This chapter provides an overview of the public health–inspired conceptualisation of the right to health and its correlative obligations in international and European human rights law. It demonstrates a certain engagement of international bodies with the protection of health while also arguing that a structural and conceptual bias against socioeconomic rights has posed an obstacle for the universal protection and accountability of the right to health of vulnerable people, a category to which irregular migrants belong. For instance, the analysis reveals a disjunct between regulatory obligations and high-threshold rights within the European Convention on Human Rights framework on the one hand and the targeting of comprehensive care while respecting non-discrimination in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ typologies system on the other. The chapter concludes with a close examination of the conceptual and normative value of vulnerability in human rights theory and practice, which should also apply in relation to the implementation of an equity-based right to health.