Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Acknowledgments
- 1 Introduction
- 2 A Theory of Power Sharing and Attributions under Authoritarian Rule
- 3 Cross-National Evidence on Power Sharing and Attributions in Autocracies
- 4 The Jordanian Monarchy’s Strategic Blame Games
- 5 How Jordanians Attribute Responsibility
- 6 Power Sharing and Attributions across Jordan’s Modern History
- 7 How Jordan’s Blame Games Influence Governance
- 8 The Royal Advantage in Power Sharing and Blame Shifting
- 9 Power Sharing, Blame, and the Collapse of Royal Regimes
- 10 Conclusion
- References
- Index
- References
References
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 November 2024
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Acknowledgments
- 1 Introduction
- 2 A Theory of Power Sharing and Attributions under Authoritarian Rule
- 3 Cross-National Evidence on Power Sharing and Attributions in Autocracies
- 4 The Jordanian Monarchy’s Strategic Blame Games
- 5 How Jordanians Attribute Responsibility
- 6 Power Sharing and Attributions across Jordan’s Modern History
- 7 How Jordan’s Blame Games Influence Governance
- 8 The Royal Advantage in Power Sharing and Blame Shifting
- 9 Power Sharing, Blame, and the Collapse of Royal Regimes
- 10 Conclusion
- References
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The King Can Do No WrongBlame Games and Power Sharing in Authoritarian Regimes, pp. 317 - 341Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2024
References
Abdel Ghafar, Adel. 2021. “The Arrest of Maati Monjib and the Continued Retreat of Human Rights in Morocco.” Brookings Institution. March 9.Google Scholar
Abed, George T. and Davoodi, Hamid R.. 2003. “Challenges of Growth and Globalization in the Middle East and North Africa.” International Monetary Fund.Google Scholar
Abouzzohour, Yasmina. 2020. “Progress and Missed Opportunities: Morocco Enters Its Third Decade under King Mohammed VI.” Brookings Institution. July 29.Google Scholar
Abrahamian, Ervand. 1968. “The Crowd in Iranian Politics 1905–1953.” Past & Present 41: 184–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abrahamian, Ervand. 1980. “Structural Causes of the Iranian Revolution.” MERIP Reports 87: 21–26.Google Scholar
Abrahamian, Ervand. 2008. A History of Modern Iran. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James A.. 2000. “Why Did the West Extend the Franchise? Democracy, Inequality, and Growth in Historical Perspective.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 115 (4): 1167–1199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adena, Maja, Ruben Enikolopov, Maria Petrova, Santarosa, Vernoica, and Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina. 2015. “Radio and the Rise of the Nazis in Prewar Germany.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 130 (4): 1885–1939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adwan, Tahir. 2018. “Men of the King: A Blessing or Curse for Him?” Al-Maqar. March 3. [Translated from Arabic by Author].Google Scholar
AfricaNews. 2019. “Egypt Transport Minister Resigns after Train Crash Kills 25.” February 27.Google Scholar
Alaimo, Kara. 2015. “How the Facebook Arabic Page “We Are All Khaled Said” Helped Promote the Egyptian Revolution.” Social Media and Society 1 (2).Google Scholar
Albertus, Michael and Menaldo, Victor. 2012. “Coercive Capacity and the Prospects for Democratization.” Comparative Politics 44 (2): 151–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albertus, Michael and Menaldo, Victor. 2014. “Why Egypt’s New Constitution May Not Turn Out as Badly as You Think.” The Washington Post. January 16.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto and Tabellini, Guido. 2005. “Why Do Politicians Delegate?” NBER Working Paper Series. Working Paper 11531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alicke, Mark D. 2000. “Culpable Control and the Psychology of Blame.” Psychological Bulletin 126 (4): 556–574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alissa, Sufyan. 2007. “Rethinking Economic Reform in Jordan: Confronting Socioeconomic Realities.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 4.Google Scholar
Alon, Yoav. 2009. The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State. IB Tauris & Company.Google Scholar
Alrababa’h, Ala’ and Blaydes, Lisa. 2021. “Authoritarian Media and Diversionary Threats: Lessons from 30 Years of Syrian State Discourse.” Political Science Research and Methods 9 (4): 693–708.Google Scholar
Alshoubaki, Wa’ed and Harris, Michael. 2021. “Jordan’s Public Policy Response to COVID-19 Pandemic: Insight and Policy Analysis.” Public Organization Review 21 (4): 687–706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Christopher J. 2007. “The End of Economic Voting? Contingency Dilemmas and the Limits of Democratic Accountability.” Annual Review of Political Science 10: 271–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Lisa. 1991. “Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the Middle East.” Political Science Quarterly 106 (1): 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Lisa. 2000. “Dynasts and Nationalists: Why Monarchies Survive.” In Middle East Monarchies: The Challenge of Modernity. Ed. Kostiner, Joseph. Lynee Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Andoni, Lamis and Schwedler, Jillian. 1996. “Bread Riots in Jordan.” Middle East Report 201: 40–42.Google Scholar
Ansari, Ali M. 2001. “The Myth of the White Revolution: Mohammad Reza Shah, ‘Modernization’ and the Consolidation of Power.” Middle Eastern Studies 37 (3): 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arceneaux, Kevin. 2006. “The Federal Face of Voting: Are Elected Officials Held Accountable for the Functions Relevant to Their Office?” Political Psychology 27 (5): 731–754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arceneaux, Kevin and Stein, Robert M.. 2006. “Who Is Held Responsible When Disaster Strikes? The Attribution of Responsibility for a Natural Disaster in an Urban Election.” Journal of Urban Affairs 28 (1): 43–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arjomand, Said Amir. 1988. The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Arjomand, Said Amir. 1985. “The Causes and Significance of the Iranian Revolution.” State, Culture, and Society 1 (3): 41–66.Google Scholar
Armstrong, David, John Reuter, Ora, and Robertson, Graeme B.. 2020. “Getting the Opposition Together: Protest Coordination in Authoritarian Regimes.” Post-Soviet Affairs 36 (1): 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aytaç, Selim Erdem. 2021. “Effectiveness of Incumbent’s Strategic Communication during Economic Crisis under Electoral Authoritarianism: Evidence from Turkey.” American Political Science Review 115 (4): 1517–1523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baekkeskov, Erik and Rubin, Olivier. 2016. “Information Dilemmas and Blame Avoidance Strategies: From Secrecy to Lighting Rods in Chinese Health Crises.” Governance 30 (3): 425–443.Google Scholar
Bank, Andre, Richter, Thomas, and Sunik, Anna. 2015. “Long-Term Monarchical Survival in the Middle East: A Configurational Comparison, 1945–2012.” Democratization 22 (1): 179–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bank, Andre and Schlumberger, Oliver. 2004. “Jordan: Between Regime Survival and Economic Reform.” In Arab Elites: Negotiating the Politics of Change. Ed. Perthes, Volker. Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Baral, Lok Raj. 1987. “Nepal in 1986: Problem of Political Management.” Asian Survey 27 (2): 173–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baral, Lok Raj. 1994. “The Return of Party Politics in Nepal.” Journal of Democracy 5 (1): 121–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartling, Bjorn, and Fischbacher, Urs. 2012. “Shifting the Blame: On Delegation and Responsibility.” The Review of Economic Studies 79 (1): 67–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baylouny, Anne Marie. 2008. “Militarizing Welfare: Neo-liberalism and Jordanian Policy.” Middle East Journal 62 (2): 277–303.Google Scholar
Beazer, Quintin H. and John Reuter, Ora. 2019. “Who’s to Blame? Political Centralization and Electoral Punishment under Authoritarianism.” The Journal of Politics 81 (2): 648–662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beinin, Joel. 2012. “The Rise of Egypt’s Workers.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. June 28.Google Scholar
Beissinger, Mark, Jamal, Amaney, and Mazur, Kevin. 2015. “Explaining Divergent Revolutionary Coalitions: Regime Strategies and the Structuring of Participation in the Tunisian and Egyptian Revolutions.” Journal of Comparative Politics 48 (1): 1–24.Google Scholar
Beliakova, Polina. 2020. “COVID-19 and the Limits of Putin’s Power.” War on the Rocks. May 13.Google Scholar
Bellin, Eva. 2004. “The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Politics 36 (2): 139–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bendix, Reinhard. 1978. Kings or People: Power and the Mandate to Rule. University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bill, James A. 1970. “Modernization and Reform from Above: The Case of Iran.” Journal of Politics 32 (1): 19–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bisgaard, Martin. 2015. “Bias Will Find a Way: Economic Perceptions, Attributions of Blame, and Partisan-Motivated Reasoning during Crisis.” The Journal of Politics 77 (3): 849–860.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bjornskov, Christian and Rode, Martin. 2020. “Regime Types and Regime Change: A New Dataset on Democracy, Coups, and Political Institutions.” Review of International Organizations 15: 531–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, Graeme, Coppock, Alexander, and Moor, Margaret. 2020. “When to Worry about Sensitivity Bias: A Social Reference Theory and Evidence from 30 Years of List Experiments.” American Political Science Review 114 (4): 1297–1315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa. 2010. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa. 2018. State of Repression: Iraq under Saddam Hussein. Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa and Chaney, Eric. 2013. “The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political Divergence of the Christian West and the Muslim World before 1500 CE.” American Political Science Review 107 (1): 16–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boeker, Warren. 1992. “Power and Managerial Dismissal: Scapegoating at the Top.” Administrative Science Quarterly 37 (3): 400–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boix, Carles and Svolik, Milan. 2013. “The Foundations of Limited Authoritarian Government: Institutions, Commitment, and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships.” Journal of Politics 75 (2): 300–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyne, George A., James, Oliver, John, Peter, and Petrovsky, Nicolai. 2008. “Executive Succession in English Local Government.” Public Money and Management 28 (5): 267–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brand, Laurie. 1995. Jordan’s Inter-Arab Relations: The Political Economy of Alliance-Making. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Brand, Laurie. 2014. Official Stories: Politics and National Narratives in Egypt and Algeria. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael and van de Walle, Nicholas. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Nathan J. 2001. “Mechanisms of Accountability in Arab Governance: The Present and Future of Judiciaries and Parliaments in the Arab World.” United Nations Development Programme.Google Scholar
Brown, Nathan. 2017. “Official Islam in the Arab World: The Contest for Religious Authority.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. May 11.Google Scholar
Brownlee, Jason. 2007. “Hereditary Succession in Modern Autocracies.” World Politics 59 (4): 595–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownlee, Jason, Masoud, Tarek, and Reynolds, Anthony. 2015. The Arab Spring: Pathways of Repression and Reform. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckley, Noah, Marquardt, Kyle L., John Reuter, Ora, and Tertytchnaya, Katerina. 2022. “How Popular Is Putin, really?” The Washington Post. April 13.Google Scholar
Buehler, Matt and Ayari, Mehdi. 2018. “The Autocrat’s Advisors: Opening the Black Box of Ruling Coalitions in Tunisia’s Authoritarian Regime.” Political Research Quarterly 71 (2): 330–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Smith, Alastair, Siverson, Randolph M., and Morrow, James D.. 2003. The Logic of Political Survival. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgess, Glenn. 1996. Absolute Monarchy and the Stuart Constitution. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Burns, John F. 2003. “Threats and Responses: Allies; Jordan’s King, in Gamble, Lends Hand to the U.S.” New York Times. March 9.Google Scholar
Cai, Yongshun. 2008. “Power Structure and Regime Resilience: Contentious Politics in China.” British Journal of Political Science 38 (3): 411–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cantoni, Davide, Yuyu Chen, David Y. Yang, Noam Yuchtman, and Jane Zhang, Y.. 2017. “Curriculum and Ideology.” Journal of Political Economy 125 (2): 338–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, Erin Baggott and Carter, Brett L.. 2023. Propaganda in Autocracies: Institutions, Information, and the Politics of Belief. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casper, Brett Allen and Tyson, Scott A.. 2014. “Popular Protest and Elite Coordination in a Coup d’etat.” Journal of Politics 76 (2): 548–564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Censer, Jack R. 2019. “Intellectual History and the Causes of the French Revolution.” Journal of Social History 52 (3): 545–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheibub, Jose Antonio, Gandhi, Jennifer, and Raymond Vreeland, James. 2010. “Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited.” Public Choice 143 (2–1): 67–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomiak, Laryssa. 2011. “The Making of a Revolution in Tunisia.” Middle East Law and Governance 3 (68): 68–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christensen, Darin and Garfias, Francisco. 2018. “Can You Hear Me Now? How Communication Technology Affects Protest and Repression.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 13 (1): 89–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christophersen, Mona. 2013. “Protest and Reform in Jordan: Popular Demand and Government Response 2011 to 2012.” Fafo-report 50.Google Scholar
Chu, Jonathan and Williamson, Scott. 2024. “Respect the Process: The Public Cost of Unilateral Action in Comparative Perspective.” Journal of Politics.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chwe, Michael Suk-Young. 2001. Rational Ritual: Culture, Coordination, and Common Knowledge. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Clarke, Killian. 2021. “Which Protests Count? Coverage Bias in Middle East Event Datasets.” Mediterranean Politics 28 (2): 302–328.Google Scholar
Clement, Francoise. 2009. “Worker Protests under Economic Liberalization in Egypt.” In Political and Social Protest in Egypt. Ed. Nicholas, S. Hopkins. University, American in Cairo Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, Amnon. 1980. Political Parties in the West Bank under the Jordanian Regime, 1949–1979. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Cook, Steven A. 2007. Ruling but Not Governing: The Military and Political Development in Egypt, Algeria, and Turkey. Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, Gary W. 2011. “War, Moral Hazard, and Ministerial Responsibility: England after the Glorious Revolution.” The Journal of Economic History 71 (1): 133–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunha, Raphael, Schuler, Paul, and Williamson, Scott. 2022. “Signal Received? Authoritarian Elections and the Salience of Autocrats.” Electoral Studies 76 (102441).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daadaoui, Mohamed. 2011. Moroccan Monarchy and the Islamist Challenge: Maintaining Makhzen Power. Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dabashi, Hamid. 2013. “What Happened to the Green Movement in Iran?” Al-Jazeera. June 12.Google Scholar
Daragahi, Borzou. 2019. “A Decade after Iran’s Green Movement, Some Lessons.” The Atlantic Council. June 12.Google Scholar
Davenport, Christian. 2007. “State Repression and Political Order.” Annual Review of Political Science 10: 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, Sarah. 1997. Popular Opinion in Stalin’s Russia: Terror, Propaganda, and Dissent, 1934–1941. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Vries, Catherine E., Edwards, Erica E., and Tillman, Erik R.. 2011. “Clarity of Responsibility Beyond the Pocketbook: How Political Institutions Condition EU Issue Voting.” Comparative Political Studies 44 (3): 339–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diwan, Kristin. 2020. “Shifting State Strategies toward Sectarian Politics in Bahrain.” Mediterranean Politics 26 (4): 505–510.Google Scholar
Drhimeur, Amina. 2018. “The Party of Justice and Development’s Pragmatic Politics.” Baker Institute for Public Policy. May 31.Google Scholar
Driffill, John and Rotondi, Zeno. 2006. “Credibility of Optimal Monetary Delegation: Comment.” The American Economic Review 96 (4): 1361–1366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duch, Raymond M. and Stevenson, Randolph T.. 2008. The Economic Vote: How Political and Economic Institutions Condition Election Results. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, Richard J. 1994. Presidential Lightning Rods: The Politics of Blame Avoidance. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Elkins, Zachary and Ginsburg, Tom. 2021. “Characteristics of National Constitutions, Version 3.0.” Comparative Constitutions Project. Last modified May 20, 2021.Google Scholar
Elkins, Zachary and Melton, James. 2014. “The Content of Authoritarian Constitutions.” In Constitutions in Authoritarian Regimes. Eds. Ginsburg, Tom and Simpser, Alberto. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ersan, Mohammad. 2021. “Jordan’s King Accused of Expanding Powers through Constitutional Amendments.” Middle East Eye. December 3.Google Scholar
Ersan, Mohammad. 2022. “Arrests in Jordan Spark Fury and Rare Public Rebukes of the King.” Middle East Eye. February 18.Google Scholar
Fakir, Intissar. 2016. “The King and Us.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. May 10.Google Scholar
Fatemi, Khosrow. 1982. “Leadership by Distrust: The Shah’s Modus Operandi.” Middle East Journal 36 (1): 48–61.Google Scholar
Fiorina, Morris. 1982. “Legislative Choice of Regulatory Forms: Legal Process or Administrative Process?” Public Choice 39 (1): 33–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fokht, Elizaveta. 2019. “Russia and Putin: Is President’s Popularity in Decline?” BBC. June 20.Google Scholar
Fortescue, William. 2002. “Morality and Monarchy: Corruption and the Fall of the Regime of Louis-Philippe in 1848.” French History 16 (1): 83–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, Justin and Jordan, Stuart V.. 2011. “Delegation and Accountability.” The Journal of Politics 73 (3): 831–844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frantz, Erica, Kendall-Taylor, Andrea, Wright, Joseph, and Xu, Xu. 2020. “Personalization of Power and Repression in Dictatorships.” The Journal of Politics 82 (1): 372–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedman, Amy L. 2005. “Economic Crises and Political Change: Indonesia, South Korea, and Malaysia.” Asian Affairs: An American Review 31 (4): 232–249.Google Scholar
Frye, Timothy, Gehlbach, Scott, Marquardt, Kyle L., and Reuter, Ora Jon. 2017. “Is Putin’s Popularity Real?” Post-Soviet Affairs 33 (1): 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El Gamal, Rania. 2014. “Bahraini Shi’ite Youth Risk Radicalization as Political Talks Stall.” Reuters. May 4.Google Scholar
Gandhi, Jennifer. 2008. Political Institutions under Dictatorship. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gandhi, Jennifer and Lust, Ellen. 2009. “Elections under Authoritarianism.” Annual Review of Political Science 12: 403–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gandhi, Jennifer and Przeworski, Adam. 2007. “Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats.” Comparative Political Studies 40 (11): 1279–1301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gandhi, Jennifer, Noble, Ben, and Svolik, Milan. 2020. “Legislatures and Legislative Politics without Democracy.” Comparative Political Studies 53 (9): 1359–1379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganguly, Sumit and Shoup, Brian. 2005. “Nepal: Between Dictatorship and Anarchy.” Journal of Democracy 16 (4): 129–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gause, Gregory. 1994. Oil Monarchies: Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab Gulf States. Council on Foreign Relations Press.Google Scholar
Gause, Gregory. 2013. “Kings for All Seasons: How the Middle East’s Monarchies Survived the Arab Spring.” Brookings Doha Center. Analysis Paper 8.Google Scholar
Gause, Gregory and Yom, Sean. 2012. “Resilient Royals: How Arab Monarchies Hang On.” Journal of Democracy 23 (4): 74–88.Google Scholar
Geddes, Barbara. 1999. “What Do We Know about Democratization after Twenty Years?” Annual Review of Political Science 2: 115–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geddes, Barbara, Wright, Joseph, and Frantz, Erica. 2014. “Autocratic Break-down and Regime Transitions: A New Data Set.” Perspectives on Politics 12 (2): 313–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geddes, Barbara, Frantz, Erica, and Wright, Joseph. 2014b. “Military Rule.” Annual Review of Political Science 17: 147–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geddes, Barbara, Wright, Joseph, and Frantz, Erica. 2018. How Dictatorships Work. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gellner, David N. 2007. “Nepal and Bhutan in 2006: A Year of Revolution.” Asian Survey 47 (1): 80–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerring, John, Henrik Knutsen, Carl, and Berge, Jonas. 2022. “Does Democracy Matter?” Annual Review of Political Science 25: 357–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerring, John, Tore Wig, Wouter Veenendaal, Weitzel, Daniel, Teorell, Jan, and Kikuta, Kyosuke. 2021. “Why Monarchy? The Rise and Demise of a Regime Type.” Comparative Political Studies 54 (3–4): 585–622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, Stuart D. 2008. “Russia’s 2008 Presidential Succession.” Congressional Research Service.Google Scholar
Greitens, Sheena. 2016. Dictators and Their Secret Police: Coercive Institutions and State Violence. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grewal, Sharan and Kureshi, Yasser. 2019. “How to Sell a Coup: Elections as Coup Legitimation.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 63 (4): 1001–1031.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimmer, Justin and Stewart, Brandon M.. 2013. “Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts.” Political Analysis 21 (3): 267–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossman, Guy and Slough, Tara. 2022. “Government Responsiveness in Developing Countries.” Annual Review of Political Science 25: 131–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guadalupe, Patricia. 2007. “Many Russians Unhappy with Their National Government.” Gallup News. October 30.Google Scholar
Gueorguiev, Dimitar and Schuler, Paul. 2016. “Keeping Your Head Down: Public Profiles and Promotion under Autocracy.” Journal of East Asian Studies 16 (1): 87–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gulzar, Saad and Pasquale, Benjamin J.. 2017. “Politicians, Bureaucrats, and Development: Evidence from India.” American Political Science Review 111 (1): 162–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, Gang. 2007. “Retrospective Economic Accountability under Authoritarianism: Evidence from China.” Political Research Quarterly 60 (3): 378–390.Google Scholar
Guriev, Sergei and Treisman, Daniel. 2020. “A Theory of Informational Autocracy.” Journal of Public Economics 186: 104158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guriev, Sergei and Treisman, Daniel. 2020b. “The Popularity of Authoritarian Leaders.” World Politics 72 (4): 601–638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guriev, Sergei and Treisman, Daniel. 2022. Spin Dictators: The Changing Face of Tyranny in the 21st Century. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Haber, Stephen. 2008. “Authoritarian Government.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Economy. Eds. Donald, A. Wittman and Barry, R. Weingast. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hahn, Erich. 1977. “Ministerial Responsibility and Impeachment in Prussia 1848–63.” Central European History 10 (1): 3–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, Henry E. and Colton, Timothy J.. 2010. “Russians and the Putin-Medvedev “Tandemocracy”: A Survey-Based Portrait of the 2007–2008 Election Season.” Problems of Post-Communism 57 (2): 3–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamzawy, Amr and Brown, Nathan J.. 2020. “How Much Will the Pandemic Change Egyptian Governance and for How Long?” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. July 23.Google Scholar
Hanson, Stephen E. 2011. “Plebiscitarian Patrimonialism in Putin’s Russia: Legitimating Authoritarianism in a Postideological Era.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 636 (1): 32–48.Google Scholar
Harrigan, Jane, El-Said, Hamed, and Wang, Ghengang. 2006. “The IMF and the World Bank in Jordan: A Case of over Optimism and Elusive Growth.” Review of International Organizations 1 (3): 263–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartnett, Allison Spencer. 2018. “Can Jordan’s New Prime Minister Reform the Government?” The Washington Post. June 13.Google Scholar
Center, Al-Hayat. 2018. “Yearly Report on the Performance of the Eighteenth House of Representatives.” [Translated from Arabic].Google Scholar
Healy, Andrew and Malhotra, Neil. 2013. “Retrospective Voting Reconsidered.” Annual Review of Political Science 16: 285–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedlun, Stefan. 2008. “Rents, Rights, and Service: Boyar Economics and the Putin Transition.” Problems of Post-Communism 55 (4): 29–41.Google Scholar
Henshall, Nicholas. 2014. The Myth of Absolutism: Change & Continuity in Early Modern European Monarchy. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herb, Michael. 1999. All in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution, and Democracy in the Middle Eastern Monarchies. SUNY University Press.Google Scholar
Herb, Michael. 2002. “Democratization in the Arab World? Emirs and Parliaments in the Gulf.” Journal of Democracy 13 (4): 41–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herb, Michael. 2004. “Princes and Parliaments in the Arab World.” Middle East Journal 58 (3): 367–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hewison, Kevin. 1997. “The Monarchy and Democratization.” In Political Change in Thailand. Ed. Hewison, Kevin. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobolt, Sara, Tilley, James, and Banducci, Susan. 2012. “Clarity of Responsibility: How Government Cohesion Conditions Performance Voting.” European Journal of Political Research 52 (2): 164–187.Google Scholar
Hood, Christopher. 2011. The Blame Game: Spin, Bureaucracy, and Self-Preservation in Government. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hood, Christopher. 2014. “Accountability and Blame-Avoidance.” In The Oxford Handbook of Public Accountability. Eds. Bovens, Mark, Goodin, Robert E., and Schillemans, Thomas. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Howard, Marc Morje and Roessler, Philip G.. 2006. “Liberalizing Electoral Outcomes in Competitive Authoritarian Regimes.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (2): 365–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Haifeng. 2015. “Propaganda as Signaling.” Comparative Politics 47 (4): 419–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Haifeng and Cruz, Nicholas. 2021. “Propaganda, Presumed Influence, and Collective Protest.” Political Behavior 44: 1789–1812.Google Scholar
Huang, Haifeng, Intawan, Chanita, and Nicholson, Stephen P.. 2022. “In Government We Trust: Implicit Political Trust and Regime Support in China.” Perspectives on Politics 21 (4): 1357–1375.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2020. “Jordan: Stepped Up Arrests of Activists, Protesters.” January 14.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Hutt, Michael. 2005. “King Gyanendra’s Coup and Its Implications for Nepal’s Future.” The Brown Journal of World Affairs 12 (1): 111–123.Google Scholar
Hyde, Susan D. and Marinov, Nikolay. 2012. “Which Elections Can Be Lost?” Political Analysis 20 (2): 191–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Press Institute. 2021. “Jordan: Lese-majeste Pardons Stir Calls for Decriminalizing Free Expression.” October 22.Google Scholar
Jamal, Amaney A. 2013. Of Empires and Citizens: Pro-American Democracy or No Democracy at All? Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Jansen, Michael. 1996. “Hussein Bridges Dangerous Gap between People and the Palace.” Irish Times. November 15.Google Scholar
Javeline, Debra. 2003a. “The Role of Blame in Collective Action: Evidence from Russia.” American Political Science Review 97 (1): 107–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Javeline, Debra. 2003b. Protest and the Politics of Blame. University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Jaclyn and Thyne, Clayton L.. 2018. “Squeaky Wheels and Troop Loyalty: How Domestic Protests Influence Coups d’etat, 1951–2005.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62 (3): 597–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jost, John T. 2018. “A Quarter Century of System Justification Theory: Questions, Answers, Criticisms, and Societal Applications.” British Journal of Social Psychology 58 (2): 263–314.Google Scholar
Jost, John T., Banaji, Mahzarin R., and Nosek, Brian A.. 2004. “A Decade of System Justification Theory: Accumulated Evidence of Conscious and Unconscious Bolstering of the Status Quo.” Political Psychology 25 (6): 881–919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jugl, Marlene. 2020. “Country Size and the Survival of Authoritarian Monarchies: Developing a New Argument.” Democratization 27 (2): 283–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kao, Kristen. 2015. “Ethnicity, Electoral Institutions, and Clientelism: Authoritarianism in Jordan.” PhD thesis, UCLA.Google Scholar
Karmel, E. J. 2021. “Designing Decentralization in Jordan: Locating the Policy among the Politics.” Middle East Law and Governance.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kayyali, Abdul-Wahab and Al-Wakeel, Dina. 2015. “Mubadarah: The Politics of the Possible.” Venture Magazine. April 12.Google Scholar
Keddie, Nikki R. 2003. Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Keefer, Philip and Stasavage, David. 2003. “The Limits of Delegation: Veto Players, Central Bank Independence, and the Credibility of Monetary Policy.” American Political Science Review 97 (3): 407–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendall-Taylor, Andrea and Frantz, Erica. 2014. “How Autocracies Fall.” The Washington Quarterly 37 (1): 35–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khadka, Narayan. 1986. “Crisis in Nepal’s Partyless Panchayat System: The Case for More Democracy.” Pacific Affairs 59 (3): 429–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khalaf, Abdulhadi. 2008. “Bahrain’s Parliament: The Quest for a Role.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. August 22.Google Scholar
Al-Khalidi, Suleiman. 2011. “Jordan’s Tribes Criticize Queen’s Role.” Reuters. February 8.Google Scholar
Al-Khalidi, Suleiman. 2012. “Jordan Sentences Ex-spy Chief to 13 Years Jail over Graft.” Reuters. November 11.Google Scholar
Al-Khalidi, Suleiman. 2018. “Jordan Pushes New IMF-backed Tax Bill to Parliament.” Reuters. September 25.Google Scholar
Al-Khalidi, Suleiman. 2018b. “Jordan Ministers Resign over Dead Sea Flood Deaths.” Reuters. November 1, 2018.Google Scholar
Khurshudyan, Isabelle. 2020. “As Russian Coronavirus Cases Rise, Putin Delegates Tough Action to Moscow Mayor.” The Washington Post. March 30.Google Scholar
Knickmeyer, Ellen. 2008. “Fledgling Rebellion on Facebook Is Struck Down by Force in Egypt.” The Washington Post. May 18.Google Scholar
Knight, Amy. 2008. “The Truth about Putin and Medvedev.” The New York Review of Books. May 15.Google Scholar
Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia and Taylor, Laramie D.. 2008. “The Blame Game: Elements of Causal Attribution and Its Impact on Siding with Agents in the News.” Communication Research 35 (6): 723–744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knutsen, Carl Henrik. 2021. “A Business Case for Democracy: Regime Type, Growth, and Growth Volatility.” Democratization 28 (8): 1505–1524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knutsen, Carl Henrik and Fjelde, Janne. 2013. “Property Rights in Dictatorships: Kings Protect Property Better than Generals or Party Bosses.” Contemporary Politics 19 (1): 94–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koehler-Derrick, Gabriel. 2013. “Quantifying Anecdotes: Google Search Data and Political Developments in Egypt.” PS: Political Science and Politics 46 (2): 291–298.Google Scholar
Kokkonen, Andrej, Krishnarajan, Suthan, Moller, Jorgen, and Sundell, Anders. 2021. “Blood Is Thicker than Water: Family Size and Leader Deposition in Medieval and Early Modern Europe.” The Journal of Politics: 1246–1259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kokkonen, Andrej, Moller, Jorgen, and Sundell, Anders. 2022. The Politics of Succession: Forging Stable Monarchies in Europe, AD 1000–1800. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kull, Steven, Ramsay, Clay, Weber, Stephen, and Lewis, Evan. 2010. “An Analysis of Multiple Polls of the Iranian Public.” World Public Opinion. February 3.Google Scholar
Kuran, Timur. 1991. “Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989.” World Politics 44 (1): 7–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurzman, Charles. 1996. “Structural Opportunity and Perceived Opportunity in Social-Movement Theory: The Iranian Revolution of 1979.” American Sociological Review 61 (1): 153–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurzman, Charles. 2003. “The Qum Protests and the Coming of the Iranian Revolution, 1975 and 1978.” Social Science History 27 (3): 287–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurzman, Charles. 2012. “The Arab Spring: Ideals of the Iranian Green Movement, Methods of the Iranian Revolution.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 44: 162–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, Adria. 2014. “Kings in a Democratic Age: Collective Protest and the Institutional Promise of Monarchy.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Leber, Andrew and Carothers, Christopher. 2017. “Is the Saudi Purge Really about Corruption?” Foreign Affairs. November 15.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven and Way, Lucan A.. 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, Bernard. 2000. “Monarchy in the Middle East.” In Middle East Monarchies: The Challenge of Modernity. Ed. Kostiner, Joseph, 15–22. Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Lewis-Beck, Michael S. and Stegmaier, Mary. 2000. “Economic Determinants of Electoral Outcomes.” Annual Review of Political Science 3(1): 183–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lofgren, Hans and Richards, Alan. 2003. “Food Security, Poverty, and Economic Policy in the Middle East and North Africa.” International Food Policy Research Institute.Google Scholar
Londono, Ernesto. 2011. “Egyptian Man’s Death Becomes Symbol of Callous State.” Washington Post. February 8.Google Scholar
Lorentzen, Peter L. 2013. “Regularizing Rioting: Permitting Public Protest in an Authoritarian Regime.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 8 (2): 127–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Louer, Laurence. 2012. “Houses Divided: The Splintering of Bahrain’s Political Camps.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. April 4.Google Scholar
Lu, Xiaobo. 2014. “Social Policy and Regime Legitimacy: The Effects of Education Reform in China.” American Political Science Review 108 (2): 423–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lü, Xiaobo, Liu, Mingxing, and Li, Feiyue. 2020. “Policy Coalition Building in an Authoritarian Legislature: Evidence from China’s National Assemblies.” Comparative Political Studies 53 (9): 1380–1416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucardi, Adrian. 2019. “Strength in Expectation: Elections, Economic Performance, and Authoritarian Breakdown.” The Journal of Politics 81 (2): 552–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, Russell E. 2003. “Deliberalization in Jordan.” Journal of Democracy 14 (1): 137–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, Russell E. 2005. Institutions and the Politics of Survival in Jordan. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Luciani, Giacomo. 1987. “Allocation vs. Production State.” In The Rentier State. Ed. Beblawi, Hazem and Luciani, Giacomo, 63–84. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Lueders, Hans. 2022. “Electoral Responsiveness in Closed Autocracies: Evidence from Petitions in the Former German Democratic Republic.” American Political Science Review 116 (3): 827–842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luhrmann, Anna et al. 2020. “Autocratization Surges – Resistance Grows.” Varieties of Democracy.Google Scholar
Lust, Ellen. 2009. “Democratization by Elections? Competitive Clientelism in the Middle East.” Journal of Democracy 20 (3): 122–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lust, Ellen and Hourani, Sami. 2011. “Jordan Votes: Election or Selection?” Journal of Democracy 22 (2): 119–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lust-Okar, Ellen. 2001. “The Decline of Jordanian Political Parties: Myth or Reality?” International Journal of Middle East Studies 33: 545–569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lust-Okar, Ellen. 2006. “Elections under Authoritarianism: Preliminary Lessons from Jordan.” Democratization 13 (3): 456–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lust-Okar, Ellen and Jamal, Amaney. 2002. “Rulers and Rules: Reassessing the Influence of Regime Type on Electoral Law Formation.” Comparative Political Studies 35 (3): 337–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mabon, Simon. 2019. “The End of the Battle for Bahrain and the Securitization of Bahraini Shi’a.” Middle East Journal 73 (1): 29–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackinnon, Amy and Standish, Reid. 2019. “Russians Begin to Consider Life without Putin.” Foreign Policy Magazine. September 3.Google Scholar
Madani, Mohamed, Maghraoui, Driss, and Zerhouni, Salona. 2012. “The 2011 Moroccan Constitution: A Critical Analysis.” International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.Google Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz. 2006. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz. 2008. “Credible Power-Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule.” Comparative Political Studies. 41 (4–5): 715–741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz and Wallace, Jeremy. 2008. “Citizen Loyalty, Mass Protest and Authoritarian Survival.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz, Chu, Jonathan, and Min, Eric. 2013. Autocracies of the World, 1950–2012. Stanford University.Google Scholar
Maghraoui, Driss. 2018. “Working under Constraints: The PJD in the Aftermath of the 2016 Elections.” Baker Institute for Public Policy. May 29.Google Scholar
Magid, Aaron. 2016. “The King and the Islamists: Jordan Cracks Down on the Muslim Brotherhood.” Foreign Affairs. May 3.Google Scholar
Maizland, Lindsay. 2022. “Myanmar’s Troubled History: Coups, Military Rule, and Ethnic Conflict.” Council on Foreign Relations. January 31.Google Scholar
Majd, Hooman. 2010. “Think Again: Iran’s Green Movement.” Foreign Policy Magazine. January 6.Google Scholar
Malesky, Edmund and Schuler, Paul. 2011. “The Single-Party Dictator’s Dilemma: Information in Elections without Opposition.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 36 (4): 491–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malhotra, Neil and Kuo, Alexander G.. 2008. “Attributing Blame: The Public’s Response to Hurricane Katrina.” The Journal of Politics 70 (1): 120–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maloney, Suzanne. 2015. Iran’s Political Economy since the Revolution. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manin, Bernard, Przeworski, Adam, and Stokes, Susan C.. 1999. “Introduction.” In Democracy, Accountability, and Representation. Eds. Przeworski, Adam, Stokes, Susan C., and Manin, Bernard. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Martin, Lucy and Raffler, Pia J.. 2021. “Fault Lines: The Effects of Bureaucratic Power on Electoral Accountability.” American Journal of Political Science 65 (1): 210–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masbah, Mohammed. 2013. “The PJD’s Balancing Act.” Sada, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. May 1.Google Scholar
McCubbins, Matthew D. and Schwartz, Thomas. 1984. “Congressional Oversight Overlooked: Police Patrols versus Fire Alarms.” American Journal of Political Science 28 (1): 165–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mebtoul, Taha. 2020. “Interior Minister: Some Moroccans Don’t Want to Help Fight COVID-19.” Morocco World News. November 5.Google Scholar
Mellon, Jonathan. 2013. “Where and When Can We Use Google Trends to Measure Issue Salience?” PS: Political Science & Politics. 46 (2): 280–290.Google Scholar
Menaldo, Victor. 2012. “The Middle East and North Africa’s Resilient Monarchs.” The Journal of Politics 74 (3): 707–722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meng, Anne. 2020. Constraining Dictatorship: From Personalized Rule to Institutionalized Regimes. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anne, Meng. 2021. “Ruling Parties in Authoritarian Regimes: Rethinking Institutional Strength.” British Journal of Political Science 51(2): 526–540.Google Scholar
Meng, Anne and Paine, Jack. 2022. “Power Sharing and Authoritarian Stability: How Rebel Regimes Solve the Guardianship Dilemma.” American Political Science Review 116 (4): 1208–1225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meng, Anne, Paine, Jack, and Powell, Robert. 2023. “Authoritarian Power-Sharing: Concepts, Mechanisms, and Strategies.” Annual Review of Political Science 26: 153–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moaddel, Mansoor. 1993. Class, Politics, and Ideology in the Iranian Revolution. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Monjib, Maati. 2012. “All the King’s Islamists.” Sada, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. September 20.Google Scholar
Monjib, Maati. 2013. “Constitutionally Imbalanced.” Sada, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. August 8.Google Scholar
Monjib, Maati. 2014. “The Islamists Ahead in Morocco.” Sada, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. July 29.Google Scholar
Monjib, Maati. 2016. “Record Gains for Morocco’s Islamist Party.” Sada, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. October 27.Google Scholar
Monjib, Maati. 2017. “Lopsided Struggle for Power in Morocco.” Sada, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. January 25.Google Scholar
Monod, Paul Kleber. 2001. The Power of Kings: Monarchy and Religion in Europe, 1589–1715. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Montinola, Gabriella R. and Jackman, Robert W.. 2002. “Sources of Corruption: A Cross-Country Study.” British Journal of Political Science 32 (1): 147–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, Henry Clement. 1970. Politics in North Africa: Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Little, Brown and Company.Google Scholar
Moore, Pete. 2018. “The Fiscal Politics of Rebellious Jordan.” Middle East Report Online. June 21.Google Scholar
Morrill, J. S. 1978. “French Absolutism as Limited Monarchy.” The Historical Journal 21 (4): 961–972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moustafa, Tamir. 2014. “Law and Courts in Authoritarian Regimes.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 10: 281–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El Muhtaseb, Lamis. 2013. “Jordan’s East Banker-Palestinian Schism.” Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre.Google Scholar
Murphy, A. M. Dima. 2022. “Popular Sovereignty.” Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law. Last Updated May 2022.Google Scholar
Murthy, Padmaja. 2003. “Understanding Nepal Maoists’ Demands: Revisiting Events of 1990.” Strategic Analysis 27 (1): 41–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadeau, Richard and Lewis-Beck, Michael S.. 2001. “National Economic Voting in U.S. Presidential Elections.” The Journal of Politics 63 (1): 159–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadrelli, Alberto, Rankin, Jennifer, and Arnett, George. 2015. “Vladimir Putin’s Approval Rating at Record Levels.” The Guardian. July 23.Google Scholar
Nadzri, Muhamad M. N. 2018. “The 14th General Election, the Fall of Barisan Nasional, and Political Development in Malaysia, 1957–2018.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 37 (3): 139–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, Richard A. 2017. Deadly Clerics: Blocked Ambition and the Paths to Jihad. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noble, Ben. 2020. “Authoritarian Amendments: Legislative Institutions as Intraexecutive Constraints in Post-Soviet Russia.” Comparative Political Studies 53 (9): 1417–1454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, Douglass C. and Weingast, Barry R.. 1989. “Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England.” The Journal of Economic History 49 (4): 803–832.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nugent, Elizabeth R. 2020. “The Psychology of Repression and Polarization.” World Politics 72 (2): 291–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyrup, Jacob and Bramwell, Stuart. 2020. “Who Governs? A New Global Dataset on Members of Cabinets.” American Political Science Review 114 (4): 1366–1374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obeidat, Sufian. 2014. “Security Sector Oversight, Protecting Democratic Consolidation from Partisan Abuse: The Case of Jordan.”Google Scholar
Obeidat, Sufian. 2016. “Jordan’s 2016 Constitutional Amendments: A Return to Absolute Monarchy?” ConstitutionNet. May 27.Google Scholar
O’Connell, Jack. 2011. King’s Counsel: A Memoir of War, Espionage, and Diplomacy in the Middle East. W.W. Norton and Company.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, Guillermo. 2007. “The Perpetual Crises of Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 18 (1): 5–11.Google Scholar
Opalo, Ken Ochieng’. 2020. “Constrained Presidential Power in Africa? Legislative Independence and Executive Rule Making in Kenya, 1963–2013.” British Journal of Political Science 50 (4): 1341–1358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ottaway, Marina. 2011. “The New Moroccan Constitution: Real Change or More of the Same?” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. June 20.Google Scholar
Ottaway, Marina. 2021. “Algeria: The Enduring Failure of Politics.” The Wilson Center. October 13.Google Scholar
Oweidat, Nadia, Cheryl Benard, Dale Stahl, Kildani, Walid, O’Connell, Edward, and Grant, Audra K.. 2008. “The Kefaya Movement: A Case Study of a Grassroots Reform Initiative.” Rand Corporation.Google Scholar
Owen, Roger. 2012. The Rise and Fall of Arab Presidents for Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paine, Jack. 2021. “The Dictator’s Power Sharing Dilemma: Countering Dual Outsider Threats.” American Journal of Political Science 65 (2): 510–527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paine, Jack. 2022. “Strategic Power Sharing: Commitment, Capability, and Authoritarian Survival.” The Journal of Politics 84 (2): 1226–1232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parajulee, Ramjee. 2010. “An Experiment with a Hybrid Regime in Nepal (1990–2006).” Journal of Asian and African Studies 45 (1): 87–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsa, Misagh. 1989. Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution. Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Peters, Anne Mariel. 2009. “Whither Egypt’s Economic Reform?” Sada, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. July 7.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. 2014. “One Year after Morsi’s Ouster, Divides Persist on El-Sisi, Muslim Brotherhood.” May 22.Google Scholar
Pisch, Anita. 2016. The Personality Cult of Stalin in Soviet Posters, 1929–1953: Archetypes, Inventions, and Fabrications. Australian National University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, Jonathan M. and Thyne, Clayton L.. 2011. “Global Instances of Coups from 1950 to 2010: A New Dataset.” Journal of Peace Research 48 (2): 249–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, Bingham G. and Whitten, Guy. 1993. “A Cross-National Analysis of Economic Voting: Taking Account of the Political Context.” American Journal of Political Science 37 (2): 391–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Przeworski, Adam. 2023. “Formal Models of Authoritarian Regimes: A Critique.” Perspectives on Politics 21 (3): 979–988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Przeworski, Adam, Adadurian, Tamar, and Thomas Bohlken, Anjali. 2012. “The Origins of Parliamentary Responsibility.” In Comparative Constitutional Design. Ed. Ginsburg, Tom. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Radi, Abdelaziz. 2017. “Protest Movements and Social Media: Morocco’s February 20 Movement.” Africa Development 42 (2): 31–55.Google Scholar
Raghavan, Sudarsan. 2011. “In Tunisia, Luxurious Lifestyles of a Corrupt Government.” Washington Post. January 28.Google Scholar
Rasler, Karen. 1996. “Concessions, Repression, and Political Protest in the Iranian Revolution.” American Sociological Review 61 (1): 132–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rath, Kathrine. 1994. “The Process of Democratization in Jordan.” Middle Eastern Studies 30 (3): 530–557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Rawi, Ahmed K. 2015. “Sectarianism and the Arab Spring: Framing the Popular Protests in Bahrain.” Global Media and Communication 11 (1): 25–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ray, James Lee. 1998. “Does Democracy Cause Peace?” Annual Review of Political Science 1: 27–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Razi, Hossein. 1987. “The Nexus of Legitimacy and Performance: The Lessons of the Iranian Revolution.” Comparative Politics 19 (4): 453–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reiter, Yitzhak. 2004. “The Palestinian-Transjordanian Rift: Economic Might and Political Power in Jordan.” Middle East Journal 58 (1): 72–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reuter, Ora John and Gandhi, Jennifer. 2011. “Economic Performance and Elite Defection from Hegemonic Parties.” British Journal of Political Science 41 (1): 83–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reuter, Ora John and Robertson, Graeme B.. 2015. “Subnational Appointments in Authoritarian Regimes: Evidence from Russian Gubernatorial Appointments.” The Journal of Politics 74 (4): 1023–1037.Google Scholar
Roberts, Margaret E., Stewart, Brandon M., and Tingley, Dustin. 2019. “stm: An R Package for Structural Topic Models.” Journal of Statistical Software 91 (2): 1–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, Darrel and Tannenberg, Marcus. 2019. “Self-censorship of Regime Support in Authoritarian States: Evidence from List Experiments in China.” Research & Politics 6 (3).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roessler, Philip. 2011. “The Enemy Within: Personal Rule, Coups, and Civil War in Africa.” World Politics 63 (2): 300–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roessler, Philip. 2016. Ethnic Politics and State Power in Africa. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenfeld, Bryn. 2018. “The Popularity Costs of Economic Crisis under Electoral Authoritarianism: Evidence from Russia.” American Journal of Political Science 62 (2): 382–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, Michael L. 2001. “Does Oil Hinder Democracy?” World Politics 53 (3): 325–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rozenas, Arturas and Stukal, Denis. 2019. “How Autocrats Manipulate Economic News: Evidence from Russia’s State-Controlled Television.” The Journal of Politics 81 (3): 982–996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryabov, Andrei. 2008. “Tandemocracy in Today’s Russia.” Russian Analytical Digest 49: 2–6.Google Scholar
Ryan, Curtis. 1998. “Peace, Bread and Riots: Jordan and the International Monetary Fund.” Middle East Policy 6 (2): 54–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, Curtis. 1999. “Jordan after King Hussein: A Troubled Inheritance.” Strategic Comments 5 (2): 1–2.Google Scholar
Ryan, Curtis R. 2021. “Family Matters: Plots and Accusations in Jordan’s Hashemite Monarchy.” Arab Center Washington DC. April 8.Google Scholar
Ryan, Curtis. 2022. “Royal Rifts and Other Challenges in Jordan.” Arab Center Washington DC. April 14.Google Scholar
Ryan, Curtis R. and Schwedler, Jillian. 2004. “Return to Democratization or New Hybrid Regime?: The 2003 Elections in Jordan.” Middle East Policy 11 (2): 138–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Safi, Michael. 2020. “Jordan Arrests 1,000 Teachers in Crackdown on Union.” The Guardian. August 19.Google Scholar
Saif, Ibrahim. 2008. “The Food Price Crisis in the Arab Countries: Short Term Responses to a Lasting Challenge.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar
Scheitle, Christopher P. 2011. “Google’s Insights for Search: A Note Evaluating the Use of Search Engine Data in Social Research.” Social Science Quarterly 92 (1): 285–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuler, Paul. 2020. “Position Taking or Position Ducking? A Theory of Public Debate in Single-Party Legislatures.” Comparative Political Studies 53 (9): 1493–1524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwedler, Jillian. 2003. “More Than a Mob: The Dynamics of Political Demonstrations in Jordan.” Middle East Report 226: 18–23.Google Scholar
Schwedler, Jillian. 2010. “Jordan’s Risky Business as Usual.” Middle East Report Online. June 30.Google Scholar
Schwedler, Jillian. 2012. “The Political Geography of Protest in Neoliberal Jordan.” Middle East Critique 21 (3): 259–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwedler, Jillian. 2021. “Jordan Detained a Prince. The Government’s Determined to Squash Political Dissent.” The Washington Post. April 5.Google Scholar
Seawright, Jason and Gerring, John. 2008. “Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research: A Menu of Qualitative and Quantitative Options.” Political Research Quarterly 61 (2): 294–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shakibi, Zhand. 2007. Revolutions and the Collapse of Monarchies. I.B. Tauris & Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shalaby, Marwa and Williamson, Scott. 2023. “Executive Compliance with Parliamentary Powers under Authoritarianism: Evidence from Jordan.” Governance.Google Scholar
Sharabi, Hisham. 1988. Neopatriarchy: A Theory of Distorted Change in Arab Society. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Al-Sharif, Osama. 2018. “Who’s to Blame for Deaths in Jordan Flood?” Al-Monitor. November 1.Google Scholar
Sharrock, David. 1999. “Crown Prince with an English Accent.” The Guardian. January 28.Google Scholar
Shehata, Dina. 2011. “The Fall of the Pharaoh: How Hosni Mubarak’s Reign Came to an End.” Foreign Affairs.Google Scholar
Shehata, Samer. 2005. “Opposition Politics in Egypt: A Fleeting Moment of Opportunity?” Sada, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. August 20.Google Scholar
Shen, Xiaoxiao and Truex, Rory. 2021. “In Search of Self-Censorship.” British Journal of Political Science 51 (4): 1672–1684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sowell, Kirk. 2018. “Slowing Jordan’s Slide into Debt.” Sada, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. March 22.Google Scholar
Spinks, B. Todd, Sahliyeh, Emile, and Calfano, Brian. 2008. “The Status of Democracy and Human Rights in the Middle East: Does Regime Type Make a Difference?” Democratization 15 (2): 321–341.Google Scholar
Stepan, Alfred, Linz, Juan J. and Minoves, Juli F.. 2014. “Democratic Parliamentary Monarchies.” Journal of Democracy 25 (2): 35–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stockemer, Daniel and Kailitz, Steffan. 2020. “Economic Development: How Does It Influence the Survival of Different Types of Autocracy?” International Political Science Review 41 (5): 711–727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stockmann, Daniela. 2013. Media Commercialization and Authoritarian Rule in China. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sudduth, Jun Koga. 2021. “Purging Militaries: Introducing the Military Purges in Dictatorships (MPD) Dataset.” Journal of Peace Research 58 (4): 870–880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Susser, Asher. 1994. On Both Banks of the Jordan: A Political Biography of Wasfi al-Tall. Routledge.Google Scholar
Svolik, Milan. 2012. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tal, Lawrence. 1995. “Britain and the Jordan Crisis of 1958.” Middle Eastern Studies 31 (1): 39–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al Talei, Rafiah. 2021. “Regressing Council Powers in Oman: From Constitutional Rights to Codification.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. April 12.Google Scholar
Tavits, Margit. 2007. “Clarity of Responsibility and Corruption.” American Journal of Political Science 51 (1): 218–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, Antony. 2013. Down with the Crown: British Anti-Monarchism and Debates about Royalty since 1790. London: Reaktion Books.Google Scholar
Tell, Tariq. 2015. “Early Spring in Jordan: The Revolt of the Military Veterans.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. November 4.Google Scholar
Tell, Tariq. 2013. The Social and Economic Origins of Monarchy in Jordan. Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thafer, Dania. 2021. “Qatar’s First Elected Parliament May Have More Power than Other Persian Gulf Legislatures. Here’s Why.” Washington Post. October 14.Google Scholar
The National. 2020. “Jordan Interior Minister Resigns as Thousands Break Covid Rules after Elections.” November 12.Google Scholar
The National Archives of the United Kingdom (TNA). FCO 93/664. “Internal Politics of Jordan in 1975.”Google Scholar
The National Archives of the United Kingdom (TNA). FCO 93/4895. “Internal Political Affairs in Jordan 1987–8.”Google Scholar
The National Archives of the United Kingdom (TNA). FO 371–127876. “Jordan: Annual Political Review for 1956.”Google Scholar
The National Archives of the United Kingdom (TNA). FO 371–134006. “Jordan: Annual Political Review for 1957.”Google Scholar
The National Archives of the United Kingdom (TNA). FO 371–151040. “Jordan: Annual Political Review for 1959.”Google Scholar
The National Archives of the United Kingdom (TNA). FO 437–10. “Jordan: Annual Review for 1960.”Google Scholar
The National Archives of the United Kingdom (TNA). FO 371–164080. “Annual Political Review for Jordan 1961.”Google Scholar
The National Archives of the United Kingdom (TNA). FO 371–170263. “Annual Political Review for Jordan 1962.”Google Scholar
The National Archives of the United Kingdom (TNA). FO 371–180728. “Jordan: Annual Political Review for 1964.”Google Scholar
The National Archives of the United Kingdom (TNA). FO 371–186547. “Jordan: Annual Review for 1965.”Google Scholar
The National Archives of the United Kingdom (TNA). FO 437–10. “Jordan: Annual Review for 1967.”Google Scholar
The National Archives of the United Kingdom (TNA). FO 437–12. “Correspondence Respecting Jordan and Arab Palestine.”Google Scholar
Thyne, Clayton L. 2010. “Supporter of Stability or Agent of Agitation? The Effect of US Foreign Policy on Coups in Latin America, 1960–99.” Journal of Peace Research 47 (4): 449–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1993. “Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758–1834.” Social Science History 17 (2): 253–280.Google Scholar
Tompson, William J. 1991. “The Fall of Nikita Khrushchev.” Soviet Studies 43 (6): 1101–1121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treisman, Daniel. 2014. “Putin’s Popularity since 2010: Why Did Support for the Kremlin Plunge, then Stabilize?” Post-Soviet Affairs 30 (5): 370–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Truex, Rory. 2014. “The Returns to Office in a ‘Rubber Stamp’ Parliament.” American Political Science Review 108 (2): 235–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Truex, Rory. 2020. “Authoritarian Gridlock? Understanding Delay in the Chinese Legislative System.” Comparative Political Studies 53(9): 1455–1492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsai, Lily. 2007. “Solidary Groups, Informal Accountability, and Local Public Goods Provision in Rural China.” American Political Science Review 101 (2): 355–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volkov, Denis. 2015. “How Authentic Is Putin’s Approval Rating?” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. July 27.Google Scholar
Wahman, Michael, Teorell, Jan, and Hadenius, Axel. 2013. “Authoritarian Regime Types Revisited: Updated Data in Comparative Perspective.” Contemporary Politics 19 (1): 19–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, Jeremy L. 2014. “Juking the Stats? Authoritarian Information Problems in China.” British Journal of Political Science 46 (1): 11–29.Google Scholar
Wasquerel de, Emmanuel and Yvert, Benoit. 2002. Histoire de la Restauration 1814–1830. Perrin.Google Scholar
Weaver, Kent R. 1986. “The Politics of Blame Avoidance.” Journal of Public Policy 6 (4): 371–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weeks, Jessica L. 2012. “Strongmen and Straw Men: Authoritarian Regimes and the Initiation of International Conflict.” American Political Science Review 106 (2): 326–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weeks, Brian E. and Southwell, Brian. 2010. “The Symbiosis of News Coverage and Aggregate Online Search Behavior: Obama, Rumors, and Presidential Politics.” Mass Communication & Society 13 (4): 341–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiner, Bernard. 1985. “An Attributional Theory of Achievement Motivation and Emotion.” Psychological Review 92 (4): 26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weingast, Barry R. 1997. “The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of the Law.” American Political Science Review 91 (2): 245–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westall, Sylvia. 2014. “Frustrated Kuwaitis Ask, Why Is Kuwait Falling Behind?” Reuters. April 2.Google Scholar
Westwood, Andrew F. 1961. “Elections and Politics in Iran.” Middle East Journal 15 (2): 153–164.Google Scholar
Wiktorowicz, Quintan. 1999. “Islamists, the State, and Cooperation in Jordan.” Arab Studies Quarterly 21 (4): 1–17.Google Scholar
Williamson, Scott. 2021. “Elections, Legitimacy, and Compliance in Authoritarian Regimes: Evidence from the Arab World.” Democratization 28 (8): 1483–1504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, Scott. 2024. “Do Proxies Provide Plausible Deniability? Evidence from Experiments on Three Surveys.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 68 (2–3): 322–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, Scott and Magaloni, Beatriz. 2020. “Legislatures and Policy Making in Authoritarian Regimes.” Comparative Political Studies 53 (9): 1525–1543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, Scott and Malik, Mashail. 2021. “Contesting Narratives of Repression: Experimental Evidence from Sisi’s Egypt.” Journal of Peace Research 58 (5): 1018–1033.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wintrobe, Ronald. 1998. The Political Economy of Dictatorship. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witte, Griff, Zacharia, Janine, and Branigin, William. 2011. “Mubarak Addresses Nation, Calls on Government to Resign but Vows to Remain in Power Himself.” The Washington Post. January 27.Google Scholar
Wolf, Anne. 2023. Ben Ali’s Tunisia: Power and Contention in an Authoritarian Regime. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Joseph. 2008. “Do Authoritarian Political Institutions Constrain? How Legislatures Affect Economic Growth and Investment.” American Journal of Political Science 52 (2): 322–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Joseph, Frantz, Erica, and Geddes, Barbara. 2015. “Oil and Autocratic Regime Survival.” British Journal of Political Science 45 (2): 287–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yom, Sean. 2014. “Tribal Politics in Contemporary Jordan: The Case of the Hirak Movement.” The Middle East Journal 68 (2): 229–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yom, Sean. 2015. From Resilience to Revolution: How Foreign Interventions Destabilize the Middle East. Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yom, Sean and Al-Khatib, Wael. 2022. “Democratic Reform in Jordan: Breaking the Impasse.” Project on Middle East Democracy. February.Google Scholar
Younes, Ali. 2017. “Jordan Cracks Down on Activists over Social Media Posts.” Al-Jazeera. January 18.Google Scholar
Zewde, Bahru. 2001. A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855–1991. James Currey, Ohio University Press, and Addis Ababa University Press and Research and Publications Office.Google Scholar
Zhao, Dingxin. 2009. “The Mandate of Heaven and Performance Legitimation in Historical and Contemporary China.” American Behavioral Scientist 53 (3): 416–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zonis, Marvin. 1983. “Iran: A Theory of Revolution from Accounts of the Revolution.” World Politics 35 (4): 586–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zunes, Stephen. 2013. “Bahrain’s Arrested Revolution.” Arab Studies Quarterly 35 (2): 149–164.Google Scholar
Zweiri, Mohammed Zahid Mahjoob. 2007. “The Victory of Al Wefaq: The Rise of Shiite Politics in Bahrain.” Research Institute for European and American Studies. April.Google Scholar