Index

doi:10.1017/9781009512824.023

Index

Accordion Model, 111, 120, 122

population-jurisdiction model, 122

territory-jurisdiction model, 122

accountability, 65, 104, 155, 183, 228, 236, 239, 241, 269–270, 296

unaccountability, 20

Achiume, T. E., 39, 82, 88, 103, 176

activists, 5, 92–94, 96, 154–155, 157, 261–262, 272, 275. See also Human Rights Watch; NGOs, Pro Asyl; volunteers

counter-externalization, 154

feminist groups, 157

Greenpeace, 157

indigenous, 18, 148, 166–167, 170, 248, 259, 261–262

nonviolent protesters, 180

transnational migrant, 248

activities, 5–6, 21, 94, 117, 152, 184, 194–195, 197–198, 201, 206

affinity, 84–86, 88, 227. See also proximity

causation, 86

Afghanistan, 3, 37, 213–214, 231. See also Taliban

Africa, 3, 117, 151–152, 177, 184–185, 187–188, 194, 196, 199–200. See also Black African migrants; European Union (EU), Trust Fund for Africa; Morocco, June 24, 2022 events (the Melilla massacre); special economic zones (SEZs)

racialized imagery of, 185

sub-Saharan, 186

Agamben, Giorgio, 72, 194, 234

Albania, 9

Algeria, 179–180, 183

anarchism, 147

anarchy, 280–281

anti-immigrant parties, 7. See also far-right parties; racism; xenophobia

Arendt, Hannah, 19, 67–69, 72, 175–176, 178

on the nation-state, 110

right to have rights, 176

views of refugees, 67

Asia, 196, 211

Central, 211

South, 53

Southeast, 199

asylum, 1, 4–7, 9–11, 13, 15, 17–18, 21, 29–38, 40–41, 43, 45–46, 49, 53, 56, 60–66, 69–74, 78, 81–83, 86, 89–105, 154, 156, 158, 160, 163–171, 176, 188, 208, 211–213, 220, 247–250, 252–256, 258–260, 262–266, 271, 273–274, 282. See also detention; expedited removal; Italy, National Commission for the Right of Asylum; NGOs, Pro Asyl; persecution; protection; refoulement; safe third country; United States (USA), Asylum Eligibility and Procedural Modifications (2019); United States (USA), Circumvention of Legal Pathways

“asylum shopping”, 60

admissibility interviews, 60, 71

airports, 9

Common European Asylum System, 63

credible fear of persecution, 34

EU Asylum Procedures Directive, 9

first country of, 64

for hearing, 34

responsibilities, 93

Trump asylum policy, 34

asylum seekers, 7, 34, 60, 62–63, 66, 70–72, 95–98

agency of, 92

carceral circle, 220

vs. migrants, 12

as “migrants in disguise”, 91

offshoring asylum, 4

state’s obligations, 253

atmospheric pollution, 169

Australia, 8. See also excision zone; Manus Islands; Nauru; Pacific islands; Papua New Guinea

Austria, 50. See also Vienna

authoritarian rule, 209

authorization law, 4

Balibar, Étienne, 69. See also égaliberté; excision zone; Manus Islands; Nauru; Pacific islands; Papua New Guinea

on refugees, 69

views on European migration, 209

Balkans, 40

Bangladesh, 3, 169

Belgium, 62, 80–81, 88, 103, 180

belonging, 39, 46, 259, 274, 286

Benhabib, Seyla, 1, 4, 10, 33, 40, 43, 50, 55–56, 69, 110, 124, 126, 158, 175–176, 192–193, 210, 254, 264, 266–268, 292, 294

on refugee rights, 4

views on deterritorialization, 4

bible. See Old Testament

biometrics. See migration control, biometric data

birthright citizenship, 8

Black African migrants, 185

body, 67, 105, 111, 123, 129, 142, 165, 223, 229–230, 243

irregularized bodies, 211

Boe, Carolina Sanchez, 220

border, 2–7, 11–12, 15–17, 19, 21–24, 29–30, 32–35, 37, 45, 47, 49, 55, 60, 65, 69, 75–76, 78, 81, 83–84, 86–92, 95–97, 100, 102, 104–105, 109–113, 116–124, 143, 151–152, 154–155, 162, 175–177, 181–186, 188–189, 191, 198, 208–209, 213–214, 217, 221–222, 225, 228–231, 235, 247–248, 250–255, 257, 259–267, 269–270, 273–280, 283–284, 287–293, 295. See also Accordion Model; critical border theory; sea; United Nations (UN), Integrated Border Management; United States, Border Patrol; US-Mexico border; wall, the; Watershed Model

as authority, 229

as authority vs. control, 229

binational, 5

brick and mortar (media image), 3

closed, 110

constitutive, 16

control, 19

coshared, 5

death and disappearance zone, 175

digital, 230

disciplining effect, 92

externalization, 151

extraterritorialization, 175

frontier, 176

ideology, 93

international, 158

linear, 109

moveable, 156

moving, 163

national, 30

open, 110

operational, 183

policing, 247

policing beyond, 82

politics, 264

porous (neither completely open nor completely closed), 288

private, 20

reconsidered, 16

regime, 24

regressive regimes, 267

security, 119

shifting border, 8–9, 19, 22, 47, 56, 176, 247, 267, 283, 296. See also Shachar, Ayelet

sovereign, 30

temporal, 50

territorial limits, 209

Westphalian, 110

zonal, 116

bordering, 3, 17–18, 20, 51, 55, 78, 89, 111, 226

activities, 3

re-bordering, 268

Borges, Jorge Luis, 1

Bosnia, 47

boundaries, 1, 44, 50, 54–55, 109, 112–115, 121, 124, 137–138, 192, 198, 205, 210, 216, 257, 267, 284, 286–288, 292

dynamic view of, 287

membership, 283

Bourdieu, Pierre, 226

Brazil, 176

Brexit, 3, 8

Britain. See United Kingdom

Buchanan, Allen, 112, 121

buffer zones, 222

Bulgaria, 64

Burma. See Myanmar

Calais, 95

Cameroon, 37

Canada, 14, 34, 48, 61, 63, 119–120

The Canadian Council for Refugees et al v Minister for Immigration and Mi nister for Public Safety, 63. See also United States (USA), Safe Third Country Agreement (with Canada) (2002)

Canary Islands, 183. See also Spain

capitalism, global, 207

cease fires, 54

Central America, 14, 65, 162, 255, 260

Chad, 181

children, 31, 34, 39–40, 47, 81, 91, 165–166, 218, 266

Convention on the Rights of the Child, 165

China, 20, 194, 196, 199, 202, 204. See also special economic zones (SEZs)

Baishizhou, 203

Chinese territorial rule within African countries, 200

Deng Xiaoping, 202

Shenzhen, 202

citizens, 22–24, 30, 45, 47, 50, 59, 69, 75, 77, 112, 134, 145, 179, 193, 195, 197, 205–206, 209, 216, 227, 234–235, 241–242, 251–255, 262–264, 267, 270, 273, 275, 277, 279, 281, 284–293. See also permanent residents

noncitizens, 287

as potential migrants, 24, 287–289, 291

citizenship, 3, 13, 29, 31, 41, 43–47, 52, 56–57, 68, 83, 210, 213, 235, 238, 249, 257, 259, 270, 274, 283, 285–286, 294. See also European Union (EU), citizenship

disaggregated, 184

civil rights, 285. See also human rights

civil society, 75

civil wars, 260

climate changes, 2. See also rising sea levels

crises, 10

displacement, 18

mobilities, 12

Nansen Initiative (2015), 171

natural disaster, 53

refugees, 18

weather-related displacements, 53

Cold War, 118

collective expulsion, 81, 186–187, 190

collective punishment, 180, 189

collective selves, 127

Colombia, 3

colonialism, 19, 103, 146, 176–179, 183–184, 190

colonies, 17, 117, 147, 149, 178, 180, 183

communal cultural rights, 171

communism, 260

community, 14, 16, 18, 23, 29, 37, 67–71, 74, 84–85, 88, 101, 125–126, 128, 133, 155, 165, 169–171, 203, 219, 252, 265, 272–274, 286. See also affinity

political, 77, 85–86, 287–289, 291

Congo, Belgian (Zaire during the colonialism), 180

Consensus, 196

contiguous zone, 14, 149

control. See migration control

cosmopolitanism, 22, 110, 251, 253–256, 261, 263

democratic, 22, 162, 259

Council of Europe, 9, 185

Cover, Robert, 191

COVID-19, 222

crime survivors, 40

criminals (disguised as refugees), 33, 91, 182

gang violence, 35, 160

racialized determinations of culpability, 176

critical border theory, 265–266, 277, 279

Cuba, 184

decision-making, 5, 14, 66, 101, 238, 254, 264, 272, 275, 287–288, 290–293, 295

democratic, 207

demoi-cratic, 290, 292

national, 289

defense, 16, 19, 92, 113–114, 187, 261, 264, 285. See also security

democracy, 20, 67–69, 95, 185, 206–207, 234, 253, 269, 285, 288–289, 296

constitutional, 178

nonsovereign, 207

democratic backsliding, 205

democratic governance, 11, 24, 263

democratic iterations, 69, 267–268

democratic legitimacy, 192, 194, 196, 199, 258

democratic regulation, 192, 206

democratic responsibility, 13, 59

democratic theory, 22, 238, 269, 279

demography, 3

demoi-cracy, 292, 294

Denmark, 47, 61, 146. See also Germany, Danish Company Tax Liability Case (1971)

Parliament passed legislation allowing, 61

deportation, 10, 44, 47–48, 52, 57, 93, 98, 223–225, 274. See also detention; refoulement

removal centers, 214, 222–226

detention, 33, 180, 195, 220, 223–224, 266. See also deportation, removal centers; Guantanamo Bay (American military detention site in Cuba)

diaspora, 101

digital identity, 232–233, 238, 241–242. See also migration control

digital platform, 231

discrimination, 3, 40, 75, 79, 99, 103, 282, 284

racist, 14

displaced people, 3, 13–14, 20–21, 30, 39, 41, 43–45, 47–48, 50, 54–55, 57–58, 75, 160–161, 200, 208–211, 214–217, 221–224, 226–227, 232–233. See also climate changes, weather-related displacement

governing techniques to monitor, 210

State-based programs to admit, 78

domestic law, 29–30, 36, 142

dominium, 16, 125–129, 131, 133–134, 138–142, 144, 146, 148, 155, 157, 195. See also Roman Law

Dubai, 198

Dublin Regulation, 61, 63–64

earthquakes, 48, 53. See also environment

economic space of exception, 195, 197–198, 200, 206. See also special economic zones (SEZs)

égaliberté, 69

El Salvador, 32, 48, 65, 262

emancipatory potentiality, 265

enclaves, 20, 115–116, 177, 181–183, 192–200, 205–207. See also special economic zones (SEZs)

private economic zones, 192, 195

England, 147. See also United Kingdom

environment, 36, 88, 145, 150, 161, 163, 197–198, 236, 238, 257, 260–261. See also atmospheric pollution; climate change; earthquakes; hurricane; rising sea level; state, land, water, and air

inhospitable, 118

regulatory, 196

uninhabitable, 18, 54

environmental movements, 251

environmental sustainability, 262–263

equality, 19, 69, 110, 177–178, 180, 184, 234, 256, 258, 282, 295

before the law, 176–178, 180, 184

Eritrea, 94

Ethiopia, 37, 184, 275

Eurocentricism, 185. See also racism; xenophobia

Europe, 3, 5–6, 14, 24, 30, 33, 44, 51, 60, 64, 71, 75, 95, 99, 113–114, 116–117, 152, 169, 185, 189–190, 210, 212–213, 222–223, 226–227, 231, 275. See also Council of Europe; xenophobia

Eurodac database, 231

postwar, 30, 48, 169

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR or ECtHR), 8, 79, 168

European Court of Human Rights, 8, 62, 79, 82–83, 177

European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), 237

European migration law, 6

European supranational courts, 5

European Union (EU), 8, 14, 21, 33, 41, 47, 57, 61, 63–64, 71, 75, 99, 151, 177, 182, 294. See also asylum, EU Asylum Procedures Directive; Dublin Regulation; Ukraine, Temporary Protected Status of Ukrainian refugees

citizenship, 294

Frontex (European Union’s border enforcement agency), 151–152, 154, 255

Integrated Border Management, 248

investigations, 4

internal migration, 294

Maritime Rescue and Coordination Centre (MRCC), 152

migration and asylum, 9

Parliament, 9

Temporary Protection Directive (TPD), 75

Trust Fund for Africa, 184

exceptionalism, 11, 29, 32

excision zone, 155

exclusion (of human beings), 16, 51, 60, 69, 82, 131, 134, 138, 229, 275, 278, 288

expedited removal, 34

exploitation of workers, 17, 20, 72, 100, 147, 156, 194–195, 197, 200, 204. See also China, Shenzhen; labor migration; special economic zones (SEZs)

scandals, 202, 205

spaces of exploitation, 195

stratification, 20, 22, 24, 283

suicide, 204

work conditions, 204

export processing zones (EPZ), 194–197. See also multinational corporations (MNCs); special economic zones (SEZs)

exteriority, 113, 143, 146, 157, 207, 259

anarchic elements of, 146

extraterritorial jurisdiction, 80, 82. See also territorial jurisdiction

famine, 11, 29. See also food insecurity

Fanon, Frantz, 181, 189, 222

far-right parties, 208. See also anti-immigrant parties; nationalism; racism; xenophobia

Fassin, Didier, 73

Humanitarian Reason: A Moral History of the Present (2011), 73

Febvre, Lucien, 109–110

final destination, 96

first safe country, 102

floating populations, 207, 211, 220–221

food insecurity, 53, 160, 162. See also famine

Foucault, Michel, 220

France, 51, 80, 95, 113–116, 168, 177, 180, 220, 273. See also Calais; Napoleon; Paris

Case of Mr. A, 168

French regulations on entry, residence and asylum (CESEDA), 169

freedom, 69–70, 77–78, 98, 110, 130, 136, 138, 143, 146–148, 150, 152, 154, 157, 190, 227, 235, 273–274, 293, 295. See also human liberties; transnational movement of people

of movement, 2, 158

at sea, 147

gatekeeping, 5, 20, 210

gender, 99, 229, 272. See also activists, feminist groups; LGBTIQ+ rights; sea, Women on Waves

gender-based violence, 12

Geneva Convention of the Rights of Refugees (1951)

1967 Additional Protocol, 160

geography, 2, 20, 99, 139, 176, 184, 194, 198–200, 208, 211–214, 236. See also territorial trap

economic, 19, 192–193, 198, 200, 230

geographic insulation, 32

geographic proximity, fallacy of, 75–76, 86

private, 192

privatized, 198

Germany, 14, 40, 50–51, 95, 142, 212, 273

Danish Company Tax Liability Case (1971), 141

Giddens, Anthony, 109, 117

global age, 20, 192, 194, 196. See also transnational movement of people

global capital, 203

Global North, 20, 30, 32, 39, 45–46, 51, 57, 60, 210, 219–220, 282

global reform, 289–290

Global South, 18, 20, 33, 57, 161, 221, 232, 242

grassroots movements, 23, 261, 273

Greece, 33, 62, 64, 145, 212, 216, 223

Greek islands, 208

Grotius, Hugo, 17, 143, 145–148, 156. See also sea, mare liberum

group-based approach, 41

Guantanamo Bay (American military detention site in Cuba), 195

Guatemala, 32, 65, 260, 262

civil war, 260

Gulf States, 44

Gulliver’s Travels, 110–111, 123

Habermas, Jurgen, 267

rational reconstruction, 267

Haiti, 48

Hathaway, James C., 4, 6, 12, 176. See also politics of nonentrée

The Rights of Refugees under International Law (2005), 62

health, 11, 35, 53, 165–166, 171, 218, 271

healthcare, 169, 215–216, 218, 220

Hobbes, Thomas, 126, 131–134, 139–140

Leviathan (1651), 139

Holocaust, 30, 45. See also World War II

homelessness, 184

antihomeless legislation, 184

Honduras, 247

Hong Kong, 202

hostility, 2, 32, 232

human dignity, 39, 92, 159

human encounter, 87

human freedom, 192

human liberties, 289. See also freedom

human relations, 85, 131–132, 134

human rights, 2, 5–6, 10, 13–14, 18, 30, 39, 41, 43, 45, 51, 59, 62, 64–66, 68–69, 73–74, 76–77, 79, 81–83, 86–89, 154–155, 158, 161, 163–168, 172, 188, 190–191, 227, 231, 234, 239, 242, 248–249, 252, 266–267, 274, 296. See also civil rights; rightless subjects; treaties; United Nations (UN), Human Rights Council

abuse, 94

collateral dissolution of, 10

critique of, 74

ends of international, 13, 59

integrity of human rights, 13

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), 63

International Bill of Human Rights (1948), 180

law, 30, 74, 76–77, 79, 158, 163, 190, 231

Human Rights Watch, 93, 222–223, 235

human slavery. See trafficking

humanitarian ideas, 59. See also protection, humanitarian; values

humanity, 16, 23, 67–69, 74, 87, 97, 126, 137, 178

community of humanity, 85

hurricane, 48, 247

storm surges, 167

Hussain, Nasser, 177–180

immigrants, 1, 7, 40

external, 294

internal, 293–295

invasion by, 187

Special Immigrant Juvenile Status (SIJS), 37

immigration, 8, 11, 29, 34–36, 38, 47, 63, 72–73, 110, 119, 163. See also forced migrants; migration

illegal, 119

law, 36–38, 42

policy, 38

imperium, 16, 121, 125–128, 131, 133–134, 138–142, 144, 146, 148, 155, 157, 195. See also Roman Law

inclusion (of human beings), 16, 23, 29, 55, 67, 69, 71, 127, 233–234, 264–265, 270–272, 275–277, 287

India, 3, 179, 194, 200–201, 241

Hindus, 3

national development projects, 200

indigenous populations, 143, 148

individuals as juridical subjects, 19

integrity, 13, 59, 61, 64, 67, 71, 126, 134, 243, 283. See also human rights, integrity of

communal, 294

moral, 102

interjurisdictional policy, 6

international agreements, 56, 59

international conflicts, 11, 29

international cooperation, 43

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 79, 167, 239

international law, 11, 17, 62, 74, 91, 97–99, 141–144, 150, 157, 239, 251, 254

invisible to, 194

of the sea, 5, 143, 149

international legal process, 142

international legal regime, 15, 91, 159

international legal theory, 195

international order, 248, 252

International Organization of Migration (IOM), 6

Missing Migrants Project, 17

international relations, 11

international system, 1, 11, 23, 29, 67, 105, 248

Iran, 3, 94, 95, 211, 213–214

Iraq, 103

islands, 4, 9, 54, 161, 167, 196

Israel, 94, 139. See also Eritrea; Somalia

Italy, 9, 63–64, 80, 82, 168

Democratic Party, 168

Hirsi Jamaa and Others v. Italy (2012), 187

Lamorgese Decree, 168

M5S, 168

Meloni, Giorgia, 168

National Commission for the Right of Asylum, 168

Salvini Decree, 168

Ivory Coast, 186

Jamaica, 241

Jamaican Supreme Court, 241

Julian J. Robinson v. The Attorney General of Jamaica (2019), 241

jurisdiction, 1–2, 4, 6, 8, 11–12, 15–16, 19, 23, 60, 79–82, 89, 112–113, 121–122, 124, 131, 139, 141–143, 147, 149, 157, 162, 175–178, 182–183, 186, 189, 193, 195, 197, 230, 241–242, 249–250, 252, 254, 256–258, 263, 280

jurisdictional regimes, 19. See also extraterritorial jurisdiction; territorial jurisdiction

nonsovereign forms of jurisdiction, 194

private jurisdiction, 200

justice and democracy, dialectics of, 280, 284

Kafka, Franz, 220

Kafkaesque legal construction, 7

Kant, Immanuel, 16, 85, 125–126, 128–138

common possession of the Earth, 130, 136

conclusive acquisition, 130

equal freedom, 130

public right, 130

rightful private property, 130

state of nature, 125, 129–130, 132–133

taking control (occupatio), 136

Kenya, 235, 240–241

Kiribati, the republic of, 18, 163–165, 169. See also New Zealand; Teitiota Case (2020)

Kurdistan, 95, 213

labor migration, 158, 160. See also exploitation of workers; export processing zones (EPZs); migrants, Migrant Workers Convention (1990); special economic zones (SEZs)

informal labor market, 216

workplaces, 193, 207, 224

land monopolization, 192

Latin America, 196–197, 261

law, concept of, 191

as nomos, 191

lawful lawlessness, 19, 177–178, 181, 182

lawful status, 29, 32, 37–38, 41

lawfulness, 62, 65, 177–178

lawless zones, 4–5, 9–10, 21, 182

lawlessness, 177–178, 181, 210, 227

lawmaking, democratic process of, 5

Lebanon, 81

legal cartographies, 283. See also geography

legal identity, 233–234, 243. See also biometrics; United Nations (UN), Sustainable Development Goals

legal precarity, 210, 215, 227

legal safeguard, 228

legitimacy, 22, 76–77, 84, 129, 190, 192, 207, 236, 247–251, 253–255, 257–259, 262, 277, 279

LGBTIQ+ rights, 219

liberty, 126, 129, 133–134, 149, 266

Libya, 33, 154, 184, 271

Locke, John, 16, 125–126, 128–132, 134–138, 143

Longo, Matthew, 5, 16, 109, 121

Madagascar, 199

Mali, 186

Mann, Itamar, 5, 16–17, 69, 87–88, 110, 136, 141, 150–152, 154–156, 178, 190, 266

Manus Islands, 93

Marx, Karl, 62, 206

Mauritania, 152, 184

Mauritius, 199, 241

medieval times, 113, 115–116, 120–122, 175, 203

Mediterranean Sea, 6, 17, 33, 39, 150, 154, 157, 209, 266

membership boundaries, 283, 286, 292

membership regime, 294. See also boundaries, membership

Mexico, 3, 6–7, 32–34, 37, 65, 109, 113, 118–120, 247, 250, 253, 255, 260–262. See also US–Mexico border

fear of revolution in Chiapas, 260

Mexican Revolution, 119

migration from Central America, 260

Middle East, 33, 187, 210, 228

migrants, 2, 4–5, 7, 10–12, 15, 17–19, 21–22, 24, 29–30, 32–33, 35–44, 50–51, 55, 60, 76–77, 80–83, 87–92, 95–97, 99–100, 102, 104–105, 118–119, 134, 154–160, 162, 175–176, 181–190, 208, 213–214, 217, 220, 226, 228–229, 247–248, 251–252, 254–255, 256, 258–259, 262, 264–266, 268, 272–273, 276, 278, 281–289, 291–295. See also European Union (EU); immigration; International Organization of Migration; justice and democracy, dialectics of; labor migration; Model International Mobility Convention (MIMC) (2015–2016); reconstructive migration theory

Arabs, 209

vs. asylum seekers, 12

boats, 5, 8, 33, 145, 254

of color, 181, 190

economic, 12, 32, 252–253, 257

economically valuable, 283

forced, 13, 32, 38–42, 90, 158, 160

international, 289, 292, 295

international rights, 253

irregular, 11, 29, 214, 266

legal entry, 188

Migrant Workers Convention (1990), 159

mobile humans, 90–91, 103

Muslim, 3, 211–212

physical presence on the territory, 4, 21, 36, 84, 230–231, 251

poor and unskilled, 283

potential, 287

rightlessness of international, 19, 22, 176–177, 242

UN definition of, 159

undocumented, 21, 37, 45, 52, 213, 221–224, 226, 252, 255, 257–258, 273

unprivileged, 91

migration, 2–5, 6, 9–11, 13, 17, 19–21, 23–24, 29, 33, 36–37, 39–41, 43–46, 49–51, 53–58, 61, 67, 69, 77, 80, 82–83, 88–89, 92, 100–101, 118, 150, 152, 155, 158–159, 162, 171, 175–177, 179, 181–182, 184, 187, 209–213, 216–218, 220–222, 224–225, 229, 232, 242, 247, 255–257, 260, 263–271, 274–275, 278–281, 283–284, 287, 289–295

circular, 51

cooperation agreements, 4, 5, 17, 24, 65

as decolonization, 88

democratic, 24, 281

demoi-cratic migration governance, 281, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295

Global Compact on Migration (2018), 171

governance, 280, 289

impermanent, 51

law, 29

as a matter of justice, 282

mixed, 100

“promised lands” of, 21

regulation, 30, 211

Western states’ migration law, 282

migration control, 3, 5–6, 19, 33, 82, 150, 175–177, 179, 183–184, 229, 242, 260, 266, 293

biographic data, 229, 233

biometric data, 22, 228, 230, 232–233, 235–243

and consent, 184

deterritorialization of border controls, 228

digital technologies, 228, 230

and doubtful consent, 236

exercise of control vs. exercise of authority, 16

extraterritorial, 5

juridical techniques, 177

losing control, 3

“nonentrée” techniques, 4

“unterritoriality” of data, 230

migration governance, 24, 281. See also border, digital; digital identity; Europe, Eurodac database; United Nations (UN), Population Registration and Identity Management EcoSystem (PRIMES) (2015); United States (USA), US-VISIT database/Office of Biometric Identity Management

violent techniques of, 4

migration, modern regimes, 285

Miller, David, 29, 45, 86–88, 129, 252, 280, 286

mobility, 2–3, 10, 15, 18, 22, 24, 44–45, 52–54, 57, 82, 85, 88–91, 93, 122, 146–147, 158–160, 162, 170, 184, 190, 205, 210, 213, 216–217, 220–221, 223, 225–226, 229–230, 247–248, 258–259, 267, 274–275, 281, 283, 287, 290, 292–293

International Mobility Convention Model, 158–159

of migrants, 185

monopolization, 194, 201, 206

moral obligations, 284

Morocco, 2, 182, 184–186. See also Spain, Ceuta; Spain, Melilla

June 24, 2022 events (the Melilla massacre), 181–183

Spanish–Moroccan border, 182, 184, 188

movement, 2, 4, 10, 14, 21, 24, 60, 71, 77, 90, 104, 110, 118, 137, 144–146, 156, 158, 162, 180, 191, 210–211, 213, 215–216, 220, 225, 229, 231–232, 235, 242, 251, 257–258, 262–263, 267, 274, 280, 287, 292

forced, 43–44, 50, 210, 272

legitimate means of moving, 21

multinational corporations (MNCs), 193, 261

Muslim minorities, 212

Myanmar, 37, 235. See also Rohingya refugees

Napoleon, 117

Näsström, Sofia, 68, 70, 269

national actors, 10

subnational, 10

supranational, 5, 10, 270

natural disasters. See climate changes; earthquake; hurricane; rising sea level

national identity, 235, 242, 259

nationalism, 111

ethnonationalism, 3

methodological, 111, 266

nationalization, 200

nation-centered concepts of justice, 29

natural rights, 125–126, 130, 133, 137–139, 195

natural space, 125–127, 129, 131, 134–135, 137–140

ontology of, 125, 134, 138

naturalness, problem of, 109

Nauru, 33, 93–94

necropolitics, 190

neighboring states, 4, 14, 76, 79, 88, 112, 115, 227

neoliberalism, 3, 198

Nepal, 48

Netherlands, 146–147

New Zealand, 14, 18, 48, 163, 165. See also Kiribati, the republic of; Pacific islands; South Tarawa; Teitiota Case (2020); Tuvalu

Immigration and Protection Tribunal, 163

Supreme Court, 163

NGOs, 99, 222, 269, 272

Pro Asyl, 99

Nicaragua, 47

Niger, 33, 93

Nigeria, 184

“nonarrival” territorial spaces, 4, 9

North Africa, 185

North America, 57, 116

North Macedonia, 81–82, 189

Memedov v North Macedonia (2021), 189

Old Testament, 144

Pacific islands, 18, 161, 163

Pakistan, 3, 231

Papua New Guinea, 33, 93, 167

Paraguay, 262

Paris, 114, 170

peoplehood, 69. See also public, the

permanent residents, 30

persecution, 2–3, 12–13, 15, 30–31, 35, 41, 44, 48, 50, 54, 56, 71–72, 90–94, 96, 98, 100–103, 159–160, 168–169, 217. See also asylum, credible fear of persecution; political opinion; race; religion; social group

personhood, 19, 67, 72–73, 131, 134, 176

planetary crisis, 259. See also changes; environment

political action, 84, 142–143, 156–157, 207

theory of, 84

political agency, 59, 69, 278, 285, 294

political imaginaries, 274

political institutions, 67

political norms, 266

political opinion, 12, 30–31, 159, 163, 169

political oppression, 209, 253, 273

political representation, 264–265, 268–270, 273–279. See also representation theory

political society, 144

political subject, 73, 84

politics of nonentrée, 176

population engineering, 210

Portugal, 114, 182

postcolonialism, 1

poverty, 11–12, 22, 29, 41, 90, 162, 202, 248, 259. See also famine; food insecurity; migrants, poor and unskilled

slums, 202–203, 205

precarity, normalization of, 13

privacy, 239, 241, 243

constitutional right to, 239

private realm, 192–193

privatization, 156, 198, 200–201, 206

property ownership, 126–127, 131

ownness, 134, 137–138

private, 146

protection, 2–3, 6, 8–10, 12–15, 18–22, 29–30, 32–34, 36, 38–41, 44–50, 53, 55, 57, 59–60, 62, 64–65, 67–68, 70–71, 73–89, 91–97, 99–100, 102, 104–105, 154, 159–160, 163, 166, 169, 179, 185, 211, 213–216, 218–220, 226, 228, 236–237, 239–240, 242, 255, 271, 282–283, 285, 292, 294

access to, 7, 76, 82, 85

causation, 89

humanitarian, 168

as immigration policy, 36–37

international, 7, 9–10, 76–77, 88, 211, 213–214, 217

international protection status (IPS), 214, 216–223

refugees’ choices, 86

rings of, 6

systems of, 9

temporary, 13

Temporary Protected Status (TPS), 36–38, 41, 44, 46–49, 52–53, 214–218, 220–223, 226

proximity, 14, 75, 77, 79, 81–82, 84. See also affinity; geography, geographic proximity, fallacy of

physical, 76, 81–82, 85, 87

rule of, 78, 89

public, the, 4, 7, 38, 59, 75, 164, 176, 192, 195, 199, 225, 242. See also peoplehood

public law, 128

public–private cooperation, 194–195

punitive response, 2

pushback, 177, 183, 186–187

race, 12, 30–31, 79, 99, 159, 163, 169, 177–179, 184, 186, 197, 272, 282

racial domination, 176–179, 182

racial violence, 175

racialized status distinctions, 182, 184

racism, 75, 94, 176, 188–189. See also anti-immigrant parties; discrimination, racist; far-right parties; xenophobia

institutionalized, 189

Rancière, Jacques, 84. See also democracy, radical; human rights, critique of

Rawls, John, 16, 126, 144, 156

Political LIberalism (1993), 126

A Theory of Justice (1971), 144

reconstructive migration theory, 265, 268–270, 279

refoulement, 5, 47, 53, 61–63, 70–71, 73, 76, 78–79, 82, 86, 89, 163, 176, 230

chain-refoulement, 78

nonrefoulement, 30, 158, 164, 167, 169, 171

refugee agency, 96, 102–103, 264–265, 278

refugeehood, 92, 103, 274

refugees, 2, 9, 11–15, 17–18, 21–24, 29–30, 36–40, 42–43, 45, 47–50, 52, 56, 59–60, 64–65, 69–70, 72–73, 75–78, 81, 85–99, 102, 104–105, 134, 156–158, 160, 163, 176, 215, 225, 228, 230–240, 242–243, 252, 260, 264–266, 270–279, 281. See also climate changes, refugees; crime survivors; criminals (disguised as refugees); decision-making; displaced people; exceptionalism; final destination; Geneva Convention of the Rights of Refugees (1951); labor migration, workplaces; Model International Mobility Convention (MIMC) (2015–2016); persecution; protection; refoulement; residency; risk management; Rohingya refugees; terrorists (disguised as refugees); transfer; United States (USA), Refugee Act (1980)

choices, 14, 77

control over their data, 228

criminal exploitation of, 100

definition, 100

vs. economic migrants, 257

families, 4, 47, 187, 213, 219

Global Compact on Refugees and the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (2018), 234, 270

Global Refugee Forum (2019), 270

Global Summit of Refugees (2018), 265, 272

identification, 281

international law, 11

invited and invented, 272, 276

jurisdiction of, 4

in a legal no-man’s land, 228

as migrants, 93–95, 102–104

mixed status, 47

protection of, 96

refugee exceptionalism, 11

Refugee Parliament (Geflüchtetenparlament), 271

resettlement, 45, 47, 52, 55–56, 64, 88, 92–93, 218, 231–234

satellite cities, 216–219

self-organized political forums, 271

short-term status, 55

social benefits, 11–12

spaces of inclusion, 270–271

status of, 15

survivors in flight, 40

Syrians, 64–65, 215–216, 218

regime of dispossession, 200–201

regression, 266

religion, 3, 12, 14, 30–31, 79, 85, 159, 163, 272

removal, forced, 61. See also deportation; refoulement

repatriation, 168, 235

representation theory, 265, 268–269, 278–279

residence, 12, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 45, 47, 56, 160, 162, 169, 180, 203, 211–212, 214–215, 221, 281, 283–284, 290, 292–293

long-term, 283

temporary, 214

responsibility, 4, 8–9, 13–14, 19, 39, 49, 58–59, 64, 66, 69–70, 73–74, 79, 82, 86–89, 103, 148, 168, 170, 176, 182–183, 233, 235, 239, 242, 258, 262, 280, 289, 293. See also democratic responsibility

responsibility-sharing, 76, 82, 88, 171

rethinking, 55–56

shared between states, 68

universalist obligatory proximity, 77

restrictionist movement, 119

“right to have rights”, 19, 57, 67–69, 83, 176. See also Arendt, Hannah

rightless subjects, 4–5, 9, 21, 227, 283. See also migrants, rightlessness of international

Rio Grande, 39

rising sea levels, 18, 53–54, 161, 167

risk management, 100

Rohingya refugees, 235, 240

Roma tribes (Romani people), 121

Roman law, 16, 125, 127–128, 133, 195. See also dominium; imperium

Rwanda, 8, 9, 61, 93–95, 98, 101, 103

Kagame, Paul, 94

safe third country, 13–14, 59–84, 94, 99, 208. See also asylum, first country of

Sarat, Austin, 177–178

Saward, Michael, 268–269, 276–277

Schmitt, Carl, 194. See also state of exception

friend-enemy, 115

sea, 9–10, 16–18, 136, 161–162, 167, 169, 208, 209, 224, 254. See also activists; contiguous zone; European Union (EU), Maritime Rescue and Coordination Centre (MRCC); international law of the sea; Mediterranean Sea; migrants, boats; movement, at sea; Grotius, Hugo; territorial waters; territoriality, floating; territory, floating; Turkey, Aegean Sea; United Nations (UN), Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS); Selden, John; United States, Coast Guard

12 mile rule, 149

defining and negotiating SAR zones, 150–151

economic opportunities, 149

European shores, 61

fishing zones, 149

free, 146

global maritime, 147

international waters, 140, 151

mare clausum, 17, 136, 143, 147, 149, 152, 154–155, 157

mare liberum, 17, 136, 143, 145–152, 154–156

maritime commons, 17, 142, 146–147

maritime spaces, 142–144, 146, 149–150, 152, 154–155, 157

territoriality, 141–157

Women on Waves, 157

Second World War. See World War II

security, 14, 24, 33, 41, 68, 110, 119–120, 122, 149–150, 159–160, 162, 183, 185, 222, 232, 238, 266, 282–283. See also borders, security; defense; safety, public

Selden, John, 147

Senegal, 152, 184

Shachar, Ayelet, 3–6, 8, 13, 15, 20, 33, 43, 47, 55, 56, 60, 82, 89, 90, 105, 110, 124, 154, 158, 175–176, 193, 209–210, 228–229, 231, 247, 251, 254, 257, 264, 266–268, 283, 295. See also birthright citizenship; shifting border

The Birthright Lottery: Citizenship and Global Inequality (2009), 8

The Shifting Border: Legal Cartographies of Migration and Mobility (2020), 4, 43, 55, 110, 283

shelter, 41, 48, 57, 68

shifting border, 8–9, 19, 22, 47, 56, 176, 247, 267, 283, 296

asylum, 74

The Shifting Border: Legal Cartographies of Migration and Mobility (2020), 4, 43, 55, 110, 283. See also citizenship; cosmopolitanism; democratic governance; equality, before law; grassroots movements; international order; jurisdiction; membership boundaries; migration; mobility; moral obligations; planetary crisis; private realm; public law; restrictionist movement; Shachar, Ayelet; sovereignty; Temporary Protection Status; territory; third country, safe; transnational movement of peoples

Singapore, 198, 203

slave trade, 146

social contract, 143–145, 152, 155, 192–193

social group, 12, 30–31, 159, 163, 169, 271, 286–287

Somalia, 94–95

Song, Sarah, 110, 280, 286

South Sudan, 37, 181

South Tarawa, 164

sovereign grace, 32

sovereign power, 124, 126–134, 139–140, 178, 230

sovereign state, 121, 132, 144, 192, 206–207, 209, 248, 253

sovereigntism, 22, 247, 251–253, 256, 261, 263, 267

sovereignty, 1–2, 10, 19, 21, 109–110, 112, 115–117, 121, 141–142, 146–147, 149–150, 155, 179, 183, 193, 207, 229, 251, 253, 261–262, 284

territorial, 16, 124–129, 131, 133–134, 138–140, 162, 251, 256

Soviet Union, 30. See also communism

Spain, 114, 116, 146, 181, 185–188. See also Africa, sub-Saharan; Canary Islands; collective expulsion; immigrants, invasion by; operational border

Aliens Act (2015), 185

Ceuta, 177, 182–185

Melilla, 177, 181–183, 185–186

N.D. and N.T. v. Spain, 177, 186–191

pushback operations, 177, 187

Spanish security forces, 183

Spanish–Moroccan border, 182, 184, 186, 188

special regime, 185

spatiality, 210, 214

special economic zones (SEZs), 19–20, 192–207, 230. See also exploitation of workers; export processing zones (EPZs); jurisdictional regimes, nonsovereign forms of jurisdiction; multinational corporations (MNCs)

state, 19, 60, 66, 69, 71, 76, 78, 80, 86, 93, 95, 97, 103, 109, 112, 145, 175, 191, 207, 230, 255, 267, 287. See also Accordion Model; necropolitics; protection, systems of; precarity, normalization of; safe first country

absolute power, 226

acts, legality of, 83

anti-riot gear and tactics, 185

and capital, 192

domination, 178

exercising power, 189

failures, 39, 103, 191

international state system, 248

land, water, and air, 125–127, 134, 139–141

legal barrier, 7

maneuvers by, 10

member, 9, 41, 61, 63–64, 75, 183–184, 292–295

monopoly, 21, 231

Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (1933), 141

obligations, 4, 14, 19, 23, 36, 39, 53, 55, 62–63, 72, 76–77, 78, 81–82, 84–89, 91, 93, 95, 99, 102–104, 163, 165–168, 170, 175–176, 230, 240–241, 243, 252–253, 258, 260–262, 281, 284, 292, 294–296

practices, 64, 282

relationship with territories and borders, 109

as “victim”, 187

state of exception, 176, 182, 186, 194. See also Schmitt, Carl

statehood, 114, 140, 280

stereotypes of immigrants, 96

Sudan, 37

surveillance, 17, 117, 143, 150, 152–154, 243, 293. See also migration control; safety, public; security; state

digital, 143

sustainability, 18, 23, 32, 260, 262–263

Switzerland, 271

Syria, 8, 37, 40, 81, 209, 215, 222

Taliban, 94, 103

Teitiota Case (2020), 18, 158, 165

temporality, 210–211, 216

temporary protection, 13, 41, 44, 46–52, 55, 57–58, 75, 168, 214–215, 226

Temporary Protected Status, 13, 214, 226

terra firma, 4, 10, 142

terra nullius, 142

territorial jurisdiction, 80–82, 115, 139, 162, 175–176, 183, 189, 254, 256–258, 263, 280

territorial legitimacy, 22, 248, 251

territorial trap, 111

territorial waters, 9, 141–142, 149

territoriality, 1–2, 5, 10–11, 15–16, 112–114, 127, 131, 139, 141–157, 193, 205–206, 261, 281. See also exteriority

deterritorialization, 51, 124, 155, 228, 256, 267

floating, 17

hidden territories, 192

nonterritoriality, 142, 156–157

reterritorialization, 4, 25, 124

universal, 142–145, 148–149, 155, 230

territory, 1, 4, 6–10, 12, 14, 16, 18–19, 21–22, 24, 36, 43, 77–78, 81–83, 89–91, 95, 98, 110–117, 120–128, 131, 139–140, 142, 156, 162–163, 175–176, 179, 183, 186–187, 189, 195, 197–198, 201, 206, 228–231, 233, 243, 248–263, 280–281, 284, 292

floating, 141, 147–148

materiality of, 124

private, 144, 193–194, 206

as a process, 143

propertarian ontology of, 134–138

“safe”, 91

terrorists (disguised as refugees), 91

third country. See safe third country

Torres Straits Island Case (2022), 18, 158

torture, 63, 72, 160, 164, 168

Convention against Torture (CAT), 31, 79

psychological, 46

totalitarian regime, 178

trafficking, 37, 72, 99

transfer (of asylum seekers and refugees), 63–64, 225, 242–243

transit countries, 6, 8, 73

transit zones, 9

transnational movement of peoples, 2

transnational power relations, 11

transnational rights, 291, 293–294

treaties, 183

Treaties of Bayonne (1866–1868), 116

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1846–1848), 118

Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659–1660), 116

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), 114

Treaty of Versailles (1919), 117

Tunisia, 2, 5

Turkey, 3, 5, 20–21, 33, 64–65, 71, 73, 78, 81, 208–214, 216–217, 221–227, 248. See also authoritarian rule; displaced people; floating populations; labor migration, informal labor market; legal precarity; population engineering; migration control, governing technologies; protection, international protection status (IPS); protection, Temporary Protected Status (TPS); refugees, satellite cities

Aegean Sea, 208

AKP government, 221

antirefugee discourse, 208

dilution and sweeping policy, 226

EU–Turkey agreement, 5

Greek–Turkish land border, 222

Law on Foreigners and International Protection (LFIP) (2013), 213–214, 216, 221, 224

migration regime, 20

Presidency of Migration Management of Turkey (PMM), 223

Reconnect project, 209

refugee law, 211

removal centers, 223

Tuvalu, 48–49, 54

Uganda, 94

Ukraine, 14, 37, 41, 47–48, 75–76

Temporary Protected Status of Ukrainian refugees, 14

Ukraine–Russia War, 14

United Kingdom, 8, 61, 93–95, 98–99, 101, 103. See also Brexit; England

British Empire, 117, 147

colonies, 180

Criminal Tribes Act (1871), 180

deportation of Rwanda immigrants, 98

English Channel, 95

government, 8, 93

Illegal Migration Bill, 8

Post-Brexit, 8

Supreme Court, 8

United Nations, 2–3, 30–31, 117, 159, 187, 212, 239–240, 242–243, 270

United Nations (UN) Commission on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, 2. See also migrants, UN definition of; migration control, biometric

Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 5, 143

High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 3, 13–14, 21, 30–31, 53, 61–62, 73, 96, 160–161, 208, 215, 217, 219–220, 228–243, 266, 271

Human Rights Committee (CCPR), 18, 79, 158, 163–164, 166–168, 172

Human Rights Council, 183

Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, 18

Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) (2019), 61, 233

Population Registration and Identity Management EcoSystem (PRIMES) (2015), 231–233

Refugee Agency, 228

UN Charter (1945), 117, 187, 242

UN Summit on Refugees and Migrants (2016), 270

UN Sustainable Development Goals, 243

United States (USA), 7. See also state

administration, 278

American Immigration Council, 8

Asylum Eligibility and Procedural Modifications (2019), 65

Attorney General, 46

Biden administration, 7, 31, 35, 65

Border Patrol, 119, 257

Bracero program, 51

Central American Minors program, 37

Circumvention of Legal Pathways, 8

Coast Guard, 4–5, 33, 254

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), 52

Deferred Enforced Departure (DED), 52

Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 233

Diversity Lottery, 46

government, 8, 37–38, 118, 247

Great Depression, 119

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA), 119

Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), 72

Immigration Reform and Control Act of (IRCA) (1986), 119

interim final rule (IFR), 65

International Boundary Commission, 118

Johnson-Reed Immigration Act (1924), 119

Refugee Act (1980), 47

Refugee Admissions Program, 30

“Remain in Mexico” program, 34–35, 250

Safe Third Country Agreement (with Canada) (2002), 61

For example, Temporary Protected Status (TPS), 36

Trump administration, 7, 31, 34–35, 37, 53, 65, 72, 250

US-VISIT database/Office of Biometric Identity Management, 231

visas (for asylum seekers), 37, 41, 44–46, 49–52, 55–57, 88, 184

universalism, 77

US–Mexico border, 3, 6–7, 32, 37, 109, 113, 118, 262

utopia, 159, 259

Uyghurs, 211

values, 39, 201, 234, 250, 257, 262. See also humanitarian ideas; humanity; integrity

foundational, 39

Venezuela, 37

Vienna, 113, 117

visa, 34, 37, 41, 44–46, 48–52, 55–58, 65, 75–76, 81, 86, 184, 228–229. See also United States, visas (for asylum seekers)

humanitarian, 88–89, 92

volunteers, 157, 274. See also activists

vulnerability, 22, 40, 71–72, 86–88, 165, 264

Waldron, Jeremy, 54, 84–85, 88, 285. See also proximity

presence-model of politics, 84

wall, the (media image), 109

Walzer, Michael, 16, 29, 45, 85–86, 88, 126, 252, 282

wars, fleeing the, 11, 29

Watershed Model, 22, 248, 251, 256–263

Westphalia. See border, Westphalian

World Bank, 53, 158, 161, 196–198

World War II, 30, 40, 43, 45, 50–51, 180, 282

xenophobia, 259. See also anti-immigrant parties; far-right parties; nationalism; racism

Yemen, 94

Yugoslavia, 215

Zambia, 202

Book contents

Index

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive