Lecker, Michael. The ‘Constitution of Medina’: Muhammad’s First Legal Document (Princeton: Darwin Press, 2004).Google Scholar

al-Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr. Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, ed. de Goeje, Michael Jan (Leiden: Brill, 1879–1901).Google Scholar

Anthony, Sean. Muhammad and the Empires of Faith: The Making of the Prophet of Islam (Oakland: University of California Press, 2020).Google Scholar

Arjomand, Said A. ‘The Constitution of Medina: A Socio-Legal Interpretation of Muhammad’s Acts of Foundation of the Umma’, International Journal of Middle East Studies 41 (2009), 555–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cook, Michael. Early Muslim Dogma: A Source-Critical Study (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981).Google Scholar

Crone, Patricia. Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987).Google Scholar

Crone, Patricia. Roman, Provincial and Islamic Law: The Origins of the Islamic Patronate (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).Google Scholar

Crone, Patricia. Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crone, Patricia and Cook, Michael. Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).Google Scholar

Denny, Frederick M. ‘Umma in the Constitution of Medina’, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 36 (1977), 39–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Donner, Fred M. ‘From Believers to Muslims: Confessional Self-Identity in the Early Islamic Community’, al-Abḥāth 50–1 (2002–3), 9–53.Google Scholar

Donner, Fred M. The Early Islamic Conquests (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981).Google Scholar

Donner, Fred M. Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam (Cambridge, MA, and London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010).Google Scholar

Donner, Fred M. Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998).Google Scholar

Gil, Moshe. Jews in Islamic Countries in the Middle Ages (Leiden: Brill, 2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goto, Akira. ‘The Constitution of Medina’, Orient: Report of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 18 (1982), 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guillaume, Alfred. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishāq’s Sīrat Rasūl Allah (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955).Google Scholar

Pipes, Daniel. ‘Mawlās: Freed Slaves and Converts in Early Islam’, Slavery and Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies 1 (1980), 132–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rose, Paul L. ‘Muhammad, the Jews and the Constitution of Medina: Retrieving the Historical Kernel’, Der Islam 86 (2009), 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rubin, Uri. ‘The “Constitution of Medina”: Some Notes’, Studia Islamica 62 (1985), 5–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Serjeant, Robert B. ‘The Constitution of Medina’, Islamic Quarterly 8 (1964), 3–16.Google Scholar

Serjeant, Robert B. ‘The Sunnah Jāmi’ah Pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Taḥrīm of Yathrib: Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the So-called “Constitution of Medina”’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 41 (1978), 1–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sinai, Nicolai. ‘Historical-Critical Readings of the Abrahamic Scriptures’, in The Oxford Handbook of the Abrahamic Religions, ed. Silverstein, Adam J. and Stroumsa, Guy G. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 209–25.Google Scholar

Sinai, Nicolai. The Qur’an: A Historical-Critical Introduction (Edinburgh: Edinburg University Press, 2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tannous, Jack. ‘Review of Fred M. Donner, Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam (Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010)’, Expositions 5 (2011), 126–41.Google Scholar

Wansbrough, John. Quranic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977; repr. Amherst: Prometheus Books, 2004).Google Scholar

Wansbrough, John. The Sectarian Milieu: Content and Composition of Islamic Salvation History (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1978; repr. Amherst: Prometheus Books, 2006).Google Scholar

Watt, William M. Muhammad at Medina (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956).Google Scholar

Wellhausen, Julius. The Arab Kingdom and its Fall, trans. Weir, Margaret (Calcutta: University of Calcutta, 1927).Google Scholar

Wensinck, Arent J. Muhammad and the Jews of Medina, ed. and trans. Behn, W. H. (Freiburg im Breisgau: K. Schwarz, 1975).Google Scholar

al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan. al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmiyya (Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī, 1992).Google Scholar

al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan. al-ʿUdda fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh (Qum: Setāra, 1997).Google Scholar

Ansari, Hassan and Schmidtke, Sabine. Studies in Medieval Islamic Intellectual Traditions (Atlanta: Lockwood Press, 2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Freidenreich, David. Foreigners and their Food: Constructing Otherness in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic Law (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gleave, Robert. Inevitable Doubt: Two Theories of Shīʿī Jurisprudence (Leiden: Brill, 2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gleave, Robert. Scripturalist Islam: The History and Doctrines of the Akhbārī Shīʿī School (Leiden: Brill, 2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hallaq, Wael B. Authority, Continuity, and Change in Islamic Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ibrahim, Ahmed Fekry. ‘Customary Practices as Exigencies in Islamic Law: Between a Source of Law and a Legal Maxim’, Oriens 46 (2018), 222–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kahraman, Abdullah. ‘Sünnī-Ṣiī Usül Polemiǧi (Tūsī Örneği)’, Marife 5 (2005), 213–32.Google Scholar

Katz, Marion. Body of Text: The Emergence of the Sunnī Law of Ritual Purity (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002).Google Scholar

Mallat, Chibli. The Renewal of Islamic Law: Muhammad Baqer as-Sadr, Najaf and the Shiʿi International (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marcinkowski, Muhammad Ismail. ‘Rapprochement and Fealty during the Būyids and Early Saljūqs: The Life and Times of Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī’, Islamic Studies 40 (2001), 273–96.Google Scholar

Moussavi, Ahmad Kazemi. Religious Authority in Shiʿite Islam: From the Office of Mufti to the Institution of Marjaʿ (Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 1996).Google Scholar

Shabana, Ayman. Custom in Islamic Law and Legal Theory: The Development of the Concepts of ʿUrf and ʿĀdah in the Islamic Legal Tradition (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stewart, Devin. Islamic Legal Orthodoxy: Twelver Shīʿite Responses to the Sunnī Legal System (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1998).Google Scholar

Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Hossein Modarressi. An Introduction to Shīʿī Law: A Bibliographical Study (London: Ithaca Press, 1984).Google Scholar

al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan. A Concise Description of Islamic Law and Legal Opinions, trans. Ezzati, A. (London: Icas Press, 2008).Google Scholar

Yakar, Emine Enise. Islamic Law and Society: The Practice of Iftāʾ and Religious Institutions (London: Routledge, 2021).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yakar, Sumeyra. ‘The Diachronic Analysis of Interactive Relation between ʿUrf and Sīra ʿUqalāʾiyya in the Jaʿfarī School of Law’, Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 7 (2020), 719–44.Google Scholar

ʿAbbāsī al-ʿAlawī, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. ʿUbayd Allāh. Sīrat al-Hādī ilā al-Ḥaqq Yaḥyā b. al-Ḥusayn (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr li-l-Ṭibāʿa wa-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ, 1981/1401).Google Scholar

al-Ḥusayn, al-Hādī ilā al-Ḥaqq Yaḥyā b.. Kitāb al-Aḥkām fī l-Ḥalāl wa-l-Ḥarām, ed. b. Abī-Ḥarīṣa, ʿAlī b. Aḥmad (Saʿda: Maktabat at-Turāth al-Islāmī, 2003).Google Scholar

al-Laḥjī, Abū al-Ghamr Musallam b. Muḥammad b. Jaʿfar. The Sīra of Imām Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh: From Musallam al-Laḥjī’s Kitāb Akhbār al-Zaydiyya bi-l-Yaman, ed. Madelung, Wilferd (Exeter: Ithaca Press, 1990).Google Scholar

al-Thaqafī, Sulaymān b. Yaḥyā. Sīrat al-Imām Aḥmad b. Sulaymān 535–566 H., ed. ʿAbd al-ʿĀṭī, ʿAbd al-Ghanī Maḥmūd. (Giza: ʿAyn li-l-Dirāsāt wa-l-Buḥūth al-Insāniyya wa-l-Ijtimāʿiyya, 2002).Google Scholar

Ansari, Hassan and Schmidtke, Sabine. ‘The Literary-Religious Tradition among 7th/13th Century Yemenī Zaydīs: The Formation of the Imām al-Mahdī li-Dīn Allāh Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn b. al-Qāsim (d. 656/1258)’, Journal of Islamic Manuscripts 2 (2011), 165–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gochenour, David Thomas. ‘The Penetration of Zaydi Islam into Early Medieval Yemen’, PhD thesis, Harvard University, 1984.Google Scholar

Heiss, Johann. ‘Ṣaʿda Revisited’, in Southwest Arabia across History: Essays to the Memory of Walter Dostal, ed. Gingrich, André and Haas, Siegfried (Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2014), 79–90.Google Scholar

Heiss, Johann and Hovden, Eirik. ‘Competing Visions of Community in Mediaeval Zaydī Yemen’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 59 (2016), 366–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heiss, Johann and Hovden, Eirik. ‘Zaydī Theology Popularized: A Hailstorm Hitting the Heterodox’, in Cultures of Eschatology, volume 1: Empires and Scriptural Authorities in Medieval Christian, Islamic and Buddhist Communities, ed. Wieser, Veronika, Eltschinger, Vincent and Heiss, Johann (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020), 415–40.Google Scholar

Heiss, Johann, Hovden, Eirik and Gruber, Elisabeth. ‘Urban Communities in Medieval South Arabia: A Comparative Reflection’, in Meanings of Community across Medieval Eurasia: Comparative Approaches, ed. Hovden, Eirik, Lutter, Christina and Pohl, Walter (Leiden: Brill, 2016), 148–61.Google Scholar

Hovden, Eirik. ‘Ḥamdānids’, in EI³, ed. Fleet, Kate, Krämer, Gudrun, Matringe, Denis, Nawas, John and Rowson, Everett (Leiden: Brill, 2023).Google Scholar

Hovden, Eirik. ‘al-Muṭarrifiyya’, in EI³, ed. Fleet, Kate, Krämer, Gudrun, Matringe, Denis, Nawas, John and Rowson, Everett (Leiden: Brill, 2020): 2: 302.Google Scholar

Kruse, Hans. ‘Takfīr und Ǧihād bei den Zaiditen des Jemen’, Die Welt des Islams 23/24 (1984), 424–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Madelung, Wilferd. ‘The Origins of the Yemenite Hijra’, in Arabicus Felix: Luminosus Brittanicus. Essays in Honour of A. F. L. Beeston on his Eightieth Birthday, ed. Jones, Alan (Reading: Ithaca Press, 1991), 25–44; republished in Wilferd Madelung, Religious and Ethnic Movements in Medieval Islam (London: Routledge, 1992), 25–44.Google Scholar

Madelung, Wilferd. ‘al-Rassī, al-Ḳāsim b. Ibrāhīm b. Ismāʿīl Ibrāhīm b. al-Ḥasan b. al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib’, in EI New Edition, ed. Bearman, P., Bianquis, T., Bosworth, C. E., van Donzel, E. and Heinrichs, W. P. (Leiden: Brill, 1960–2004), 8: 453.Google Scholar

Schwarb, Gregor. ‘Muʿtazilism in the Age of Averroes’, in In the Age of Averroes: Arabic Philosophy in the 6th/12th Century, ed. Adamson, Peter (London: Warburg Institute, 2011), 251–82.Google Scholar

Smith, G. Rex. ‘The Early and Medieval History of Ṣanʿāʾ ca. 622–1382/1515’, in Ṣanʿāʾ: An Arabian Islamic City, ed. Serjeant, R. B. and Lewcock, R. (London: World of Islamic Festival Trust, 1983), 49–67.Google Scholar

Thiele, Jan. ‘Jaʿfar b. Abī Yaḥyā’, in EI³, ed. Fleet, Kate, Krämer, Gudrun, Matringe, Denis, Nawas, John and Rowson, Everett (Leiden: Brill, 2019).Google Scholar

Ibn Ḥajar al-Haytamī, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Shirwānī and al-ʿAbbādī, Ibn Qāsim. Ḥawāshī Tuḥfat al-Minhāj bi-Sharḥ al-Minhāj (Cairo: Maṭbaʿat Muṣṭafā Muḥammad, n.d.).Google Scholar

al-Nawawī, Muḥyī al-Dīn Yaḥyā b. Sharaf. Minhāj al-Ṭālibīn wa-ʿUmdat al-Muftīn (Beirut: Dār al-Munhāj, 1427/2005).Google Scholar

al-Ramlī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Nihāyat al-Muḥtāj ilā Sharḥ al-Minhāj (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1423/2003).Google Scholar

Ahmed, Asad Q. and Larkin, Margaret. ‘[Introduction]: The Ḥāshiya and Islamic Intellectual History’, Oriens 41 (2013), 213–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

El Shamsy, Ahmed. ‘The Ḥāshiya in Islamic Law: A Sketch of the Shāfiʿī Literature’, Oriens 41 (2013), 289–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Halim, Fachrizal A. Legal Authority in Premodern Islam: Yaḥyā b. Sharaf al-Nawawī in the Shāfiʿī School of Law (London: Routledge, 2019).Google Scholar

Ingalls, Matthew B. The Anonymity of a Commentator: Zakariyyā al-Anṣārī and the Rhetoric of Muslim Commentaries (Albany: SUNY Press, 2021).Google Scholar

Katz, Marion Holmes. Body of Text: The Emergence of the Sunnī Law of Ritual Purity (New York: SUNY Press, 2002).Google Scholar

Katz, Marion Holmes. Women in the Mosque: A History of Legal Thought and Social Practice (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014).Google Scholar

Lizzio, Celene. ‘Gendering Ritual: A Muslima’s Reading of the Laws of Purity and Ritual Preclusion’, in Muslima Theology: The Voices of Muslim Women Theologians, ed. Aslan, Ednan, Hermansen, Marcia and Medeni, Elif (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2013), 167–180.Google Scholar

Maghen, Ze’ev. Virtues of the Flesh: Passion and Purity in Early Islamic Jurisprudence (Leiden: Brill, 2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mazuz, Haggai. ‘Islamic and Jewish Law on the Colors of Menstrual Blood’, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 161 (2014), 97–106.Google Scholar

Ibn ʿĀbidīn, Muḥammad Amīn b. ʿUmar. Radd al-Muḥtār ʿalā al-Durr al-Mukhtār, Sharḥ Tanwīr al-Abṣār, 10 vols. (Riyadh: Dār ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 2003).Google Scholar

Abou El Fadl, Khaled. Rebellion and Violence in Islamic Law (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).Google Scholar

Atçıl, Abdurrahman. ‘The Safavid Threat and Juristic Authority in the Ottoman Empire during the 16th Century’, International Journal of Middle East Studies 49 (2017), 295–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ayoub, Samy. Law, Empire, and the Sultan: Ottoman Imperial Authority and Late Ḥanafī Jurisprudence (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020).Google Scholar

Ayoub, Samy. ‘Ottoman Soldiers in the Arabian Peninsula: Fighting Armed Rebellion in the Sacred Mosque of Mecca in the Seventeenth Century’, Turkish Historical Review 9 (2018), 18–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Badawi, Nesrine. Islamic Jurisprudence on the Regulation of Armed Conflict: Text and Context (Leiden: Brill, 2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gündoğdu, Birol. ‘Problems in the Interpretations of Ottoman Rebellions in the Early Modern Period: An Analysis and Evaluation of Existing Literature on the Ottoman Rebellions between 1550 and 1821’, Osmanlı Araştırmaları: The Journal of Ottoman Studies 51 (2018), 459–85.Google Scholar

Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

al-Khalīlī, Luʾay ʿAbd al-Raʾūf. Laʾāliʾ al-Miḥār fī Takhrīj Maṣādir Ibn ʿĀbidīn fī Ḥāshiyatihi Radd al-Muḥtār, 2 vols. (Amman: Dār al-Fatḥ li-l-Dirāsāt, 2010).Google Scholar

Kopuz, Kasim. ‘Reproduction of the Ottoman Legal Knowledge: The Case of Ibrahim al-Halabi’s Multaqa al-Abhur and Defining the Concept of Baghy in Commentarial Writings on it (16th to 18th Centuries)’, PhD thesis, Binghamton University, 2019.Google Scholar

Melis, Nicola. ‘A Seventeenth-Century Ḥanafī Treatise on Rebellion and Jihād in the Ottoman Age’, Eurasian Studies 2 (2003), 215–26.Google Scholar

al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Sayyid al-Mujāhid Muḥammad. al-Manāhil (Qum: Muʾassasa Āl al-Bayt, n.d.), lithograph, 281–2 (Kitāb al-Bayʿ), 529–30 (Kitāb al-Nikāḥ).Google Scholar

Arjomand, Said Amir. ‘The Shiʿite Hierocracy and the State in Pre-Modern Iran: 1785–1890’, European Journal of Sociology/Archives Européennes de Sociologie/Europäisches Archiv für Soziologie 22 (1981), 40–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Badareen, Nayel A. ‘Shīʿī Marriage Law in the Pre-Modern Period: Who Decides for Women?’, Islamic Law and Society 23 (2016), 368–91.Google Scholar

Khetia, Vinay. ‘The Guardians of the Islamic Marriage Contract and the Search for Agency in Twelver Shi‘a Jurisprudence’, in Iftā’ and Fatwa in the Muslim World and the West, ed. Ali, Shah Zulfiqar (London and Washington: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2014), 129–72.Google Scholar

Litvak, Meir. ‘Continuity and Change in the Ulama Population of Najaf and Karbala, 1791–1904: A Socio-Demographic Study’, Iranian Studies 23 (1990), 31–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Litvak, Meir. Shiʻi Scholars of Nineteenth-Century Iraq: The ʻUlamaʼ of Najaf and Karbalaʼ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).Google Scholar

Quraishi, Asifa and Vogel, Frank E. (eds.). The Islamic Marriage Contract: Case Studies in Islamic Family Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008).Google Scholar

b. al-Ashʿath, Abū Dāwūd Sulaymān. Sunan Abī Dāwūd, ed. ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd, Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn (n.p.: Dār al-Fikr, 1951).Google Scholar

al-Ḥajjāj, Muslim b.. Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, ed. Siddiqui, Abdul Hamid (Delhi: Kitab Bhavan, 2020).Google Scholar

al-Thughūrī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. ‘al-Risāla al-Sharīfa’, Princeton University Firestone Library, MS Garrett Yahuda 2867/Mach 2034.Google Scholar

al-Tirmidhī, Abū ʿĪsā. Jāmiʿ al-Tirmidhī, ed. Zubair, Hafiz Abu Tahir, trans. Khaliyl, Abu (Riyadh: Darussalam, 2007).Google Scholar

Abou El Fadl, Khaled. ‘Islamic Law and Muslim Minorities: The Juristic Discourse on Muslim Minorities from the Second/Eighth to the Eleventh/Seventeenth Centuries’, Islamic Law and Society 1 (1994), 141–87.Google Scholar

Baddeley, John F. The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus (London: Routledge, 2011 (repr.)).Google Scholar

Berat, Yildiz. ‘Emigrations from the Russian Empire to the Ottoman Empire: An Analysis in the Light of the New Archival Materials’, MA thesis, Bilkent University, 2006.Google Scholar

Crone, Patricia. ‘The First-Century Concept of Hiğra’, Arabica 41 (1994), 352–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gizbulaev, Magomed. ‘Legal Discourses on Hijra in the Caucasus after the Fall of the Caucasus Imamate: Risālat al-Sharīfa’, in Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shiʿi Thought and Practice, ed. al-Sarhan, Saud (London: I. B. Tauris, 2019), 145–71.Google Scholar

Gould, Rebecca Ruth. ‘The Obligation to Migrate and the Impulse to Narrate: Soviet Narratives of Forced Migration in the Nineteenth Century Caucasus’, in Migration and Islamic Ethics Issues of Residence, Naturalisation and Citizenship, ed. Jureidini, Ray and Hassan, Said Fares (Leiden: Brill, 2019), 154–73.Google Scholar

Hendrickson, Jocelyn. Leaving Iberia: Islamic Law and Christian Conquest in North West Africa (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2021).Google Scholar

Kemper, Michael. ‘ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Thughūrī’, in EI³ online, available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kemper, Michael. ‘Imperial Russia as Dar al-Islam? Nineteenth-Century Debates on Ijtihad and Taqlid among the Volga Tatars’, Islamic Law and Society 6 (2015), 95–124.Google Scholar

Khalid, Adeeb. Central Asia: A New History from the Imperial Conquests to the Present (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2021).Google Scholar

Verskin, Alan. Oppressed in the Land? Fatwas on Muslims Living under Non-Muslim Rule from the Middle Ages to the Present (Princeton: Markus Wiener, 2012).Google Scholar

Amīn, Nuṣrat (Bānū-yi Īrānī). Jāmiʿ al-Shatāt (Isfahan: al-Maṭbaʿa al-Muḥammadiyya, 1385/1965).Google Scholar

ʿAmū-Khalīlī, Marjān. Kawkab-i Durrī: Sharḥ-i Aḥwāl-i Bānū-yi Mujtahidah Amīn (Tehran: Payām-i ʿAdālat, 2000).Google Scholar

Anṣārī, M. B. Farīdah-yi ʿAṣr: Barrisī-yi ʿIlmī wa-ʿAmalī-yi ʿĀlimah-yi ʿĀrifah Bānū Mujtahidah Amīn (Isfahan: Daftar-i Tablīghāt, 2010/11).Google Scholar

Bīdhindī, N. Bāqirī. Bānū-yi Namūnih: Jilwah-hā-ʾī az Ḥayāt-i Bānū-Mujtahidah-yi Amīn Isfahan (Qum: Bustān-i Kitāb, 1382).Google Scholar

Bīdhindī, N. Bāqirī. ‘al-Ijāza al-Shāmila li-l-Sayyida al-Fāḍila’, ʿUlūm al-Ḥadīth 4 (1999), 311–57.Google Scholar

Murādī, Z. Gulchīnī az Āthār-i Bānū Ayatullah Amīn (Tehran: Far Andīsh, 2006).Google Scholar

Tabrīzī Khīyābāni, A. V. ʿUlamā-yi Muʿāṣir (Qum: Daftar-i Nashr-i Navīd-i Islam).Google Scholar

al-Ṭihrānī, Āghā Buzurg. al-Dharīʿa ilā Taṣānīf al-Shīʿa (Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1983).Google Scholar

Anon. ‘Bānū-yi mujtahidī kih bāʿith-i iftikhār-i Iṣfahān ast’, Awliyāʾ (1957), 1–3.Google Scholar

Anzali, Ata. Mysticism in Iran: The Safavid Roots of a Modern Concept (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Calder, Norman. ‘Zakāt in Imāmī Shīʿī Jurisprudence, from the Tenth to the Sixteenth Century AD’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 44 (1981), 468–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campopiano, Michele. ‘State, Land Tax and Agriculture in Iraq from the Arab Conquest to the Crisis of the Abbasid Caliphate (Seventh–Tenth Centuries)’, Studia Islamica 57 (2012), 1–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Künkler, Mirjam. ‘The Bureaucratization of Religious Education in the Islamic Republic of Iran’, in Regulating Religion in Asia: Norms, Models, and Challenges, ed. Nei, J., Jamal, A. and Goh, D. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 187–206.Google Scholar

Künkler, Mirjam and Fazaeli, Fazaeli. ‘The Life of Two Mujtahidas: Female Religious Authority in Twentieth-Century Iran’, in Women, Leadership, and Mosques: Changes in Contemporary Islamic Authority, ed. Bano, Masooda and Kalmbach, Hilary (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 127–60.Google Scholar

Mottahedeh, Roy. ‘The Najaf Ḥawzah Curriculum’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 26 (2016), 341–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mottahedeh, Roy. ‘The Quandaries of Emulation: The Theory and Politics of Shiʿi Manuals of Practice’, in The Ninth Farhat J. Ziadeh Distinguished Lecture in Arab and Islamic Studies (Seattle: University of Washington Publications, 2011).Google Scholar

Nanji, Azim A. ‘Ethics and Taxation: The Perspective of the Islamic Tradition’, Journal of Religious Ethics 13 (1985), 161–78.Google Scholar

Narīmānī, A. ‘Bānū-yi mujtahiday-yi kih Isfahan bih wujūdash iftikhār mīkunad’, Iṭṭilāʿāt-i Bānwān 37 (1960), 3–63.Google Scholar

Rutner, Maryam. ‘Religious Authority, Gendered Recognition, and Instrumentalization of Nusrat Amin in Life and after Death’, Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies 11 (2015), 24–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rutner, Maryam. ‘Situating a Female Mojtahed in the Pahlavi Monarchy and the Islamic Republic of Iran: Noṣrat Amin (1886/87–1983)’, PhD thesis, New York University, 2020.Google Scholar

Rutner, Maryam. ‘Women’s Religious Seminaries in Iran: A Diversified System Despite State Attempts at Unification and Standardization’, in Female Religious Authority in Shiʿi Islam: Past and Present, ed. Kunkler, Mirjam and Stewart, Devin (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2023), 341–93.Google Scholar

Sindawi, Khaled. ‘Ḥawza Instruction and its Role in Shaping Modern Shīʿīte Identity: The Ḥāwzas of al-Najaf and Qumm as a Case Study’, Middle Eastern Studies 40 (2007), 831–56.Google Scholar

Sakurai, Keiko. ‘Shiʿite Women’s Religious Seminaries (Howzeh-ye ʿElmiyyeh-ye Khaharan) in Iran: Possibilities and Limitations’, Iranian Studies 40 (2012), 727–44.Google Scholar

Ṭayyibī, N. and Humāyūnī, ʿA.. Zindigānī-yi Bānū-yi Irānī: Bānū-yi Mujtahidah Nuṣrat al-Sādāt Amīn (Tehran: Gulbahār, 1370).Google Scholar

Vāʿizī-Tihrānī, E. and Ḥājjʿalī-Fard, M.. Majmūʿah-yi Maqālāt va Sukhanrānī-hā-yi Awwalīn wa-Duvvumīn Kungirih-yi Buzurgdāsht-i Bānū-yi Mujtahidah Sayyidah Nuṣrat Amīn (Tehran: Markaz-i Mutālaʿāt va Taḥqīqāt, 1374).Google Scholar

Walbridge, Linda. The Most Learned of the Shiʿa: The Institution of the Marjaʿ Taqlid (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

al-Haytamī, Ibn Ḥajar. al-Fatāwā al-Fiqhiyya al-Kubrā (Cairo: al-Maktaba al-Islāmiyya, n.d.).Google Scholar

al-Haytamī, Ibn Ḥajar. Tuḥfat al-Muḥtāj bi-Sharḥ al-Minhāj (Cairo: al-Maktaba al-Tijāriyya al-Kubrā, 1983).Google Scholar

al-Jamal, Sulaymān b. ʿUmar. Ḥāshiyat al-Jamal ʿalā al-Minhāj (Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.).Google Scholar

al-Malaybārī, Zayn al-Dīn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Fatḥ al-Muʿīn bi-Sharḥ Qurrat al-ʿAyn (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1983).Google Scholar

Musliyar, M. T. Abdulla. Ṭalāq Samvadam: Sathyavum Mithyayum (Nandi: Shamsul Ulama Smaraka Fiqh Centre, n.d.).Google Scholar

al-Nawawī, Muḥyī al-Dīn. Sharḥ al-Muhadhdhab (Istanbul: Maktabat al-Irshād, n.d.).Google Scholar

al-Ramlī, Shams al-Dīn. Nihāyat al-Muḥtāj bi-Sharḥ al-Minhāj (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1984).Google Scholar

al-Sharqāwī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥijāzī. Ḥāshiyat al-Sharqāwī ʿalā Tuḥfat al-Ṭullāb bi-Sharḥ Taḥrīr Tanqīḥ al-Lubāb (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, n.d.).Google Scholar

al-Shirwānī, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd and al-ʿIbādī, Ibn al-Qāsim. Ḥawāshī Tuḥfat al-Muḥtāj bi-Sharḥ al-Minhāj li-Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad b. Ḥajar al-Haytamī (Cairo: al-Maktaba al-Tijāriyya al-Kubrā, 1983).Google Scholar

al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn. al-Ḥāwī li-l-Fatāwā (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, n.d.).Google Scholar

Amer, Ayal. ‘al-Malībārī, Zayn al-Dīn’, in EI³, ed. Fleet, Kate, Krämer, Gudrun, Matringe, Denis, Nawas, John and Rowson, Everett, available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_36091.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carroll, Lucy. ‘Definition and Interpretation of Muslim Law in South Asia: The Case of Gifts to Minors’, Islamic Law and Society 1 (1994), 83–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hudawi, Bahaudheen. The Development and Impact of Shāfiʿī School of Jurisprudence in India (New Delhi: Readworthy Publications, 2014).Google Scholar

Koya, M. S. Mappilas of Malabar (Calicut: Sandhya Publication, 1983).Google Scholar

Kozlowski, Gregory C. ‘Muslim Personal Law and Political Identity in Independent India’, in Religion and Law in Modern India, ed. Baird, Robert D. (New Delhi: Manohar, 1993), 103–20.Google Scholar

Muhsin, Sayyed Mohamed. ‘Samasta’s Methodology of Iftāʾ: An Analytical Study of Fatāwā on Marriage and Divorce’, MA thesis, International Islamic University Malaysia, 2015.Google Scholar

Samasta Kerala Islam Matha Vidyabhyasa Boarad. Samasta Kerala Jamʿiyyat al-ʿUlamāʾ (Chelari: Samasta Kerala Islam Matha Vidyabhyasa Boarad, 2014 [in Malayalam]).Google Scholar

Sikand, Yoginder. ‘“Traditional” Ulema and “Modern” Islamic Education in Kerala’, Countercurrents.org, 2014, available at www.countercurrents.org/sikand190309.htm.Google Scholar

Zubair, K. ‘Development and Modernization of Religious Education in Kerala: Role of Samastha Kerala Jamʿiyat al-Ulama’. MPhil thesis, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 2006.Google Scholar