It is difficult to have a solid understanding of the early development of gunpowder and gunpowder weaponry in medieval Europe due to poor evidence. It probably first travelled from China via Arabic sources in Spain or Byzantium. According to written evidence, the earliest certain mention of gunpowder weapons in Europe was probably in 1327. The earliest visual evidence are two similar illuminations from 1326–27 in English manuscripts. However, the earliest surviving examples of gunpowder weapons themselves are from the late fourteenth century, as most early gunpowder weapons were melted down for reuse after they became obsolete. In this article I offer a discussion and edition of a mostly unknown collection of Middle English recipes for gunpowder from the first half of the fifteenth century.

Despite the clear evidence for gunpowder weapons, we have only vague ideas of the composition of gunpowder in England prior to 1376. The English Franciscan Roger Bacon (c.1214–92) discussed what appears to be gunpowder in several of his works. In his De secretis operibus artis et naturae et de nullitate magiae (c.1258–65) he gives a partial recipe for gunpowder, but where one would expect the ingredients and their measures there are instead a series of letters that do not form words. Scholars have variously interpreted these to form a cipher listing the ingredients. These interpretations, however, are not entirely convincing, especially since the letters vary amongst the manuscripts and may simply be indecipherable nonsense masquerading as secret wisdom, even if Bacon did actually know the formula for gunpowder at this time.