Chapter 4 “Norman Sicily: The Invention of a Kingdom”: Norman Sicily has received considerable attention recently, given the current interest in Mediterranean studies and the clear multiculturalism of its visual culture. In order to fully appreciate Roger’s relationship to other Mediterranean cultures, it is crucial to understand his intentions and their similarities to those of northern European Normans. Roger is often described as communicating to different cultural groups through his use of diverse vocabularies, I argue that because of their shared Roman heritage, spolia play a critical as a common language