This chapter delves into various foundations of human rights, including religious, jusnaturalist, positivist, and sociological perspectives. It also addresses critiques of human rights from historical, philosophical, ideological, anti-imperialist, feminist, Third World, and relativist viewpoints. The chapter explores how different philosophical and ideological perspectives have shaped the understanding and application of human rights. It critically examines the strengths and weaknesses of these foundations, providing a nuanced analysis of the complexities involved in establishing a solid foundation for human rights. The chapter also highlights the importance of recognizing diverse viewpoints and addressing the critiques to develop a more inclusive and robust human rights framework.