyya, 1299 [1881–82].Google Scholar

Baedeker, Karl, ed. Egypt: Handbook for Travellers, 5th edition. Leipsic: Karl Baedeker, 1902.Google Scholar

Baedeker, Karl, Egypt and the Sudan: Handbook for Travellers, 6th edition Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1908.Google Scholar

Al-Banna, Muhammad Abu ʾl-ʿAlaʾ. Al-Mudhakkirat fi ʿilmay al-hayʾa wa-l-miqat. Cairo: al-Matbaʿa al-Rahmaniyya, 1924.Google Scholar

Barkley, H.C. Bulgaria before the War: During Seven Years’ Experience of European Turkey and Its Inhabitants. London: John Murray, 1877.Google Scholar

Bartky, Ian. Selling the True Time: Nineteenth-Century Timekeeping in America. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000.Google Scholar

Bayram, Mustafa. Tarikh al-Azhar. Cairo, 1903.Google Scholar

Beaujour, Louis-Auguste Félix de. A View of the Commerce of Greece, Formed after an Annual Average, from 1787 to 1797. London: H.L. Galabin, 1800.Google Scholar

Bertrand, J. “Éloge historique de M. Yvon Villarceau, membre de l’Institut.” Paper read at the Académie des sciences, 24 December 1888.Google Scholar

Bon, Gustave Le. La civilisation des Arabes. Syracuse [Italy]: IMAG, 1969.Google Scholar

Al-Bujayrimi, Sulayman ibn ʿUmar ibn Muhammad. Hashiyat al-Bujayrimi ʿala al-manhaj al-musammat al-tajrid li-nafʿ al-ʿabid ʿala sharh manhaj al-tullab li-Shaykh al-Islam Abi Yahya Zakariyya al-Ansari, vol. 2. Cairo: Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi, 1369 [1950].Google Scholar

Cambanis, Thanassis. “Egyptians Look for a Heavenly Sign to Start Ramadan.” New York Times, 12 August 2010, p. A14.Google Scholar

Çelebi, Katip. Kashf al-Zunun ʿan Asami al-Kutub wa-l-Funun. Beirut: Dar Ihyaʾ al-Turath al-ʿArabi, 1995.Google Scholar

Chennells, Ellen. Recollections of an Egyptian Princess, by Her English Governess, being a record of five years’ residence at the court of Ismael Pasha, Khedive. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1893.Google Scholar

Chrysostom, John. Qatf maqalat al-qiddis Yuhanna famm al-dhahab ʿan mutalaʿat al-kutub al-muqaddasa. Trans. ʿIsa Batru. Beirut, 1836.Google Scholar

Commission des monuments d’Égypte. Description de l’Égypte: Antiquités, vol. 2. Paris: Imprimerie Royale, 1818.Google Scholar

Commission des monuments d’Égypte. La Description de l’Égypte: État modern, vol. 1. Paris: L’Impremerie impériale, 1809.Google Scholar

Dağlı, Yücel and Pehlivanlı, Hamit. “Introduction.” Takvimü’s-Sinîn, by Muhtar Paşa, Gâzî Ahmed. Ankara: Genelkurmay Basımevi, 1993.Google Scholar

Dowson, E.M. A Report on the Work of the Survey Department in 1909. Cairo: al-Mokattam Printing Office, 1910.Google Scholar

Dowson, E.M. A Report on the Work of the Survey Department in 1910. Cairo: al-Mokattam Printing Office, 1911.Google Scholar

Duff Gordon, Lucie. Letters from Egypt. London: Virago, 1983.Google Scholar

Fakhr, Basili. Al-Jawahir al-Fakhriyya ʿan al-ʿilla al-ibthaqiyya. Jerusalem: Matbaʿat al-Qabr al-Muqaddas al-Batriyarkiyya, 1861.Google Scholar

Al-Falaki, Mahmud. Khartat Mudiriyyat al-Gharbiyya. Cairo: Kaufmann, 1289 [1872].Google Scholar

Al-Falaki, Mahmud. Khartat Mudiriyyat al-Qalyubiyya. Cairo: Kaufmann, 1289 [1872].Google Scholar

Al-Falaki, Mahmud. Nataʾij al-afham fi taqwim al-ʿarab qabla al-islam wa-fi tahqiq mawlidihi ʿalayhi al-salat wa-l-salam. Trans. Ahmad Zaki Afandi. Jidda: Dar al-Manara, 1992.Google Scholar

Al-Falaki, Mahmud. Risala ʿan al-Iskandariyya al-qadima wa-dawahiha wa-l-jihat al-qariba minha allati uktushifat bi-l-hafriyyat wa-aʿmal sabr al-ghawr wa-l-mash wa-turuq al-bahth al-ukhra. Trans. Mahmud Salih al-Falaki. Alexandria: Dar Nashr al-Thaqafa, 1966.Google Scholar

Al-Falaki, Mahmud. Al-Zawahir al-falakiyya al-murtabita bi-binaʾ al-ahram. Trans. Mahmud Salih al-Falaki. Cairo: Maktabat al-Anjlu al-Misriyya, n.d.Google Scholar

Faye, H. Cours d’astronomie de l’école polytechnique. 2 vols. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1881–83.Google Scholar

Fihrist al-kutub al-ʻarabiyya al-mahfuza bi-l-Kutubkhana al-Khidiwiyya, 7 vols. Cairo: Matbaʿat ʿUthman ʿAbd al-Razzaq, 1305–11 [1888–93].Google Scholar

Fikri Basha, ʿAbd Allah. Al-Athar al-Fikriyya, ed. Fikri, Amin. Introd. Muhammad ʿAbduh. Bulaq: al-Matbaʿa al-Kubra al-Amiriyya, 1897.Google Scholar

Fikri Basha, ʿAbd Allah. “Risala fi muqaranat baʿd nusus al-hayʾa bi-l-warid fi al-nusus al-sharʿiyya.” Rawdat al-Madaris 7, no. 5 (15 Rabiʿ al-Awwal 1293 [1876]): 1–23.Google Scholar

Forté, Joseph and Hana, Tadrus. Marsad Hilwan. Cairo: Al-Matbaʿa al-Amiriyya, 1927.Google Scholar

Gaillot, A. “Sur la direction de la verticale à l’Observatoire de Paris.” Comptes rendus 87 (July–December 1878): 684–704.Google Scholar

Gellion-Danglar, Eugène. Lettres sur l’Égypte contemporaine (1865–1875). Paris: Sandoz et Fischbacher, n.d.Google Scholar

Ghayth, ʿAbd al-Hamid Mursi. Kitab al-Manahij al-Hamidiyya fi Hisabat al-Nataʾij al-Sanawiyya. Cairo, 1923.Google Scholar

Graves, Robert Perceval. The Life of Sir William Rowan Hamilton, vol. 2. Dublin: Hodges, Figgis & Co., 1885.Google Scholar

Hall, Trowbridge. Egypt in Silhouette. New York: Macmillan, 1928.Google Scholar

Halawa, Sulayman. Al-Kawkab al-Zahir fi Fannn al-Bahr al-Zakhir. Cairo, 1291 [1874–75].Google Scholar

Al-Hamawi, Salim. Al-Barahin al-qatʿiyya ʿala ʿadam dawaran al-kura al-ardiyya. Alexandria: Matbaʿat al-Kawkab al-Sharqi, 1293 [1876].Google Scholar

Ibn Abi al-Fadl, Muhammad ibn ʿAli. Al-Riyad al-Zahirat fi al-ʿAml bi-Rubʿ al-Muqantarat. Cairo: al-Matbaʿa al-ʿAmira al-Sharqiyya, 1322 [1904–05].Google Scholar

Ibn Abi al-Hazm, ʿAli. The Theologus Autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafis. Trans. and ed. Meyerhof, Max and Schacht, Joseph. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968.Google Scholar

Ibn ʿAbidin, Muhammad Amin al-shahir bi-. Hashiyat radd al-muhtar ʿala al-durr al-mukhtar, vol. 1. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1399 [1979].Google Scholar

Ibn Rushd, Muhammad ibn Ahmad. Bidayat al-mujtahid wa-nihayat al-muqtasid, vol. 1. Cairo: Maktabat al-Kulliya al-Azhariyya, 1970–74.Google Scholar

Al-Jabarti, ʿAbd al-Rahman. ʿAjaʾib al-Athar fi al-Tarajim wa-l-Akhbar, vol. 2, ed. Jawhar, Hasan Muhammad et al. Cairo: Lajnat al-Bayan al-ʿArabi, 1958–67.Google Scholar

Al-Jabarti, ʿAbd al-Rahman. ʿAjaʾib al-Athar fi al-Tarajim wa-l-Akhbar, ed. Shams al-Din, Ibrahim. Cairo: Maktabat Madbuli, 1997.Google Scholar

Al-Jabarti, ʿAbd al-Rahman. Napoleon in Egypt: al-Jabarti’s Chronicle of the French Occupation, 1798. Trans. and ed. Moreh, Shmuel. Princeton, NJ: Markus Weiner Publishers, 2004.Google Scholar

Keeling, B.F.E. “Khedivial Observatory, Helwan.” MNRAS 73 no. 4 (February 1913): 254–55.Google Scholar

Al-Khafaji, Ahmad b. Muhammad b. ʿUmar. Shifaʾ al-Ghalil fi ma fi Kalam al-ʿArab min al-Dakhil, ed. Kashshash, Muhammad. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1998.Google Scholar

Khalifa, Ahmad Ismaʿil. Muqaddima falakiyya wa-judiziyya. www.esa.gov.eg/flaky.pdf. Accessed April 2015.Google Scholar

Al-Khudari Bey, Muhammad. Nur al-yaqin fi sirat sayyid al-mursalin. Cairo: Dar al-Basaʾir, 2008.Google Scholar

Al-Khudari al-Dimyati, Muhammad. Hashiya ʿala Sharh ibn ʿAqil ʿala Matn al-Alfiyya. Cairo: Matbaʿat al-Hujar al-Nayyira, 1272 [1856].Google Scholar

Knox-Shaw, H. “Khedivial Observatory, Helwan.” MNRAS 74, no. 4 (February 1914): 311–12.Google Scholar

Knox-Shaw, H. “Observations of Halley’s Comet made at the Khedivial Observatory, Helwan.” Survey Department Paper no. 23. Cairo: National Printing Department, 1911.Google Scholar

Kudsi, Bakülu. Efkâr ül-Ceberût fi tercümet-i Esrar il-melekût. Istanbul: Dar üt-Tıbaat ül-Amire, 1265 [1848].Google Scholar

Lane, E.W. An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians: The Definitive 1860 Edition. Cairo: AUC Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Lalande, Jerome de. Astronomie, 3rd edition. Paris: Desaint, 1792.Google Scholar

Lalande, Jerome de. Compendio di astronomia, ed. Chiminello, Vincenzo. Padua: Tommaso Bettinelli, 1796.Google Scholar

Leverrier, Urbain. “Refutation de quelques critiques et allegations portées contre les travaux de l’Observatoire impérial de Paris, et denuées de toute espèce de fondement.” Comptes rendus 65 (January–June 1865): 105–15.Google Scholar

Lucas, A. and Keeling, B.F.E. “The Manufacture of the Holy Carpet.” Cairo Scientific Journal 7, no. 81 (June 1913): 129–30.Google Scholar

Lyons, H.G. The Cadastral Survey of Egypt, 1892–1907. Cairo: National Printing Department, 1908.Google Scholar

Lyons, H.G. “Civil Time in Egypt.” Cairo Scientific Journal 2 (1908): 50–59.Google Scholar

Lyons, H.G. The History of Surveying and Land-Measurement in Egypt. Cairo: National Printing Department, 1907.Google Scholar

Lyons, H.G. A Report on the Work of the Survey Department in 1905. Cairo: al-Mokattam Printing Office, 1906.Google Scholar

Lyons, H.G. A Report on the Work of the Survey Department in 1906. Cairo: al-Mokattam Printing Office, 1907.Google Scholar

Mahmoud-Bey, . L’âge et le but des Pyramides, lus dans Sirius. Extrait des Bulletins de l’Académie Royale de Belgique, 14, 2nd Ser. Alexandria: Imprimerie Francaise Mourès, Rey & C^e, 1865.Google Scholar

Mahmoud-Bey, . Mémoire sur l’antique Alexandrie. Copenhagen: Imprimerie de Bianco Luno, 1872.Google Scholar

Mahmoud-Bey, . Rapport à son altesse Mohammed Saïd, vice-roi d’Égypte, sur l’Éclipse totale de soleil observé à Dongolah (Nubie), le 18 Juillet 1860, par Mahmoud-Bey, astronome de son altesse. Paris: Mallet-Bachelier, Imprimeur-Libraire du bureau des longitudes, de l’école polytechnique, 1861.Google Scholar

Mahmoud Effendi, . “Mémoire sur le calendrier arabe avant l’islamisme, et sur la naissance et l’âge du prophète Mohammed.” Extrait du Journal Asiatique no. 2 (1858).Google Scholar

Mahmoud Effendi, . “Mémoire sur le calendrier arabe avant l’islamisme, et sur la naissance et l’âge du prophète Mohammed.” Brussels: Hayez, 1858.Google Scholar

Mahmoud Effendi, . “Mémoire sur les Calendriers judaïque et musulman: du Calendrier judaïque.” Mémoire présenté à la classe des sciences de l’Académie royale de Belgique, 8 May 1855. Brussels: Hayez, 1855.Google Scholar

Mahmoud Effendi, . “Identité du rôle de l’auxiliaire avoir et du verbe كان, lié avec un autre verbe.” Journal Asiatique, 5th Ser., 13 (April–May 1859): 293–309.Google Scholar

Al-Mawardi, Abu ʾl-Hasan ʿAli bin Muhammad ibn Habib al-Basri. Adab al-Dunya wa-l-din. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1987.Google Scholar

May, William Page. Helwân and the Egyptian Desert. London: George Allen, 1901.Google Scholar

Montucla, J.F. [sic]. Histoire des mathématiques: nouvelle edition, vol. 1. Paris: Henri Agasse, Year 7 [1798–99].Google Scholar

Moustapha, Ismail-Bey. “Notice nécrologique de S.E. Mahmoud Pacha El Falaki.” Notices biographiques sur S.E. Mahmoud-Pacha El Falaki. Cairo: Impremerie Nationale, 1886.Google Scholar

Moustapha, Ismaïl-Effendi. Recherche des coefficients de dilatation et étalonage de l’appareil à mesurer les bases géodesiques appartenant au gouvernement Égyptien. Paris: Impremerie de V. Goupy et C, 1864.Google Scholar

Mubarak, ʿ Ali. Al-Khitat al-tawfiqiyya al-jadida, 20 vols. Bulaq: al-Matbaʿa al-Kubra al-Amiriyya, 1304–06 [1886–89].Google Scholar

Muhtar Paşa, Gâzî Ahmed. Islah-ü Takvim. Cairo: Matbaʿat Muhammad Afandi Mustafa, 1307 [1889–90].Google Scholar

Mukhtar Basha, Ahmad. Riyad al-Mukhtar. Cairo: Matbaʿat Bulaq, 1885.Google Scholar

Mukhtar Bey, Muhammad. “Tarjamat hayat al-ʿalim al-fadil al-maghfur lahu Mahmud Basha al-Falaki.” Notices biographiques sur S.E. Mahmoud-Pacha El Falaki. Cairo: Impremerie Nationale, 1886.Google Scholar

Al-Muradi, Muhammad Khalil ibn ʿAli. Silk al-Durar fi Aʿyan al-Qarn al-Thani ʿAshar. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1997.Google Scholar

Al-Murati, ʿUmar b. al-Murabah b. Hasan b. ʿAbd al-Qadir, ed. Muqaddima Sharifa Kashifa lima Ihtawat ʿalayhi min Rasm al-Kalimat al-Qurʾaniyya wa-Dabtiha wa-ʿAdd al-Ayy al-Munifa. Ismailia: Maktabat al-Imam al-Bukhari, 1427 [2006].Google Scholar

Musa, Salama. The Education of Salama Musa. Trans. L.O. Schuman. Leiden: Brill, 1961.Google Scholar

Al-Mutiʿi, Muhammad Bakhit. Kitab Irshad ahl al-milla ila ithbat al-ahilla. Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm, 1421[2000].Google Scholar

Al-Mutiʿi, Muhammad ibn Bakhit. Al-Fatawa lil-Imam al-ʿAllama Muhammad bin Bakhit al-Mutiʿi, ed. Abu ʿAsi, Muhammad Salim. Lebanon: al-Siddiq li-l-ʿUlum, Dar Nur al-Sabah, Dar al-ʿUlum, 2012.Google Scholar

Al-Nabuli, Muhammad. Fath al-Mannan ʿala al-Manzuma al-Musamma Tuhfat al-Ikhwan. Cairo: Matbaʿat Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi, 1325 [1907].Google Scholar

Al-Nabulusi, ʿAbd al-Ghani ibn Ismaʿil. Jawahir al-Nusus fi Hall Kalimat al-Fusus, ed. al-Darqawi, ʿAsim Ibrahim al-Kayyani al-Husayni al-Shadhili. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 2008.Google Scholar

Nagi, Mahmud. “The Mohammedan Hours of Prayer.” Survey Notes no. 4 (January 1907): 151–53.Google Scholar

Naji, Mahmud. Natijat al-Dawla al-Misriyya li-Sanat 1354 Hijriyya. Cairo: al-Matbaʿa al-Amiriyya, 1935.Google Scholar

Pellissier, Augustin. Rapport addressé a M. Le Ministre d’instruction publique et des cultes, par M. Pellissier, Professeur de philosophie, chargé d’une mission en Orient, sur l’état d’instruction publique en Égypte. Paris: Paul Dupont, n.d.Google Scholar

Perceval, Caussin de. “Mémoire sur le calendrier arabe avant l’islamisme.” Journal Asiatique 4th Ser., 1 (1843): 342–79.Google Scholar

Pond, John. Astronomical Observations Made at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. London: T. Bensley, 1830.Google Scholar

Public Works Ministry (Egypt). Report upon the Administration of the Public Works Department for 1899 by Sir W. E. Garstin, K.C.M.G., under secretary of state for public works department, with reports by the officers in charge of the several branches of the administration. Cairo: National Printing Department, 1900.Google Scholar

Al-Qazwini, Zakariyya.ʿAjaʾib al-makhluqat wa-gharaʾib al-mawjudat, ed. Saʿd, Faruq. Beirut: Dar al-Afaq al-Haditha, 1973.Google Scholar

Raghib, Idris Bey. Kitab Tib al-nafs bi-maʿrifat al-awqat al-khams. Cairo: Matbaʿat al-Muqtataf, 1312 [1894–95].Google Scholar

Al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din Muhammad b. ʿUmar. Al-Tafsir al-Kabir li-l-Fakhr al-Razi, vol. 22. Tehran: Shirkat Ṣaḥāfī Nawīn, 198-.Google Scholar

Al-Sabban, Muhammad. Hashiya ʿala Mullawi lil-sullam. Cairo: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿArabiyya al-Kubra, 1332 [1913–14].Google Scholar

Sacy, Sylvestre de. “Mémoire sur divers événemens de l’histoire des Arabes avant Mahomet.” Mémoires de littérature, tirés des registres de l’Académie royale des inscriptions et belles-lettres 48 (1808): 484–762.Google Scholar

Al-Safadi, Khalil ibn Aybak. Al-Ghayth al-musjam fi sharh lamiyyat al-ʿajam. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1975.Google Scholar

Saint-Hilaire, J. Barthélemy. Lettres sur l’Égypte. Paris: Michel Lévy, 1857.Google Scholar

Sarhank, Ismaʿil. Haqaʾiq al-akhbar ʿan duwal al-bihar. Bulaq: al-Matbaʿa al-Miriyya, 1314 [1896–97].Google Scholar

“Shabakat al-multazim al-islamiyya.” www.mltzm.com/vb/showthread.php?t= 36289 #axzz2Fpn6ar00. Accessed April 2015.Google Scholar

Al-Sharnubi al-Azhari, ʿAbd al-Majid. Sharh dalaʾil al-khayrat li-l-Juzuli. Cairo: Maktabat al-Adab, 1994.Google Scholar

Sharubim, Mikhaʾil. Al-Kaafi fi tarikh Misr al-qadim wa-al-hadith. Bulaq: al-Matbaʿa al-Kubra al-Amiriyah, 1898.Google Scholar

Shirwani, ʿAbd al-Hamid. Hawashi ʿAbd al-Hamīd al-Shirwani wa-Ahmad ibn Qasim al-ʿAbbadi ʿala Tuhfat al-muhtaj bi-sharh al-Minhaj, vol. 3. Beirut: Dar Sadir, n.d.Google Scholar

Sidqi, Muhammad Tawfiq. Al-Din fi nazar al-ʿaql al-sahih. Cairo: Matbaʿat al-Manar, 1346 [1927].Google Scholar

Smyth, Charles Piazzi. Life and Work at the Great Pyramid, during the Months of January, February, April, and May, A.D. 1865. Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas, 1867.Google Scholar

Survey Department (Cairo). Meteorological Report for the Year 1903. Cairo: National Printing Department, 1905.Google Scholar

Survey Department (Cairo). A Report on the Meteorological Observations Made at the Abbassia Observatory, Cairo, during the Year 1900. Cairo: National Printing Office, 1902.Google Scholar

Survey Department (Egypt). An Almanac for the Year 1902: Compiled at the Offices of the Survey Department, Public Works Ministry. Cairo: National Printing Department, 1902.Google Scholar

Survey Department (Egypt). “A Report on the Delimitation of the Turco-Egyptian Boundary, between the Vilayet of the Hejaz and the Peninsula of Sinai (June-September, 1906), by E.B.H. Wade, together with additions by B.F. E. Keeling and J.I. Craig.” Survey Department Paper no. 4. Cairo: National Printing Department, 1907.Google Scholar

Survey Department (Egypt). A Report on the Meteorological Observations Made at the Abbassia Observatory, Cairo, during the years 1898 and 1899. Cairo: National Printing Department, 1900.Google Scholar

Survey Department (Egypt). Report on the Meteorological and Physical Services for 1912. Cairo: Government Press, 1913.Google Scholar

Survey Department and Physical Service (Egypt). Helwan Observatory Bulletins, vol. 1. Cairo, 1923.Google Scholar

Survey of Egypt. “The Survey of Egypt, 1898–1948,” ed. Murray, G.W.. Survey Department Paper no. 50 (1950).Google Scholar

Al-Tahtawi, Rifaʿa Rafiʿ. Takhlis al-ibriz ila talkhis Bariz. Bulaq: Dar al-Tibaʻa al-Khidiwiyya, 1250 [1834–35].Google Scholar

Taylor, John. The Great Pyramid: Why was it Built? & Who Built it? London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, 1859.Google Scholar

Tekeli, Sevim. 16’ıncı Asırda Osmanlılarda Saat ve Takiyüddin’in “Mekanik Saat Konstrüksüyonuna Dair En Parlak Yıldızlar” Adlı Eseri. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, 1966.Google Scholar

Toderini, L’Abbé. De la Littérature des turcs, traduit de l’Italien en François. Trans. l’Abbé de Cournand. Paris: Poinçot Libraire, 1789.Google Scholar

Turner, H.H. “From an Oxford Note-Book.” The Observatory 32, no. 406 (1909): 110–14.Google Scholar

Al-Tusi, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan. Kitab al-khilaf, vol. 1. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Nashr al-Islami, 1425 [2004].Google Scholar

ʿUrabi, Ahmad. Mudhakkirat al-zaʿim Ahmad ʿUrabi, ed. al-Jumayʿi, ʿAbd al-Munʿim Ibrahim. Cairo: Matbaʿat Dar al-Kutub, 2005.Google Scholar

Villarceau, A.-J. Yvon. “Ascensions droites et distances polaires apparentes de la grande comète de 1861, conclues des observations equatoriales.” Comptes rendus 53 (July–December 1861): 1036.Google Scholar

Villarceau, A.-J. Yvon. “Comparison des déterminations astronomiques faites par l’Observatoire impérial de Paris, avec les positions et azimuts géodésiques publiés par le Dépôt de la Guerre.” Comptes rendus 62 (January–December 1866): 805.Google Scholar

Villarceau, A.-J. Yvon. “Determination astronomique de la longitude et de la latitude de Dunkerque.” Annales de l’Observatoire impérial de Paris: mémoires 8 (1866): 209–356.Google Scholar

Villarceau, A.-J. Yvon. “Longitudes, latitudes, et azimuts terrestres au moyen des observations faites au cercle meridien no. II de Rigaud.” Annales de l’Observatoire impérial de Paris: mémoires 9 (1868): 1–124.Google Scholar

Villarceau, A.-J. Yvon. “Memoire sur les observations de l’éclipse totale de soleil du 18 Juillet 1860, faites en Espagne par la Commission française (extrait).” Comptes rendus 67 (July–December 1868): 275–76, 278.Google Scholar

Villarceau, A.-J. Yvon. “Observations de la comète de Tempel, faites à l’equatorial de la tour de l’ouest, à l’Observatoire imperial de Paris.” Comptes rendus 49 (July–December 1859): 484.Google Scholar

Al-Yaziji, Ibrahim. Asʾila ila Majallat “al-Bayan” wa-Ajwibat al-Shaykh Ibrahim al-Yaziji ʿalayha, ed. Khuri, Yusuf. Beirut: Dar al-Hamraʾ, 1993.Google Scholar

Zaydan, Jirji. Tarikh al-Tamaddun al-Islami. Cairo: Matbaʿat al-Hilal, 1906.Google Scholar

Zayid, Husayn. Al-Matlaʿ al-saʿid fi hisabat al-kawakib al-sabʿa ʿala al-rasd al-jadid. Cairo: al-Matbaʿa al-Baruniyya, 1304 [1887].Google Scholar

Zéki Bey, Ahmed. “Notice biographique sur S.E. Ismail Pacha El-Falaki.” Bulletin de la société khédiviale de géographie, 6th Ser. Cairo: Impremerie Nationale, 1908.Google Scholar

Zwemer, Samuel. “The Clock, the Calendar, and the Koran.” The Moslem World 3 (1913): 262–74.Google Scholar

ʿAbd al-Karim, Ahmad ʿIzzat. Tarikh al-taʿlim fi ʿasr Muhammad ʿAli. Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahda al-Misriyya, 1938.Google Scholar

Abu ʿAli, Ahmad, and Amin, al-Watani. Al-Maktaba al-Baladiyya: Faharis al-Tabiʿiyyat wa-l-Riyadiyyat wa-l-Qawanin wa-l-sharaʾiʿ. Alexandria: Sharikat al-Matbuʿat al-Misriyya, 1347 [1928].Google Scholar

Abu-Lughod, Janet. “Tale of Two Cities: The Origins of Modern Cairo.” CSSH 7 (1965): 429–57.Google Scholar

Adıvar, Adnan. La science chez les Turcs Ottomans. Paris: Librairie Orientale et Américaine, 1939.Google Scholar

Agrama, Hussein Ali. Questioning Secularism: Islam, Sovereignty, and the Rule of Law in Modern Egypt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.Google Scholar

Ahmed, Asad Q. “Systematic Growth in Sustained Error: A Case Study in the Dynamism of Post-Classical Islamic Scholasticism.” In Islamic Scholarly Tradition, ed. Ahmed, Asad Q., Sadeghi, Behnam, and Bonner, Michael. Leiden: Brill, 2011, 343–77.Google Scholar

Ahmed, Asad Q., Sadeghi, Behnam, and Bonner, Michael, eds. The Islamic Scholarly Tradition: Studies in History, law, and Thought in Honor of Professor Michael Allan Cook. Leiden: Brill, 2011.Google Scholar

Aksan, Virginia. Ottoman Wars, 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged. Harlow, UK: Longman/Pearson, 2007.Google Scholar

Alder, Ken. The Measure of All Things. New York: The Free Press, 2001.Google Scholar

Alleaume, Ghislaine. “L’école polytechnique du Caire et ses élèves: la formation d’une élite technique dans l’Égypte du XIXème siècle.” Ph.D Diss., Université de Lyon II, 1993.Google Scholar

Alstadt, Audrey L. “Nasihatlar of Abbas Kulu Agha Bakikhanli.” Central Asian Monuments, ed. Paksoy, H.B.. Istanbul: ISIS Press, 1992. Accessed online at http://eurasia-research.com/erc/007cam.htm.Google Scholar

Anawati, G.C. “Faḵh̲r al- Din al-Razi.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition, ed. Bearman, P et al. Brill Online.Google Scholar

Andrews, James. Science for the Masses: The Bolshevik State, Public Science, and the Popular Imagination in Soviet Russia, 1917–1934. College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Ansari, S.M. Razaullah. “European Astronomy in Indo-Persian Writings.” In History of Oriental Astronomy, ed. Ansari, S.M. Razaullah. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2002. 134–44.Google Scholar

Arjomand, Kamran. “The Emergence of Scientific Modernity in Iran: Controversies Surrounding Astrology and Modern Astronomy in the Mid-Nineteenth Century.” Iranian Studies 30, nos. 1–2 (Winter/Spring, 1997): 5–24.Google Scholar

Aroian, Lois Armine. The Nationalization of Arabic and Islamic Education in Egypt: Dar al-ʿUlum and al-Azhar. Cairo Papers in Social Science 6, no. 4. Cairo: AUC, 1983.Google Scholar

Asad, Talal. Formations of the Secular. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Asad, Talal. “The Idea of an Anthropology of Islam.” Georgetown University Center for Contemporary Arab Studies Occasional Paper Series. 1986.Google Scholar

Aubin, David, et al., eds. The Heavens on Earth: Observatories and Astronomy in Nineteenth-Century Science and Culture. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010.Google Scholar

Ayalon, Ami. The Press in the Arab Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.Google Scholar

ʿAzzawi, ʿAbbas. Tarikh ʿilm al-falak fi al-ʿIraq wa-ʿalaqatihi bi-l-aqtar al-Islamiyya wa-l-ʿArabiyya fi al-ʿuhud al-taliyah li-ayyam al-ʿAbbasiyyin. Baghdad: Matbaʿat al-Majmaʿal-ʿIlmi al-ʿIraqi, 1958.Google Scholar

Barak, On. On Time: Technology and Temporality in Modern Egypt. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2013.Google Scholar

Baron, Beth. The Women’s Awakening in Egypt: Culture, Society, and the Press. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Barton, Ruth. “Just before ‘Nature’: The Purpose of Science and the Purpose of Popularization in Some English Popular Science Journals of the 1860s,” Annals of Science 55 (1998): 1–33.Google Scholar

Basalla, George. “The Spread of Western Science.” Science 156, no. 3775 (1967): 611–22.Google Scholar

Baskerville, Jr., John. “From Tahdhiib al-Amma to Tahmiish al-Ammiyya: In Search of Social and Literary Roles for Standard and Colloquial Arabic in late 19th Century Egypt.” Ph.D. Diss., University of Texas, Austin, 2009.Google Scholar

Bayly, C.A. The Birth of the Modern World. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004.Google Scholar

Ben-Zaken, Avner. Cross-Cultural Scientific Exchanges in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1560–1660. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010.Google Scholar

Ben-Zaken, Avner. “The Heavens of the Sky and the Heavens of the Heart: The Ottoman Cultural Context for the Introduction of Post-Copernican Astronomy,” BJHS 37 (2004): 1–28.Google Scholar

Ben-Zaken, Avner. Reading Hayy Ibn Yaqzan. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Berlekamp, Persis. Wonder, Image, and Cosmos in Medieval Islam. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Biger, Gideon. “The First Political Map of Egypt,” Cartographica 19 (1982): 83–89.Google Scholar

Blake, Stephen. Time in Early Modern Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.Google Scholar

Boistel, Guy, et al. Jérôme Lalande. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2010.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. “Time Perspectives of the Kabyle.” In The Sociology of Time, ed. Hassard, John. London: Macmillan, 1990. 219–37.Google Scholar

Brentjes, Sonja. “Astronomy a Temptation? On Early Modern Encounters across the Mediterranean Sea.” In Travellers from Europe in the Ottoman and Safavid Empires, 16th-17th centuries: Seeking, Transforming, Discarding Knowledge. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2010.Google Scholar

Brentjes, Sonja. “The Prison of Categories—‘Decline’ and Its Company.” In Islamic Philosophy, Science, Culture, and Religion: Studies in Honor of Dimitri Gutas, ed. Opwis, Felicitas and Reisman, David. Leiden: Brill, 2012. 131–56.Google Scholar

Brentjes, Sonja and Morrison, Robert G.. “The Sciences in Islamic Societies.” In The New Cambridge History of Islam, vol. 4, ed. Irwin, Robert with Blair, William. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. 564–639.Google Scholar

“Bringing Sound into Middle East Studies.” IJMES 48 (2016): 113–55.Google Scholar

Brown, Daniel. Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.Google Scholar

Burnett, D. Graham. Masters of All They Surveyed: Exploration, Geography, and a British El Dorado. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.Google Scholar

Cairo University. Helwan Observatory. Cairo: Cairo University Press, 1958.Google Scholar

Canales, Jimena. A Tenth of a Second. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Carlebach, Elisheva. Palaces of Time: Jewish Calendar and Culture in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Casanova, José. Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Çelik, Zeynep. Empire, Architecture, and the City: French-Ottoman Encounters, 1830–1914. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2008.Google Scholar

Chamberlain, Michael. Knowledge and Social Practice in Medieval Damascus, 1190–1350. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Charette, François. Mathematical Instrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria: The Illustrated Treatise of Najm al-Din al-Misri. Leiden: Brill, 2003.Google Scholar

Cioeta, Donald. “Ottoman Censorship in Lebanon and Syria.” IJMES 10 (1979): 167–86.Google Scholar

Coen, Deborah. The Earthquake Observers. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.Google Scholar

Cohn, Bernard. Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Cole, Juan. Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.Google Scholar

Collins, Harry. Changing Order: Replication and Induction in Scientific Practice. London: SAGE, 1985.Google Scholar

Commins, David. “Religious Reformers and Arabists in Damascus, 1885–1914.” IJMES 18, no. 4 (November 1986): 405–25.Google Scholar

Crowe, Michael. Theories of the World from Antiquity to the Copernican Revolution. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1990.Google Scholar

Crozet, Pascal. Les sciences modernes en Égypte: transfert et appropriation, 1805–1902. Paris: Geuthner, 2008.Google Scholar

Crozet, Pascal. “La Trajectoire d’un scientifique égyptien au XIXe siècle: Mahmud al-Falaki (1815–1885).” Entre reforme sociale et mouvement national: Identité et modernization en Égypte. Cairo: CEDEJ, 1995. 285–309.Google Scholar

Dallal, Ahmad. “Appropriating the Past: Twentieth-century Reconstruction of Pre-Modern Islamic Thought.” Islamic Law and Society 7, no. 3 (2000): 325–58.Google Scholar

Dallal, Ahmad. Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010.Google Scholar

Dallal, Ahmad. An Islamic Response to Greek Astronomy. Leiden: Brill, 1995.Google Scholar

Davis, Ralph. Aleppo and Devonshire Square. London: Macmillan, 1967.Google Scholar

Delanoue, Gilbert. Moralistes et politiques musulmans dans l’Egypte du XIXe siècle, vol. 2. Cairo: Institut Français d’archéologie orientale du Caire, 1982.Google Scholar

DeWeese, Devin. “Authority.” In Key Themes for the Study of Islam, ed. Elias, Jamal. Oxford: Oneworld, 2010. 26–52.Google Scholar

Di-Capua, Yoav. Gatekeepers of the Arab Past: Historians and History-Writing in Twentieth-Century Egypt. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Dikötter, Frank, and Brown, Ian, eds. Cultures of Confinement: A History of the Prison in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Dimirdash, Ahmad. Mahmud Hamdi al-Falaki. Cairo: al-Dar al-Missriyya lil-taʼlif wa-l-tarjama, 1966.Google Scholar

Dixon, Thomas, et al., eds. Science and Religion: New Historical Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar

Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhard. History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders. Trans. Thomas Dunlap. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.Google Scholar

Dumont, Simone. Un Astronome des lumières: Jérôme Lalande. Paris: Vuibert/Observatoire de Paris, 2007.Google Scholar

Ebert, Johannes. Religion und Reform in der arabischen Provinz: Ḥusayn al-Ǧisr al-Tarâbulusî (1845–1909) – Ein islamischer Gelehrter zwischen Tradition und Reform. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1991.Google Scholar

Eccel, Chris. Egypt, Islam, and Social Change: al-Azhar in Conflict and Accommodation. Berlin: K. Schwarz, 1984.Google Scholar

Eickelman, Dale F. and Piscatori, James. Muslim Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996.Google Scholar

El Hadidi, Hager. “Survivals and Surviving: Belonging to Zar in Cairo.” Ph.D. Diss., University of North Carolina, 2006.Google Scholar

El-Rouayheb, Khaled. “Opening the Gate of Verification: The Forgotten Arab-Islamic Florescence of the 17th Century.” IJMES 38 (2006): 263–81.Google Scholar

El-Rouayheb, Khaled. Relational Syllogisms and the History of Arabic Logic. Leiden: Brill, 2010.Google Scholar

El Shakry, Omnia. The Great Social Laboratory: Subjects of Knowledge in Colonial and Postcolonial Egypt. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Ellis, Matthew. “Between Empire and Nation: the Emergence of Egypt’s Libyan Borderland, 1841–1911.” Ph.D. Diss., Princeton University, 2012.Google Scholar

Elman, Benjamin. On Their Own Terms: Science in China, 1550–1900. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005.Google Scholar

Elshakry, Marwa. “The Gospel of Science and American Evangelism in Late Ottoman Beirut.” Past and Present 196 (2007): 173–214.Google Scholar

Elshakry, Marwa. “Knowledge in Motion: The Cultural Politics of Modern Science Translations in Arabic.” Isis 99 (2008): 701–30.Google Scholar

Elshakry, Marwa. Reading Darwin in Arabic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.Google Scholar

Elshakry, Marwa. “When Science Became Western: Historiographical Reflections.” Isis 101 (2010): 98–109.Google Scholar

Escovitz, Joseph H. The Office of Qadi al-Qudat in Cairo under the Bahri Mamluks. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz, 1984.Google Scholar

Euben, Roxanne and Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, eds. Princeton Readings in Islamist Thought Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Fahmy, Khaled. All the Pasha’s Men. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Fahmy, Khaled. “Dissecting the Modern Egyptian State.” IJMES 47 (2015): 559–62.Google Scholar

Fahmy, Khaled. “Medicine and Power: Towards a Social History of Medicine in Nineteenth-Century Egypt.” Cairo Papers in Social Science 23, no. 2, ed. Hill, Enid. Cairo: AUC Press, 2000.Google Scholar

Fahmy, Khaled. Mehmed Ali: From Ottoman Governor to Ruler of Egypt. Oxford: Oneworld, 2009.Google Scholar

Al-Fandi, Muhammad Jamal al-Din, et al. Tarikh al-Haraka al-ʿIlmiyya fi Misr al-Haditha: al-ʿulum al-asasiyya: al-irsad al-jawiyya wa-l-falakiyya wa-l-jiyufiziqiyya. 1990.Google Scholar

Farag, Nadia. “Al-Muqtataf 1876–1900: A Study of the Influence of Victorian Thought on Modern Arabic Thought.” Ph.D. diss., Oxford University, 1969.Google Scholar

Fleck, Ludwik. Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact. Trans. Fred Bradley and Thaddeus J. Trenn. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.Google Scholar

Flood, Finbarr Barry. “Lost Histories of a Licit Figural Art.” IJMES 45 (2013): 566–69.Google Scholar

Floor, Willem and Javadi, Hasan. Introduction to The Heavenly Rose-Garden: A History of Shirvan & Daghestan, ed. Bakikhanov, Abbas Qoli Aqa. Washington, DC: Mage, 2009.Google Scholar

Fortna, Benjamin. Imperial Classroom: Islam, the State, and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.Google Scholar

Galison, Peter. Einstein’s Clocks, Poincaré’s Maps: Empires of Time. New York: Norton, 2003.Google Scholar

Galison, Peter. Image and Logic: A Material History of Microphysics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Gavish, Dov. A Survey of Palestine under the British Mandate. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005.Google Scholar

Gelvin, James and Green, Nile, eds. Global Muslims in the Age of Steam and Print. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2014.Google Scholar

Genuth, Sara Schechner. Comets, Popular Culture, and the Birth of Modern Cosmology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Georgeon, François and Hitzel, Frédéric, eds. Les Ottomans et le temps. Leiden: Brill, 2012.Google Scholar

Gerber, Haim. Islamic Law and Culture 1600–1840. Leiden: Brill, 1999.Google Scholar

Gershoni, Israel and Jankowski, James. Commemorating the Nation. Chicago: Middle East Documentation Center, 2004.Google Scholar

Gershoni, Israel and Jankowski, James. Egypt, Islam, and the Arabs: the Search for Egyptian Nationhood, 1900–1930. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.Google Scholar

Gesink, Indira Falk. Islamic Reform and Conservatism: al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam. London: I.B. Tauris, 2014.Google Scholar

Ghazal, Amal. Islamic Reform and Arab Nationalism: Expanding the Crescent from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean. London: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar

Gieryn, Thomas. “Three Truth Spots.” Journal of the History of the Behavioural Sciences 38 (2002): 113–32.Google Scholar

Gilbar, Gad G. “Muslim tujjar and the Middle East and Their Networks in the Long Nineteenth Century.” Studia Islamica 100/101 (2005): 138–202.Google Scholar

Glass, Dagmar. Der Muqtataf und seine Öffentlichkeit: Aufklaerung, Raesonnement und Meinungsstreit in der fruehen arabischen Zeitschriftenkommunikation. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, 2004.Google Scholar

Glennie, Paul and Thrift, Nigel. “Reworking E.P. Thompson’s ‘Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism.’” Time and Society 5 (1996): 275–99.Google Scholar

Goichon, A.M. “Hikma.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition, ed. Bearman, P. et al. Brill Online.Google Scholar

Goldschmidt, Jr., Arthur. Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt. Cairo: AUC Press, 2000.Google Scholar

Goldstein, Bernard. “Copernicus and the Origins of the Helicentric System,” JHA 33 (2002): 219–35.Google Scholar

Gorman, Anthony. Historians, State and Politics in Twentieth Century Egypt: Contesting the Nation. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.Google Scholar

Gould, Rebecca. “Cosmopolitical Genres and Geographies: Poetry and History in the Nineteenth Century Caucasus.” Comparative Literature 70 (2018, forthcoming).Google Scholar

Grafton, Anthony. The Footnote: A Curious History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Gran, Peter. Islamic Roots of Capitalism. Cairo: AUC Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Von Grunebaum, G.E. “Muslim World View and Muslim Science.” Dialectica 17 (1963): 353–67.Google Scholar

Gutas, Dimitri. “Aspects of Literary Form and Genre in Arabic Logical Works.” In Glosses and Commentaries on Aristotelian Logical Texts: The Syriac, Arabic and Medieval Latin Traditions, ed. Burnett, Charles. London: Warburg Institute, 1993. 28–76.Google Scholar

Gutas, Dimitri. Greek Thought, Arabic Culture. New York: Routledge, 1998.Google Scholar

Haddad, Mahmoud. “Arab Religious Nationalism in the Colonial Era.” JAOS 117 (1997): 253–77.Google Scholar

Hallaq, Wael. Authority, Continuity, and Change in Islamic Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.Google Scholar

Hallaq, Wael. “Model Shurut Works and the Dialectic of Doctrine and Practice.” Islamic Law and Society 2, no. 2 (1995): 109–34.Google Scholar

Hallaq, Wael. Shariʿa: Theory, Practice, Transformations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Hamza, Dyala. “From ʿIlm to Sihafa or the politics of the public interest (maṣlaḥa): Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā and his journal al-Manār (1898–1935).” In The Making of the Arab Intellectual, ed. Hamza, Dyala. New York: Routledge, 2013. 90–127.Google Scholar

Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. “Blueprints for a Future Society: Late Ottoman Materialists on Science, Religion, and Art.” In Late Ottoman Society: The Intellectual Legacy, ed. Özdalga, Elisabet. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005. 28–116.Google Scholar

Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008.Google Scholar

Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. The Young Turks in Opposition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.Google Scholar

Hanna, Nelly. In Praise of Books: A Cultural History of Cairo’s Middle Class, Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Cairo: AUC Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Hanssen, Jens. Fin de siècle Beirut: The Making of an Ottoman Provincial Capital. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.Google Scholar

Hasan, on Muhammad ʿAbd al-Ghani. ʿAbd Allah Fikri. Cairo: al-Muʾassasa al-Misriyya al-ʿAmma lil-taʾlif wa-l-anbaʾ wa-l-nashr, n.d.Google Scholar

Hathaway, Jane. The Politics of Households in Ottoman Egypt: The Rise of the Qazdağlis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Hatina, Meir. ʿUlamaʾ, Politics, and the Public Sphere: An Egyptian Perspective. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2010.Google Scholar

Headrick, Daniel. The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Oxford, 1981.Google Scholar

Heller, H.G. Rudolf Falb: Eine Lebens- und Charakterskizze nach persönlichen Erinnerungen. Berlin: Friedrich Gottheiner, 1903.Google Scholar

Hentschel, Klaus. “Adolf Miethe’s Autobiography.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 44, no. 155 (2013): 223–25.Google Scholar

Heyworth-Dunne, J. “Printing and Translations under Muhammad ʿAli of Egypt: The Foundation of Modern Arabic,” JRAS 3 (1940): 325–49.Google Scholar

Hilgartner, Stephen. “The Dominant View of Popularization: Conceptual Problems, Political Uses,” Social Studies of Science 20 (1990): 519–39.Google Scholar

Hill, Donald. Arabic Water-Clocks. Aleppo: University of Aleppo Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 1981.Google Scholar

Hill, Peter. “Early Translations of English Fiction into Arabic.” Journal of Semitic Studies 60 (2015): 177–212.Google Scholar

Hill, Peter. “The First Arabic Translations of Enlightenment Literature: The Damietta Circle of the 1800s and 1810s.” Intellectual History Review 25 (2015): 209–33.Google Scholar

Hill, Richard and Hogg, Peter. A Black corps d’élite: an Egyptian Sudanese conscript battalion with the French Army in Mexico, 1863–1867, and its survivors in subsequent African history. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1995.Google Scholar

Holt, P.M. and Daly, M.W.. A History of the Sudan, 6th edition. Harlow, UK: Pearson, 2011.Google Scholar

Hostetler, Laura. Qing Colonial Enterprise: Ethnography and Cartography in Early Modern China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.Google Scholar

Hourani, Albert. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962.Google Scholar

Huber, Valeska. Channelling Mobilities: Migration and Globalisation in the Suez Canal Region and Beyond, 1869–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.Google Scholar

Hunter, Robert. Egypt Under the Khedives 1805–1879: From Household Government to Modern Bureaucracy. Cairo: AUC Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Ibin, Michael W. “Printing of the Qurʾan.” In Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾan, ed. McAuliffe, Jane Dammen. Brill Online.Google Scholar

İhsanoğlu, Ekmeleddin. Science, Technology and Learning in the Ottoman Empire: Western Influence, Local Institutions, and the Transfer of Knowledge. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2004.Google Scholar

İhsanoğlu, Ekmeleddin, et al., eds. Osmanlı Astronomi Literatürü Tarihi. Istanbul: IRCICA, 1997.Google Scholar

Jacob, Wilson Chacko. Working Out Egypt: Effendi Masculinity and Subject Formation in Colonial Modernity, 1870–1940. Durham: Duke University Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Jamiʿ, al-Azhar. Fihris al-Kutub al-Mawjuda bi-l-Maktaba al-Azhariyya, 6 vols. Cairo, 1946–52.Google Scholar

Jamiʿat, Fuʾad al-Awwal. Al-Marsad al-Maliki bi-Hilwan. Cairo: Matbaʿat Jamiʿat Fuʾad al-Awwal, 1949.Google Scholar

Jamiʿat, al-Qahira. Maʿhad al-Irsad bi-Hilwan: nabdha tarikhiyya. Cairo: Matbaʿat Jamiʿat al-Qahira, 1958.Google Scholar

Jansen, J.J.G. The Interpretation of the Koran in Modern Egypt. Leiden: Brill, 1974.Google Scholar

Jomier, Jacques. Le commentaire coranique du Manâr; tendances modernes de l’exégèse coranique en Égypte. Paris: Maisonneuve, 1954.Google Scholar

Jung, Sandro. “Illustrated Pocket Diaries and the Commodification of Culture.” Eighteenth-Century Life 37 (2013): 53–84.Google Scholar

Katz, Jonathan. Dreams, Sufism and Sainthood: The Visionary Career of Muhammad al-Zawawi. Leiden: Brill, 1996.Google Scholar

Kennedy, E.S. Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences, ed. King, David and Helen, Mary Kennedy. Beirut: American University of Beirut Press, 1983.Google Scholar

Kennedy, E.S. “A Survey of Astronomical Tables.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 46 (1956): 123–77.Google Scholar

Kerr, Malcolm. Islamic Reform: The Political and Legal Theories of Muhammad ʿAbduh and Rashid Rida. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1966.Google Scholar

Khafaji, Muhammad ʿAbd al-Munʿim. Al-Azhar fi alf ʿam, vol. 3. Cairo: al-Matbaʿa al-Muniriyya bi-l-Azhar, 1374 [1954–55].Google Scholar

Khalidi, Rashid. “ʿAbd al-Ghani al-ʿUraisi and al-Mufid: The Press and Arab Nationalism before 1914.” In Intellectual life in the Arab East, 1890–1939, ed. Buheiry, Marwan. Beirut: AUB Press, 1983. 38–61.Google Scholar

Khuri, Ibrahim. Fihris Makhtutat Dar al-Kutub al-Zahiriyya: ʿIlm al-Hayʾa wa-Mulhaqatuhu. Damascus: Majmaʿ al-Lugha al-ʿArabiyya, 1389 [1969].Google Scholar

Khuri-Makdisi, Ilham. The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism, 1860–1914. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2010.Google Scholar

King, David A. “The Astronomy of the Mamluks.” Isis 74 (1983): 531–55.Google Scholar

King, David A. Astronomy in the Service of Islam. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 1993.Google Scholar

King, David A. The Call of the Muezzin. Leiden: Brill, 2004. ProQuest ebrary, Web. Last accessed 11 January 2015.Google Scholar

King, David A. Fihris al-Makhtutat al-ʿIlmiyya al-Mahfuza bi-Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya, 2 vols. Cairo: al-Hayʾa al-ʿAmma al-Misriyya lil-Kitab, 1986.Google Scholar

King, David A. A Survey of the Scientific Manuscripts in the Egyptian National Library. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1986.Google Scholar

King, David A. In Synchrony with the Heavens: Studies in Astronomical Timekeeping and Instrumentation in Medieval Islam. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2004.Google Scholar

Koç, Gülçın Tunalı. “An Ottoman Astrologer at Work: Sadullah El-Ankaravi and the Everyday Practice of İlm-ı Nücum.” In Les Ottomans et le temps, ed. Georgeon, François and Hitzel, Frédéric. Leiden: Brill, 2012. 39–59.Google Scholar

Kozma, Liat. Policing Egyptian Women: Sex, Law, and Medicine in Khedival Egypt. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Krämer, Gudrun and Schmidtke, Sabine. “Introduction.” In Speaking for Islam: Religious Authorities in Muslim societies, ed. Krämer, Gudrun and Schmidtke, Sabine. Leiden: Brill, 2006.Google Scholar

Kropf, Evyn. “Islamic Manuscripts Collection: About the Collection.” University of Michigan Library Research Guides. http://guides.lib.umich.edu/islamicmss/about. Accessed 26 June 2015.Google Scholar

Kuhn, Thomas. The Copernican Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957.Google Scholar

Kurz, Otto. European Clocks and Watches in the Near East. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1975.Google Scholar

Laffan, Michael. “An Indonesian Community in Cairo: Continuity and Change in a Cosmopolitan Islamic Milieu,” Indonesia 77 (2004): 1–26.Google Scholar

Latour, Bruno. Science in Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987.Google Scholar

Lauzière, Henri. The Making of Salafism. New York: Columbia University Press, 2016.Google Scholar

Lauzière, Henri. “The Reconstruction of Salafiyya: Reconsidering Salafism from the Perspective of Conceptual History.” IJMES 42 (2010): 369–89.Google Scholar

Leemhuis, Fred. “From Palm Leaves to the Internet.” In The Cambridge Companion to the Qur’an, ed. McAuliffe, Jane Dammen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 146–61.Google Scholar

Lightman, Bernard. Victorian Popularizers of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Livingston, John. “Western Science and Educational Reform in the Thought of Rifaʿa al-Tahtawi.” IJMES 28 (1996): 543–64.Google Scholar

Livingstone, David. Putting Science in Its Place. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Lory, Bernard and Georgelin, Hervé. “Les temps entrelacés de deux villes pluricommunautaires: Smyrne et Monastir.” In Les Ottomans et le temps, ed. Georgeon, François and Hitzel, Frédéric. Leiden: Brill, 2012.Google Scholar

Luqa, Anwar. Voyageurs et écrivains égyptiens en France au XIXe siècle. Paris: Didier, 1970.Google Scholar

Makdisi, George. The Rise of Colleges: Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981.Google Scholar

Marsot, Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid. “The Beginnings of Modernization among the Rectors of al-Azhar, 1798–1879.” In Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East: The Nineteenth Century, ed. Polk, William R. and Chambers, Richard L.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966. 267–80.Google Scholar

Marsot, Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid. Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.Google Scholar

Masud, Khalid, Messick, Brinkley, and Powers, David, eds. Islamic Legal Interpretation: Muftis and Their Fatwas. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996.Google Scholar

Meier, Olivier. Al-Muqtataf et le débat sur le Darwinisme: Beyrouth, 1876–1885. Cairo: CEDEJ, 1996.Google Scholar

Miethe, A. and Lehmann, E.. “Dämmerungsbeobachtunger in Assuan im Winter 1908.” Separat-Abdruck aus der Meteorologischen Zeitschrift (1909): 97–114.Google Scholar

Melnikova, Ekaterina. “Eschatological Expectations at the Turn of the Nineteenth-Twentieth Centuries: The End of the World is [Not] Nigh?” Forum for Anthropology and Culture 1 (2004): 253–70.Google Scholar

Melvin-Koushki, Matthew. “Powers of One: The Mathematicalization of the Occult Sciences in the High Persianate Tradition.” Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 5 (2017): 127–99.Google Scholar

Messick, Brinkley. The Calligraphic State: Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993.Google Scholar

Mikhail, Alan. Nature and Empire in Ottoman Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Mitchell, Timothy. Colonising Egypt. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988.Google Scholar

Mitchell, Timothy. Rule of Experts. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002.Google Scholar

Moosa, Ebrahim. “Shaykh Ahmad Shakir and the Adoption of a Scientifically-Based Lunar Calendar.” Islamic Law and Society 5, no. 1 (1998): 57–89.Google Scholar

Morley, William H. “Description of an Arabic Quadrant.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 17 (1860): 322–30.Google Scholar

Morrison, Robert. Islam and Science: The Intellectual Career of Nizam al-Din al-Nisaburi. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.Google Scholar

Morrison, Robert. “The Islamic Aspects of Cosmology, Astronomy and Astrology.” In The New Cambridge History of Islam, vol. 4, ed. Irwin, Robert and Blair, William. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 589–613.Google Scholar

Mukharji, Projit. Nationalizing the Body: The Medical Market, Print, and Daktari Medicine. London: Anthem Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Murphy, Jane Holt. “Ahmad al-Damanhuri and the Utility of Expertise in Early Modern Ottoman Egypt.” Osiris 25 (2010): 85–104.Google Scholar

Murphy, Jane Holt. “Improving the Mind and Delighting the Spirit: Jabarti and the Sciences in Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Cairo.” Ph.D. Diss., Princeton University, 2006.Google Scholar

Nappi, Carla. The Monkey and the Inkpot: Natural History and Its Transformations in Early Modern China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Rabbat, Nasser, “Al-Azhar Mosque: An Architectural Chronicle of Cairo’s History,” Muqarnas 13 (1996): 45–67.Google Scholar

Nautical Astronomy. Scranton, PA: International Textbook Company, 1902.Google Scholar

Netz, Reviel. The Transformation of Mathematics in the Early Mediterranean World: From Problems to Equations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Neuwirth, Angelika. “Cosmology.” In Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾan, ed. McAullife, Jane Dammen. Brill Online.Google Scholar

Ogle, Vanessa. The Global Transformation of Time: 1870–1950. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015.Google Scholar

Ogle, Vanessa. “Whose Time Is It? The Pluralization of Time and the Global Condition, 1870s-1940s.” American Historical Review 118 (2013): 1376–402.Google Scholar

Ophir, Adi and Shapin, Steven. “The Place of Knowledge: A Methodological Survey.” Science in Context 4 (1991): 3–21.Google Scholar

Outram, Dourinda. The Enlightenment, 2nd edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar

Ouyang, Wen-Chin. “Fictive Mode, ‘Journey to the West’, and Transformation of Space: ʿAli Mubarak’s Discourses of Modernization.” Comparative Critical Studies 4, no. 3 (2007): 331–58.Google Scholar

Owen, E. Roger. Lord Cromer: Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Owen, E. Roger. The Middle East in the World Economy. London: I.B. Tauris, 1993.Google Scholar

Özdemir, Kemal. Ottoman Clocks and Watches. Istanbul: Creative Yayıncılık, 1993.Google Scholar

Perceval, Caussin de. “Mémoire sur le calendrier arabe avant l’islamisme.” Journal Asiatique 4th Ser., 1 (1843): 342–79.Google Scholar

Philipp, Thomas and Schwald, Guido. A Guide to ʿAbd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1994.Google Scholar

Pingree, David. “An Astronomer’s Progress.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 143, no. 1 (1999): 73–85.Google Scholar

Pollock, Sheldon. The Language of the Gods in the World of Men. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006.Google Scholar

Powell, Eve Troutt. A Different Shade of Colonialism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Prakash, Gyan. Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Proctor, Robert N. and Schiebinger, Londa, eds. Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008.Google Scholar

Al-Qadi, Wadad. “East and West in ʿAli Mubarak’s ʿAlamuddin.” In Intellectual life in the Arab East, 1890–1939, ed. Buheiry, Marwan. Beirut: AUB Press, 1983. 21–37.Google Scholar

Qasim, ʿAbd al-Hakim ʿAbd al-Ghani Muhammad. Tarikh al-baʿthat al-Misriyya ila Urubba. Cairo: Maktabat Madbuli, 2010.Google Scholar

Quadri, Syed Junaid. “Transformations of Tradition: Modernity in the Thought of Muhammad Bakhit al-Mutiʿi.” Ph.D. Diss., McGill University, 2014.Google Scholar

Quataert, Donald. The Ottoman Empire: 1700–1922, 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar

Ragep, F. J. “Freeing Astronomy from Philosophy: An Aspect of Islamic Influence on Science.” Osiris, 2nd Ser., 16 (2001): 49–71.Google Scholar

Ragep, F. J. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi’s Memoir on Astronomy, vol. 1. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1993.Google Scholar

Ragep, F. J. “When Did Islamic Science Die (and Who Cares)?” Viewpoint: Newsletter of the BSHS 85 (2008): 1–3.Google Scholar

Ragep, F.J., et al., eds. Tradition, Transmission, Transformation. Leiden: Brill, 1996.Google Scholar

Raj, Kapil. “The Historical Anatomy of a Contact Zone: Calcutta in the Eighteenth Century.” Indian Economic and Social History Review 18 (2011): 55–82.Google Scholar

Raj, Kapil. Relocating Modern Science. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.Google Scholar

Ratcliff, Jessica. The Transit of Venus Enterprise in Victorian Britain. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2008.Google Scholar

Raymond, André. Artisans et commerçants au Caire au XVIIIe siècle. Damascus: Institut français de Damas, 1974.Google Scholar

Reimer, Michael. Colonial Bridgehead: Government and Society in Alexandria, 1807–1882. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Reid, Donald Malcolm. Whose Pharaohs? Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002.Google Scholar

Riexinger, Martin. Sana’ullah Amritsari (1868–1948) und die Ahl-i-Hadis im Punjab under britches Herrschaft. Würzburg: Ergon, 2004.Google Scholar

Richards, E.G. Mapping Time. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.Google Scholar

Riskin, Jessica. Science in the Age of Sensibility: The Sentimental Empiricists of the French Enlightenment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.Google Scholar

Robson, J. “Al-Baydawi.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Brill Online, 2012.Google Scholar

Rogaski, Ruth. Hygienic Modernity. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Rosenfeld, B.A. and İhsanoğlu, Ekmeleddin. Mathematicians, Astronomers, and Other Scholars of Islamic Civilization and Their Works (7th-19th c.). Istanbul: Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture, 2003.Google Scholar

Rosenthal, Franz. “‘Blurbs’ (taqriz) from fourteenth-century Egypt.” Oriens 27/28 (1981): 177–96.Google Scholar

Ryad, Umar. Islamic Reformism and Christianity. Leiden: Brill, 2009.Google Scholar

Ryad, Umar. “A Printed Muslim ‘Lighthouse’ in Cairo.” Arabica 56 (2009): 27–60.Google Scholar

Ryzova, Lucie. The Age of the Efendiyya: Passages to Modernity in National-Colonial Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar

Sabra, A.I. “The Appropriation and Subsequent Naturalization of Greek Science in Medieval Islam: A Preliminary Statement.” History of Science 25 (1987): 223–43.Google Scholar

Sabra, A.I. “Situating Arabic Science: Locality versus Essence.” Isis 87 (1996): 654–70.Google Scholar

Sajdi, Dana, ed. Ottoman Tulips, Ottoman Coffee. London: I.B. Tauris, 2007.Google Scholar

Sajdi, Dana. The Barber of Damascus: Nouveau Literacy in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Levant. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar

Saliba, George. “Copernican Astronomy in the Arab East: Theories of the Earth’s Motion in the Nineteenth Century.” In Transfer of Modern Science and Technology to the Islamic World, ed. İhsanoğlu, Ekmeleddin. Turkey: IRCICA, 1992. 145–55.Google Scholar

Saliba, George. “The Development of Astronomy in Medieval Islamic Society” Arab Studies Quarterly 4 (1982): 211–25.Google Scholar

Saliba, George. A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories during the Golden Age of Islam. New York: New York University Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Saliba, George. Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Saliba, George. “An Observational Notebook of a Thirteenth-Century Astronomer.” Isis 74 (1983): 388–401.Google Scholar

Samaha, A.M. The 50th Anniversary of Helwan Observatory. Cairo: Cairo University Press, 1954.Google Scholar

Sami, Amin. Misr wa-l-Nil. Cairo: Matbaʿat Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya, 1938.Google Scholar

Sarkis, Yusuf. Muʿjam al-Matbuʿat al-ʿArabiyya wa-l-muʿarraba. Cairo: Maktabat Yusuf Ilyan Sarkis, 1928.Google Scholar

Sawaie, Mohammed. “Rifaʿa Rafiʿ al-Tahtawi and His Contribution to the Lexical Development of Modern Literary Arabic.” IJMES 32 (2000): 395–410.Google Scholar

Scalenghe, Sara. “Being Different: Intersexuality, Blindness, Deafness, and Madness in Ottoman Syria.” Ph.D. Diss., Georgetown University, 2006.Google Scholar

Schacht, Joseph. “Abu ʾl-Suʿud.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Brill Online, 2012.Google Scholar

Schacht, Joseph. “Max Meyerhof.” Osiris 9 (1950): 7–32.Google Scholar

Schaefer, Dagmar. The Crafting of the 10,000 Things. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Schaffer, Simon. “The Asiatic Enlightenments of British Astronomy.” In The Brokered World: Go-Betweens and Global Intelligence, 1770–1820, ed. Schaffer, Simon et al. Sagamore Beach: Science History Publications, 2009. 49–104.Google Scholar

Schaffer, Simon. “Astronomers Mark Time: Discipline and the Personal Equation.” Science in Context 2 (1988): 115–45.Google Scholar

Schaffer, Simon. “Keeping the Books at Paramatta Observatory.” In Heavens on Earth, ed. Aubin, David et al. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010. 118–47.Google Scholar

Schaffer, Simon. “Late Victorian Metrology and Its Instrumentation: A Manufactory of Ohms.” In Invisible Connections: Instruments, Institutions, and Science, ed. Bud, Robert and Cozzens, Susan. Bellingham, WA: SPIE, 1992. 23–56.Google Scholar

Schaffer, Simon. “Metrology, Metrication, and Victorian Values.” In Victorian Science in Context, ed. Lightman, Bernard. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. 438–74.Google Scholar

Schaffer, Simon. “Oriental Metrology and the Politics of Antiquity in Nineteenth Century Survey Sciences.” Science in Context 30 (2017): 173–212.Google Scholar

Schaffer, Simon. “When the Stars Threw Down Their Spears: Histories of Astronomy and Empire.” Tarner Lectures delivered at Cambridge University, February–March 2010. http://sms.cam.ac.uk/media/741069;jsessionid=2C144475E44DBF24CAF626035BBE4967. Accessed 2 July 2013.Google Scholar

Schayegh, Cyrus. Who is Knowledgeable, is Strong: Science, Class, and the Formation of Modern Iranian Society, 1900–1950. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Schivaon, Martina. “Geodesy and Mapmaking in France and Algeria: Between Army Officers and Observatory Scientists.” Trans. Charlotte Bigg and David Aubin. In Heavens on Earth, ed. Aubin, David et al. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010. 199–224.Google Scholar

Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th Century. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1977.Google Scholar

Schölch, Alexander. Egypt for the Egyptians!: The Socio-Political Crisis in Egypt 1878–1882. London: Ithaca Press, 1981.Google Scholar

Schwartz, Kathryn A. “Meaningful Mediums: A Material and Intellectual History of Manuscript and Print Production in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Cairo.” Ph.D. Diss., Harvard University, 2015.Google Scholar

Schwartz, Kathryn A. “The Political Economy of Private Printing in Cairo as Told from a Commissioning Deal Turned Sour, 1871.” IJMES 49 (2017): 25–45.Google Scholar

Schwarz, Paul. Escorial-Studien zur Arabischen Literatur- und Sprachkunde. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1922.Google Scholar

Secord, James. Victorian Sensation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.Google Scholar

Shaker, A.A. “The Scientific Work Done by the 30 Inch Reynolds Reflector at Helwan.” NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Special Issue, 2008.Google Scholar

Shank, Michael. “Made to Order.” Isis 105 (2014): 167–76.Google Scholar

Al-Shayyal, Jamal al-Din. Mujmal Tarikh Dimyat. Alexandria: Matbaʿat Don Bosco, 1949.Google Scholar

Al-Shayyal, Jamal al-Din. Tarikh al-tarjama wa-l-haraka al-thaqafiyya fi ʿasr Muhammad ʿAli. Cairo: Dar al-Fikr al-ʿArabi, 1951.Google Scholar

Shears, Jeremy and Shaker, Ashraf Ahmed. “Harold Knox-Shaw and the Helwan Observatory.” Journal of the British Astronomical Association 125 (2015): 80–93.Google Scholar

Sheets-Pyeson, Susan. “Popular Science Periodicals in Paris and London: The Emergence of a Low Scientific Culture, 1820–1875,” Annals of Science 42 (1985): 549–72.Google Scholar

Silvera, Alain. “Edmé-François Jomard and Egyptian Reforms in 1839,” Middle Eastern Studies 7, no. 3 (October 1971), 301–16.Google Scholar

Sivasundaram, Sujit. “Focus: Global Histories of Science.” Isis 101 (2010): 95–97.Google Scholar

Sivasundaram, Sujit. “Science.” In Pacific Histories, ed. Armitage, David and Bashford, Alison. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. 237–60.Google Scholar

Skovgaard-Petersen, Jakob. Defining Islam for the Egyptian State. Leiden: Brill, 1997.Google Scholar

Stanley, Matthew. “Predicting the Past: Ancient Eclipses and Airy, Newcomb, and Huxley on the Authority of Science.” Isis 103 (2012): 254–77.Google Scholar

Stanton, Andrea and Woodall, Carole, et al. “Bringing Stound into Middle East Studies.” IJMES 48 (2016): 113–55.Google Scholar

Starrett, Gregory. Putting Islam to Work: Education, Politics, and Religious Transformation in Egypt. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1998.Google Scholar

Stolz, Daniel. “By Virtue of Your Knowledge: Scientific Materialism and the Fatwas of Rashid Rida.” BSOAS 72 (2012): 223–47.Google Scholar

Stolz, Daniel. “The Lighthouse and the Observatory: Islam, Authority, and Cultures of Astronomy in Late Ottoman Egypt.” Ph.D. Diss., Princeton University, 2013.Google Scholar

Stolz, Daniel. “Positioning the Watch Hand: ‘Ulama’ and the Practice of Mechanical Timekeeping in Cairo, 1737–1874.” IJMES 47 (2015): 489–510.Google Scholar

Swerdlow, Noel. “Copernicus and Astrology.” Perspectives on Science 20 (2012): 353–78.Google Scholar

Tarrazi, Filib Di. Tarikh al-Sihafa al-ʿArabiyya, vol. 3. Beirut: Al-Matbaʿa al-Adabiyya, 1914.Google Scholar

Taton, René and Wilson, Curtis, eds. Planetary Astronomy from the Renaissance to the Rise of Astrophysics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.Google Scholar

Taub, Liba. Ptolemy’s Universe: The Natural Philosophical and Ethical Foundations. Chicago: Open Court, 1993.Google Scholar

Taylor, Charles. Philosophical Arguments. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.Google Scholar

Thompson, E.P. “Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism.” Past and Present 38 (1967): 56–97.Google Scholar

Tignor, Robert L. Modernization and British Colonial Rule, 1882–1914. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966.Google Scholar

Tilley, Helen. “Global Histories, Vernacular Science, and African Genealogies.” Isis 101 (2010): 110–19.Google Scholar

Todes, Daniel. Pavlov’s Physiology Factory: Experiment, Interpretation, Laboratory Enterprise. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.Google Scholar

Toledano, Ehud. “Forgetting Egypt’s Ottoman Past.” In Cultural Horizons: A Festschrift in Honor of Talat S. Halman, vol. 1, ed. Warner, Jayne. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2001. 150–67.Google Scholar

Toledano, Ehud. “Social and Economic Change in ‘The Long Nineteenth Century.’” In Cambridge History of Egypt, vol. 2. Ed. Daly, M.W.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 252–84.Google Scholar

Toledano, Ehud. State and Society in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.Google Scholar

Tollefson, Jr., Harold H. “The 1894 British takeover of the Egyptian Ministry of Interior.” Middle East Studies 26, no. 4 (October 1990): 547–60.Google Scholar

Tresch, John. The Romantic Machine: Utopian Science and Technology after Napoleon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.Google Scholar

Tresch, John and Dolan, Emily I.. “Toward a New Organology: Instruments of Music and Science.” Osiris 28 (2013): 278–98.Google Scholar

Warwick, Andrew. Masters of Theory: Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Watenpaugh, Keith. Being Modern in the Middle East. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006.Google Scholar

Weber, Stefan. Damascus: Ottoman Modernity and Urban Transformation, 1808–1918. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Wiedemann, E. and King, D.A.. “Al-Shafaḳ.” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition, ed. Bearman, P. et al. Brill Online.Google Scholar

Weiss, Bernard. The Spirit of Islamic Law. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1998.Google Scholar

Wensinck, A.J. and King, D.A.. “Miḳat.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition, ed. Bearman, P. et al. Brill Online.Google Scholar

Westman, Robert. The Copernican Question: Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order. Berkeley, CA: University of California Pres, 2011.Google Scholar

White, Ian. English Clocks for the Eastern Markets. Sussex: Antiquarian Horological Society, 2012.Google Scholar

Wise, M. Norton, ed. The Values of Precision. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.Google Scholar

Wishnitzer, Avner. “‘Our time’: On the Durability of the Alaturka Hour System in the Late Ottoman Empire,” International Journal of Turkish Studies 16 (2010): 47–69.Google Scholar

Wishnitzer, Avner. Reading Clocks, Alla Turca: Ottoman Temporality and Its Transformation during the Long Nineteenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.Google Scholar

Yahya, Nurfadzilah. “Craving Bureaucracy: Marriage, Islamic Law, and Arab Petitioners in the Straits Settlements.” The Muslim World 105 (2015): 496–515.Google Scholar

Yahya, Nurfadzilah. “The Question of Animal Slaughter in the British Straits Settlements During the Early Twentieth Century.” Indonesia and the Malay World 43 (2015): 173–90.Google Scholar

Yalçınkaya, M. Alper. Learned Patriots: Debating Science, State, and Society in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Empire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.Google Scholar

Yousef, Hoda. Composing Egypt: Reading, Writing, and the Emergence of a Modern Nation, 1870–1930. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2016.Google Scholar

Yousef, Hoda. “Reassessing Egypt’s System of Dual Education under Ismaʿil: Growing ʿIlm and Shifting Ground in Egypt’s First Educational Journal, Rawdat al-Madaris.” IJMES 40 (2008): 109–30.Google Scholar

Zaman, Muhammad Qasim. “Commentaries, Print, and Patronage: ‘Hadith’ and the Madrasas in Modern South Asia.” BSOAS 62 (1999): 60–81.Google Scholar

Zaman, Muhammad Qasim. Modern Islamic Thought in a Radical Age: Religious Authority and Internal Criticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.Google Scholar

Zaman, Muhammad Qasim. The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002.Google Scholar

Zeghal, Malika. Gardiens de l’Islam: les oulémas d’Al Azhar dans l’égypte contemporain. Paris: Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1996.Google Scholar

Zeghal, Malika. “Religion and Politics in Egypt: The Ulema of al-Azhar, Radical Islam, and the State (1952–1994).” IJMES 31, no. 3 (1999): 371–99.Google Scholar