Writers living in Ireland after 1922 were profoundly affected by the violent transition that marked the foundation of the state, and a preoccupation with conditions of self-division can be traced in texts from the ensuing decades. For many poets working in this period, integration within the new state was not a straightforward process: civil war legacies were alienating for those who had adopted an anti-treaty stance, and opportunities for publication were curtailed by the political and economic climate. For poets born outside Ireland, as well as for those who had spent significant time abroad, the Irish Free State’s increasing remoteness from Europe was both personally and artistically challenging.