Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-7b9c58cd5d-g9frx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-03-13T14:16:57.605Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

1 - The History of English

from Part I - English

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 October 2024

By
Anita Auer
Edited by
Susan Fox
Susan Fox
Affiliation:
Universität Bern, Switzerland
Get access

Summary

Couched in socio-economic history, the first chapter provides an overview of the origins and development of the English language in Britain from Anglo-Saxon times to the present day. Both internal and external factors for language variation and change are considered when discussing the major orthographic, lexical, phonological and morphosyntactic developments. The English language and its development will therefore also be viewed in relation to other languages that were spoken, written or printed in the British Isles over the last 1,500 years. The creation and increasing availability of new data sources (access to hitherto un- or underexplored social layers, text types, regions) during the last decade (e.g. historical corpora like the Corpus of Early English Correspondence and databases like Eighteenth Century Collections Online) have led to many new studies on a range of different linguistic variables. Many of the new findings form the basis of the chapter, which aims to complement traditional histories of English.

Keywords

language changelanguage contactOld EnglishMiddle EnglishEarly Modern EnglishLater Modern Englishdialectslanguage standardisation
Type
Chapter
Information
Language in Britain and Ireland , pp. 11 - 47
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aarts, B., López-Couso, M. J and Ménez Naya, B. (2012). Late Modern English: Syntax. In Bergs, A. and Brinton, L. (eds.), Historical Linguistics of English (HSK 34.1). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 869–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altick, R. D. (1957). The English Common Reader: A Social History of the Mass Reading Public 1800–1900. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Anderwald, L. (2016). Language between Description and Prescription: Verbs and Verb Categories in Nineteenth-Century Grammars of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auer, A. (2006). Precept and practice: The influence of prescriptivism on the English subjunctive. In Dalton-Puffer, C., Kastovsky, D., Ritt, N. and Schendl, H. (eds.), Syntax, Style and Grammatical Norms: English from 1500–2000. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, pp. 33–53.Google Scholar
Auer, A. (2009). The Subjunctive in the Age of Prescriptivism: English and German Developments in the Eighteenth Century. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Auer, A. (2014). Nineteenth-century English: Norms and usage. In Rutten, G., Vosters, R. and Vandenbussche, W. (eds.), Norms and Usage in Language History, 1600–1900: A Sociolinguistic and Comparative Perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 151–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auer, A. (2015). Stylistic variation in Modern English letters. In Auer, A., Schreier, D. and Watts, R. J. (eds.), Letter Writing and Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 133–55.Google Scholar
Auer, A., Gardner, A.-C. and Iten, M. (2023). Patterns of linguistic variation in Late Modern English pauper petitions from Berkshire and Dorset. In Schiegg, M. and Huber, J. (eds.), Intra-Writer Variation in Historical Sociolinguistics. Bern: Lang, pp. 133–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auer, A. and González-Díaz, V. (2005). Eighteenth-century prescriptivism in English: A re-evaluation of its effects on actual language usage. Multilingua 24(4): 317–41.Google Scholar
Auer, A. and Hickey, R. (in press). Ego documents in the history of English. In Kytö, M. and Smitterberg, E. (eds.), New Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. II: Documentation, Data Sources and Modelling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ayres-Bennett, W. (2021). Modelling language standardisation. In Ayres-Bennett, W. and Bellamy, J. (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Language Standardization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 27–64.Google Scholar
Bailey, R. W. (1996). Nineteenth-Century English. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Barber, Ch., Beal, J. C. and Shaw, P. A. (2009). The English Language: A Historical Introduction, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baugh, A. C. and Cable, T. (1993). A History of the English Language, 4th ed. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Beal, J. C. (2004). English in Modern Times 1700–1945. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Belich, J. (2009). Replenishing the Earth: The Settler Revolution and the Rise of the Anglo-World, 1783–1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benskin, M. (1992). Some new perspectives on the origins of Standard written English. In Leuvensteijn, J. A. and Berns, J. B. (eds.), Dialect and Standard Language in the English, Dutch, German and Norwegian Language Areas. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, pp. 71–105.Google Scholar
Benskin, M. (2004). Chancery Standard. In Kay, C. et al. (eds.), New Perspectives on English Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 1–40.Google Scholar
Blake, N. F. (1996). A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brinton, L. and Bergs, A. (eds.) (2017). The History of English Series. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Brooks, C. (1994). Apprenticeship, social mobility and the middling sort, 1550–1800. In Barry, J. and Brooks, C. (eds.), The Middling Sort of People: Culture, Society and Politics in England 1550–1800. London: Macmillan, pp. 52–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, A. (1959). Old English Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Cawdrey, R. (1604). A Table Alphabeticall, contayning and teaching the true writing and vnderstanding of hard vsuall English words, borrowed from the Hebrew, Greeke, Latine, or French &c. London: T S for Edmund Weauer.Google Scholar
Cowie, C. (2012). Early Modern English: Morphology. In Bergs, A. and Brinton, L. (eds.), Historical Linguistics of English (HSK 34.1). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 604–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, W. J. (2009). The mandative subjunctive. In Rohdenburg, G. and Schlüter, J. (eds.), One Language, Two Grammars? Differences between British and American English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 257–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cressy, D. (1980). Literacy and Social Order: Reading and Writing in Tudor and Stuart England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowley, T. (1991). Proper English? Readings in Language, History and Cultural Identity. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Curzan, A. (2012 [2017]). Periodization in the history of the English language. In Bergs, A. and Brinton, L. (eds.), Historical Linguistics of English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 233–56. (Reprinted in The History of English: Historical Outlines from Sound to Text, edited by L. Brinton and A. Bergs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2017.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalton-Puffer, C. (1996). The French Influence on Middle English Morphology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denison, D. (1993). English Historical Syntax: Verbal Constructions. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Denison, D. (1998). Syntax. In Romaine, S. (ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. IV. 1776–1997. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 92–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deumert, A. and Vandenbussche, W. (2003). Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durkin, P. (2009). The Oxford Guide to Etymology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Durkin, P. (2014). Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO): https://www.gale.com/primary-sources/eighteenth-century-collections-onlineCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fennell, B. A. (2001). A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Fens-de Zeeuw, L. and Straaijer, R. (2012). Long -s in Late Modern English Manuscripts. English Language and Linguistics 16(2): 319–38.Google Scholar
Fischer, O. (1992). Syntax. In Blake, N. (ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. II. 1066–1476. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 207–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilliver, P. (2016). The Making of the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Godden, M. (2012). Literacy in Anglo-Saxon England. In Gameson, R. (ed.), The Cambridge History of the Book in England, Vol. 1: c. 400–1100. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 580–90.Google Scholar
González-Díaz, V. (2008). English Adjective Comparison: A Historical Perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Görlach, M. (1999). English in Nineteenth-Century England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Görlach, M. (2001). Eighteenth-Century English. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Gordon, M., Oudesluijs, T. and Auer, A. (2020). Supralocalisation processes in Early Modern English urban vernaculars: New manuscript evidence from Bristol, Coventry and York. International Journal of English Studies 20(2): 47–66.Google Scholar
Gramley, S. (2012). The History of English: An Introduction. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gustafsson, L. O. (2002). Preterite and Past Participle Forms in English 1680–1790: Standardisation Processes in Public and Private Writing. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harbert, W. (2007). The Germanic Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Haugen, E. (1966). Dialect, language, nation. American Anthropologist 68(4): 922–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henriksen, C. and van der Auwera, J. (1994). The Germanic languages. In König, E. and van der Auwera, J. (eds.), The Germanic Languages. London: Routledge, pp. 1–18.Google Scholar
Hilpert, M. (2011). Grammaticalization in Germanic languages. In Heine, B. and Narrog, Heiko (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 708–18.Google Scholar
Hickey, R. (ed.) (2010). Eighteenth-Century English: Ideology and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hickey, R. (ed.) (in press). A New Cambridge History of the English Language (6 volumes). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. J. (1990). Nation and Nationalism Since 1780: Programmes, Myth, Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, R. M. (1992a). Phonology and morphology. In Hogg, R. M. (ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 1: The Beginnings to 1066. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 67–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, R. M. (1992b). A Grammar of Old English. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hogg, R. M. (2002). An Introduction to Old English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houston, R. A. (1982). The development of literacy: Northern England, 1640–1750. The Economic History Review 35(2): 199–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hundt, M. (2001). What corpora tell us about the grammaticalisation of voice in get-constructions. Studies in Language 25(1): 49–88.Google Scholar
Hundt, M. (2004). Animacy, agentivity, and the spread of the progressive in Modern English. English Language and Linguistics 8(1): 47–69.Google Scholar
Ingham, R. (ed.) (2010). The Anglo-Norman Language and Its Contexts. York, UK: York Medieval Press, in collab. with Boydell and Brewer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingham, R. (2012). Middle English and Anglo-Norman in contact. Bulletin des anglicistes médiévistes 81: 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, S. (1755). Dictionary of the English Language. London: W. Strahan for J. and P. Knapton, T. and T. Longman et al.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, C. (2003). English Pronunciation in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Jones, C. (2012). Late Modern English: Phonology. In Bergs, A. and Brinton, L. (eds.), Historical Linguistics of English (HSK 34.1). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 827–42.Google Scholar
Kay, C. (2012). Old English: Semantics and lexicon. In Bergs, A. and Brinton, L. (eds.), Historical Linguistics of English (HSK 34.1). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 313–25.Google Scholar
Kerswill, P. (2018). Dialect formation and dialect change in the Industrial Revolution: British vernacular English in the nineteenth century. In Wright, L. (ed.), Southern English Varieties Then and Now. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 8–38.Google Scholar
Kibbee, D. (1991). For to speke Frenche trewely: The French Language in England 1000–1600: Its Status, Description and Instruction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Krug, M. (2012). The Great Vowel Shift. In Bergs, A. and Brinton, L. (eds.), Historical Linguistics of English (HSK 34.1). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 756–76.Google Scholar
Kytö, M., Grund, P. J. and Walker, T. (2011). Testifying to Language and Life in Early Modern England. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Kytö, M., Rydén, M. and Smitterberg, E. (eds.) (2006). Nineteenth-Century English: Stability and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Labov, W. (1994). Principles of Linguistic Change, Vol. 1: Internal Factors. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Labov, W. (2001). Principles of Linguistic Change, Vol. 2: Social Factors. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Labov, W. (2010). Principles of Linguistic Change, Vol. 3: Cognitive and Cultural Factors. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lass, R. (1992). Phonology and morphology. In Blake, N. (ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. II: 1066–1476. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 23–155.Google Scholar
Lass, R. (1994). Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lass, R. (2000). A branching path: Low vowel lengthening and its friends in the emerging standard. In Wright, L. (ed.), The Development of Standard English 1300–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 219–29.Google Scholar
Lawson, J. and Silver, H. (1973). A Social History of Education in England. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Lawton, R. (1986). Population. In Langton, J. and Morris, R. J. (eds.), Atlas of Industrializing Britain 1780–1914. London: Methuen, pp. 10–29.Google Scholar
Lowth, R. (1762). Short Introduction to English Grammar. London: A Millar, R & J Dodsley.Google Scholar
Milroy, J. and Milroy, L. (1999 [1985]). Authority in Language: Investigating Standard English. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Minkova, D. (2005). Old English. Philipp Strazny Encyclopedia of Linguistics. London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 777–80.Google Scholar
Moessner, L. (2020). The History of the Present English Subjunctive: A Corpus-based Study of Mood and Modality. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Mondorf, B. (2012). Late Modern English: Morphology. In Bergs, A. and Brinton, L. (eds.), Historical Linguistics of English: An International Handbook. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 842–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
More, C. (2000). Understanding the Industrial Revolution. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mugglestone, L. (1995). Talking Proper. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Mugglestone, L. (ed.) (2006). The Oxford History of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nevalainen, T. and Raumolin-Brunberg, H. (2017[2003]). Historical Sociolinguistics: Language Change in Tudor and Stuart England, 2nd ed. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Nevalainen, T. and Traugott, E. (eds.) (2016). The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nurmi, A. (1999). A Social History of Periphrastic DO. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique.Google Scholar
Orme, N. (2006). Medieval Schools: From Roman Britain to Renaissance England. Newhaven, CT: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osselton, N. E. (1998a). Spelling-book rules and the capitalization of nouns in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In Rydén, M., Tieken-Boon van Ostade, I. and Kytö, M. (eds.), A Reader in Early Modern English. Frankfurt: Lang, pp. 447–60.Google Scholar
Osselton, N. E. (1998b). Informal spelling systems in Early Modern English: 1500–1800. In Rydén, M., Tieken-Boon van Ostade, I. and Kytö, M. (eds.), A Reader in Early Modern English. Frankfurt: Lang, pp. 33–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reay, B. (1998). Popular Cultures in England 1550–1750. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Rees Jones, S. (2014). Civic literacy in Later Medieval England. In Mostert, M. and Adamska, A. (eds.), Writing and the Administration of Medieval Towns. Medieval Urban Literacy I. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 219–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohdenburg, G. (2004). Comparing grammatical variation phenomena in non-standard English and Low German dialects from a typological perspective. In Kortmann, B. (ed.), Dialectology Meets Typology: Dialect Grammar from a Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 335–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohdenburg, G. and Schlüter, J. (eds.) (2009). One Language, Two Grammars? Differences between British and American English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanderson, M. (1995). Education, Economic Change and Society in England 1780–1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schendl, H. (2012). Middle English: Language contact. In Bergs, A. and Brinton, L. (eds.), Historical Linguistics of English (HSK 34.1). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 505–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schreier, D. and Hundt, M. (eds.) (2013). English as a Contact Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Scragg, D. G. (1974). A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheridan, T. (1780). A General Dictionary of the English Language. London: Dodsley, J., Dilly, C. and Wilkie, J..Google Scholar
Smith, J. (2012). Middle English: Morphology. In Bergs, A. and Brinton, L. (eds.), Historical Linguistics of English (HSK 34.1). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 415–34.Google Scholar
Smitterberg, E. (2005). The Progressive in 19th-Century English: A Process of Integration. Amsterdam: Rodopi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sylvester, L. (2012). Middle English: Semantics and lexicon. In Bergs, A. and Brinton, L. (eds.), Historical Linguistics of English (HSK 34.1). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 450–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, I. (ed.) (2008). Grammars, Grammarians and Grammar-Writing in Eighteenth-Century England. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, I. (2010). The Bishop’s Grammar. Robert Lowth and the Rise of Prescriptivism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, I. (2014). In Search of Jane Austen: The Language of the Letters. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Timofeeva, O. and Ingham, R. (2018). Special Issue on Mechanisms of French Contact Influence in Middle English: Diffusion and Maintenance. English Language and Linguistics 22(2): 197–205.Google Scholar
Traugott, E. C. and Dasher, R. B. (2001). Regularity in Semantic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
van Gelderen, E. (2006). A History of the English Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
van Gelderen, E. (2014). A History of the English Language (revised edition). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
van Kemenade, A. and Los, B. (eds.) (2009). The Handbook of the History of English. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wales, K. (2006). Northern English: A Social and Cultural History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Walker, J. (1791). Critical Pronouncing Dictionary. London: G. G. J. and J. Robinson and T. Cadell.Google Scholar
Wright, L. (1994). On the writing of the history of Standard English. In Fernández, F., Fuster, M. and Calvo, J. J. (eds.), English Historical Linguistics, 1992: Papers from the 7th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Valencia, 22–26 September 1992. Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 105–15.Google Scholar
Wright, L. (ed.) (2000). The Development of Standard English 1300–1800: Theories, Descriptions, Conflicts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, L. (ed.) (2020a). The Multilingual Origins of Standard English. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Wright, L. (2020b). Introduction. In Wright, L. (ed.), The Multilingual Origins of Standard English. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 3–15.Google Scholar
Wright, L. (2020c). Rising living standards, the demise of Anglo-Norman and mixed-language writing, and Standard English. In Wright, L. (ed.), The Multilingual Origins of Standard English. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 515–32.Google Scholar
Yáñez-Bouza, N. (2015). Grammar, Rhetoric and Usage in English: Preposition Placement 1500–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • The History of English
  • Edited by Susan Fox, Universität Bern, Switzerland
  • Book: Language in Britain and Ireland
  • Online publication: 17 October 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108769617.004
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • The History of English
  • Edited by Susan Fox, Universität Bern, Switzerland
  • Book: Language in Britain and Ireland
  • Online publication: 17 October 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108769617.004
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • The History of English
  • Edited by Susan Fox, Universität Bern, Switzerland
  • Book: Language in Britain and Ireland
  • Online publication: 17 October 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108769617.004
Available formats
×