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Australia: The Search for Property in the Labyrinth of the Discretionary Trust

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 February 2021

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Summary

Résumé

L’utilisation de fiducies discrétionnaires pour protéger les richesses est devenu une obsession internationale. Dans l’organisation d’une fiducie, le fiduciaire détient le titre légal de propriété mais il doit consacrer les fruits et revenus de cette propriété aux buts de la fiducie. Ce principe est couramment utilisé dans les cas de fiducies prévoyant un important nombre de bénéficiaires, lesquels n’encaissent que ce que le fiduciaire décide de leur distribuer (jusqu’à ce que la fiducie s’éteigne après de longues années). Le recours à la fiducie discrétionnaire est très populaire en Australie et en Nouvelle-Zélande. Les tribunaux de ces pays ont fait les percées les plus importantes dans le développement d’approches pragmatiques qui permettent de conclure que les actifs détenus par des fiducies discrétionnaires font en réalité partie du patrimoine d’époux. Ces approches, aussi efficaces soient-elles, comportent toutefois des incohérences sur le plan général du droit. Le présent texte met en lumière les fondements de ces approches et il propose une théorie alternative permettant de réduire ces incohérences entre le droit de la famille et les principes généraux de l’équité.

When intimate partners separate there are inevitably disputes about access to and control over the wealth the parties enjoyed when together. In most cases wealth is held in the form of legal title to property (land or shares). Property rights are the central legal concept by which wealth is controlled and transferred in a modern legal system: the legal rules of the common law and legislation (such as taxation, bankruptcy and family law property statutes) operate through rules and provisions that rely upon the concept of ‘property’ as it is used in mature legal systems. Thus, there is a significant practical incentive to develop structures that separate ‘property’ (as defined in the legal system) from the ability to benefit from assets. Separation of title to ‘property’ from the benefits of ownership can enable the minimisation of taxation and avoidance of claims by creditors and spouses. For example, the rights to obtain a transfer of property from a spouse are of little use if the title to the property is held by another person or legal entity. In a trust the beneficiary does not hold title.

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Publisher: Intersentia
Print publication year: 2020

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