Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-5f56664f6-ldbxw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-05-07T11:18:55.540Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

11 - Law-Making by International Organizations

Perspectives from IL/IR Theory

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 January 2013

By
Ian Johnstone
Edited by
Jeffrey L. Dunoff  and
Mark A. Pollack
Jeffrey L. Dunoff
Affiliation:
Temple University, Philadelphia
Mark A. Pollack
Affiliation:
Temple University, Philadelphia
Get access

Summary

This chapter is about law-making by international organizations (IOs), or what I call “delegated law-making” for short. It is a complex phenomenon, not least because the scope of matters covered by both “law-making” and “delegation” is contested. Although some intergovernmental organizations have been empowered to make law explicitly, the relationship between states and the organizations they create is often more complicated than the term delegation connotes. Various strands of international law (IL) and international relations (IR) theory shed light on this relationship, and, as such, delegated law-making is a good laboratory for exploring the value of cross-disciplinary theorizing.

The chapter begins with the concept of delegation, arguing that it comes in three forms when applied to IOs: explicit, implied, and attenuated. The second section, “Law in Its Infinite Variety” is devoted to law-making. I present a pluralistic conception of law that includes five distinct types of IO acts or instruments: treaty law, legislation and regulation, executive decisions, soft law, and judge-made law. I provide examples to illustrate the extent to which delegation tends to be implied and attenuated, as well as explicit.

Type
Chapter
Information
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on International Law and International Relations
The State of the Art
 , pp. 266 - 292
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abbott, Kenneth W., Keohane, Robert O., Moravcsik, Andrew, Slaughter, Anne-Marie, and Snidal, Duncan (2000). “The Concept of Legalization,” International Organization, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 401–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abbott, Kenneth W., and Snidal, Duncan (1998). “Why States Act through International Organizations,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 3–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abbott, Kenneth W., and Snidal, Duncan (2000). “Hard and Soft Law in International Governance,” International Organization, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 421–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, Emanuel (2005). Communitarian International Relations: The Epistemic Foundations of International Relations (London and New York: Routledge).Google Scholar
Alter, Karen J. (1998). “Who Are the Masters of the Treaty? European Governments and the European Court of Justice,” International Organization, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 125–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alter, Karen J. (2006). “Delegation to International Courts and the Limits of Re-contracting Political Power,” in Hawkins, David et al. (eds.), Delegation and Agency in International Organizations (New York: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Alter, Karen J. (2008). “Agents or Trustees? International Courts in Their Political Context,” European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 33–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, José (1996). “Judging the Security Council,” American Journal of International Law, Vol. 90, No. 1, pp. 1–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, José (2005). International Organizations as Lawmakers (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Bagshaw, Simon (2005). Developing a Normative Framework for the Protection of Internally Displaced Persons (Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers).Google Scholar
Barnett, Michael, and Finnemore, Martha (2004). Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar
Baxter, Richard (1980). “International Law in Her ‘Infinite Variety,’” International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 549–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bjola, Corneliu, and Kornprobst, Markus, eds. (2010). Arguing Global Governance: Agency, Lifeworld, and Shared Reasoning (New York: Routledge).Google Scholar
Bohman, James (1999). “International Regimes and Democratic Governance,” International Affairs, Vol. 75, No. 3, pp. 499–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boisson de Chazournes, Laurence, Casisni, Lorenzo, and Kingsbury, Benedict (2009) (eds.). “Symposium on Global Administrative Law in the Operations of International Organizations,” International Organizations Law Review, Vol. 6, No. 2., pp. 315–666.Google Scholar
Boyle, Alan, and Chinkin, Christine (2007). The Making of International Law (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Bradley, Curtis, and Kelley, Judith (2008a). “The Law and Politics of International Delegation,” Special Issue of Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 1–312.Google Scholar
Bradley, Curtis, and Kelley, Judith (2008b). “The Concept of International Delegation,” Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 1–36.Google Scholar
Brunnée, Jutta, and Toope, Stephen J. (2010). Legitimacy and Legality in International Law: An Interactional Account (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchanan, Allen, and Keohane, Robert (2006). “The Legitimacy of Global Governance Institutions,” Ethics and International Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 405–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burci, Gian Luca, and Koskemäki, R. (2009). “Human Rights Implications of Governance Responses to Public Health Emergencies,” in Clapham, Andrew and Robinson, Mary (eds.), Realizing the Right to Health (Zurich: Ruffer & Rub).Google Scholar
Büthe, Tim (2008). “The Globalization of Health and Safety Standards,” Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 219–56.Google Scholar
Byers, Michael (2000) (ed.). The Role of Law in International Politics (New York: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Caplan, Richard (2006). International Governance of War-Torn Territories: Rule and Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Charnovitz, Steve (2007). “Non-governmental Organizations and International Law,” American Journal of International Law, Vol. 100, No. 2, pp. 348–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chayes, Abram, and Handler Chayes, Antonia (1995). The New Sovereignty: Compliance with International Regulatory Agreements (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).Google Scholar
Chesterman, Simon (2004). You the People: The United Nations, Transitional Administration and State-Building (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Cohen, Joshua, and Sable, Charles (2005). “Global Democracy?,” New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 763–97.Google Scholar
Crawford, Neta (2002). Argument and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Datan, Metav (April/May 2005). “Security Council Resolution 1540: Weapons of Mass Destruction and Non-state Trafficking,” Disarmament Diplomacy, available at .
Dahl, Robert A. (1999). “Can International Organizations Be Democratic? A Skeptic's View,” in Shapiro, Ian and Hacker-Cordon, Casiano (eds.), Democracy's Edges (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 19–36.Google Scholar
De Burca, Grainne, and Scott, Joanne (2001) (eds.). The EU and the WTO: Legal and Constitutional Issues (Oxford: Hart Publishing).Google Scholar
Devetak, , , Richard (2005). “Critical Theory,” in Burchill, Scott et al. (eds.), Theories of International Relations, 3rd ed. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 137–60.Google Scholar
Doyle, Michael (2009). “The UN Charter – a Global Constitution?,” in Dunoff, Jeffrey L. and Trachtman, Joel P. (eds.), Ruling the World? Constitutionalism, International Law, and Global Governance (New York: Cambridge University Press), pp. 113–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunoff, Jeffrey L. (2009). “The Politics of International Constitutions: The Curious Case of the World Trade Organization,” in Dunoff, Jeffrey L. and Trachtman, Joel P. (eds.), Ruling the World? Constitutionalism, International Law and Global Governance (New York: Cambridge University Press), pp. 178–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunoff, Jeffrey L., and Pollack, Mark A. (2013). “International Law and International Relations: Introducing an Interdisciplinary Dialogue,” in Dunoff, Jeffrey L. and Pollack, Mark A. (eds.), Interdisciplinary Perspectives on International Law and International Relations: The State of the Art (New York: Cambridge University Press), pp. 3–32.Google Scholar
Dunoff, Jeffrey L., and , Joel P. Trachtman, (1999). “Economic Analysis of International Law,” Yale Journal of International Law, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 1–59.Google Scholar
Dunoff, Jeffrey L., and , Joel P (2009) (eds.). Ruling the World? Constitutionalism, International Law and Global Governance (New York: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dupuy, Pierre Marie (1997). “The Constitutional Dimension of the Charter of the United Nations Revisited,” Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1–33.Google Scholar
Fassbender, Bardo (2009). “The United Nations Charter as the Constitution of the International Community,” in Dunoff, Jeffrey L. and Trachtman, Joel P. (eds.), Ruling the World? Constitutionalism, International Law, and Global Governance (New York: Cambridge University Press), pp. 133–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finnemore, , , Martha (2000). “Are Legal Norms Distinctive?,” N.Y.U. Journal of International Law and Politics, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 699–705.Google Scholar
Finnemore, Martha, and Sikkink, Katherine (1998). “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change,” International Organization, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 887–917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finnemore, Martha, and Toope, Stephen (2001). “Alternatives to ‘Legalization’: Richer Views of Law and Politics,” International Organization, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 743–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Florini, Ann (1996). “The Evolution of Norms,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 363–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Follesdad, Andreas, and Hix, Simon (2006). “Why There Is a Democratic Deficit in the EU: A Response to Majone and Moravscik,” Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 533–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, Gregory (1992). “The Right to Political Participation in International Law,” Yale Journal of International Law, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 539–608.Google Scholar
Franck, Thomas (1995). Fairness in International Law and Institutions (New York: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Franck, Thomas, Chesterman, Simon, and Malone, David (2007). Law and Practice of the United Nations (New York: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Garrett, Geoffrey (1995). “The Politics of Legal Integration in the European Union,” International Organization, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 71–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Georgiev, Vihar (2011). “Commission on the Loose? Delegated Law Making and Comitology after Lisbon,” unpublished working paper.
Goldsmith, Jack L., and Posner, Eric A. (2005). The Limits of International Law (New York: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Goldstein, Judith L., and Kahler, Miles, Keohane, Robert, and Slaughter, Ann-Marie (eds.) (2001). Legalization and World Politics (Cambridge: MIT Press).Google Scholar
Goodman, Ryan, and Jinks, Derek (2004). “How to Influence States: Socialization and International Human Rights Law,” Duke Law Journal, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 621–703.Google Scholar
Gutmann, Amy, and Thompson, Dennis (2004). Why Deliberative Democracy? (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guzman, Andrew T. (2007). How International Law Works: A Rational Choice Theory (New York: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Guzman, Andrew T., and Landsidle, Jennifer (2008). “The Myth of International Delegation,” California Law Review, Vol. 96, No. 6, pp. 1693–1724.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jurgen (2005). Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Theory of Democracy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).Google Scholar
Hathaway, Oona (2008). “International Delegation and State Sovereignty,” Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 115–52.Google Scholar
Hawkins, Darren, Lake, David, Nielson, Daniel, and Tierney, Michael (2006) (eds.). Delegation and Agency in International Organizations (New York: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helfer, Lawrence (2008). “Monitoring Compliance with Unratified Treaties,” Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 193–218.Google Scholar
Higgins, Rosalyn (1963). The Development of International Law through the Political Organs of the United Nations (London: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Higgins, Rosalyn (1993). Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Hix, Simon, and Hoyland, Bjorn (2011). The Political System of the European Union, 3rd ed. (Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, Mark (1987). “Critical Theory and the Inter-paradigm Debate,” Millennium, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 231–49.Google Scholar
Hurd, Ian (2008). After Anarchy: Legitimacy and Power in the United Nations Security Council (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Joerges, Christian, and Neyer, Jurgen (1997). “From Intergovernmental Bargaining to Deliberative Political Process: The Constitutionalization of Comitology,” European Law Journal, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 273–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joerges, Christian, and Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich (2006) (eds.). Constitutionalism, Multi-level Trade Governance and Social Regulation (Oxford: Harbt).Google Scholar
Johnstone, Ian (2007). “The Secretary-General as Norm Entrepreneur, in Chesterman, Simon (ed.), Secretary or General? The UN Secretary-General in World Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press), pp. 123–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnstone, Ian (2008a). “Legislation and Adjudication in the UN Security Council: Bringing Down the Deliberative Deficit,” American Journal of International Law, Vol. 102, No. 2, pp. 275–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnstone, Ian (2008b). “Law-Making through the Operational Activities of International Organizations,” George Washington International Law Review, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 87–122.Google Scholar
Johnstone, Ian (2011). The Power of Deliberation: International Law, Politics, and Organization (New York: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katzenstein, Peter (1996) (ed.). The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press).Google Scholar
Keck, Margaret, and Sikkink, Katherine (1998). Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar
Kennedy, David W. (1999). “The Disciplines of International Law and Policy,” Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 9–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keohane, Robert, Macedo, Stephen, and Moravcsik, Andrew (2009). “Democracy-Enhancing Multilateralism,” International Organization, Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingsbury, Benedict, Krisch, Nico, and Stewart, Richard (2005). “The Emergence of Global Administrative Law,” Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 15–61.Google Scholar
Kingsbury, Benedict, and Casini, Lorenzo (2009). “Global Administrative Law Dimensions of International Organizations Law,” International Organizations Law Review, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 319–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirgis, Frederic (1997). “Specialized Law-Making Processes” in Joyner, Christopher (ed.), The United Nations and International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 65–96.Google Scholar
Kirton, John, and Trebilcock, Michael (2004) (eds.). Hard Choices, Soft Law: Voluntary Standards in Global Trade, Environment and Social Governance (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing).Google Scholar
Klabbers, Jan (2009). An Introduction to International Institutional Law, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klabbers, Jan, Peters, Anne, and Ulfstein, Geir (2009). The Constitutionalization of International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koh, Harold H. (1997). “Why Do Nations Obey International Law?” Yale Law Journal, Vol. 106, No. 8, pp. 2599–2659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koh, Harold H. (1998). “Bringing International Law Home,” Houston Law Review, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 623–81.Google Scholar
Koh, Harold, and Hathaway, Oona (2005) (eds.). Foundations of International Law and Politics (New York: Foundation Press).Google Scholar
Koremenos, Barbara (2008). “When, What, and Why States Choose to Delegate,” Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 71, No. 1, 151–92.Google Scholar
Koremenos, Barbara, Lipson, Charles, and Snidal, Duncan (2001). “The Rational Design of International Institutions,” International Organization, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 761–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koskenniemi, Martti (1989). From Apology to Utopia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Kratochwil, Friedrich (1989). Rules, Norms, and Decisions: On the Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ku, Julian (2000). “The Delegation of Federal Power to International Organizations: New Problems with Old Solutions,” Minnesota Law Review, Vol. 85, No. 1, pp. 71–113.Google Scholar
Linklater, Andrew (1990). Beyond Realism and Marxism: Critical Theory and International Relations (London: Macmillan Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loughlin, Martin, and Walker, Neil (2007) (eds.). The Paradox of Constitutionalism: Constituent Power and Constitutional Form (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Magnette, Paul (2005). What Is the European Union? Nature and Prospects (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Majone, Giandomenico (1998). “Europe's Democratic Deficit: The Question of Standards,” European Law Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 5–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marceau, , , Gabrielle (2011). “IGOs in Crisis? Or New Opportunities to Demonstrate Responsibility?” International Organizations Law Review, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
March, James G., and , Johan P. Olsen, (1989). Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics (New York: Free Press/Macmillan).Google Scholar
Martin, Lisa (2006). “Distribution, Information and Delegation to International Organizations: The Case of IMF Conditionality,” in Hawkins, David et al. (eds.), Delegation and Agency in International Organizations (New York: Cambridge University Press), pp. 140–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer, Peter (2008). “Civil Society Participation in International Security Organizations,” in Steffek, Jens et al. (eds.), Civil Society Participation in European and Global Governance (Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 116–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, Ronald St. John, and Johnston, Douglas M. (2005) (eds.). Towards World Constitutionalism: Issues in the Legal Ordering of the World Community (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff).Google Scholar
Milliken, Jennifer (1999). “The Study of Discourse in International Relations: A Critique of Research and Methods,” European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 225–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moravcsik, Andrew (2002). “In Defense of the Democratic Deficit: Reassessing Legitimacy in the European Union,” Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 603–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, Harald (2004). “Arguing, Bargaining and All That,” European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 395–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielson, Daniel, and Tierney, Michael (2003). “Delegation to International Organizations: Agency Theory and World Bank Environmental Reform,” International Organization, Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 241–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nugent, Neill (2010). The Government and Politics of the European Union, 7th ed. (Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, Ann (2009). “Membership in the Global Constitutional Community,” in Klabbers, Jan et al. (eds.), The Constitutionalization of International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 153–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierson, Paul (1996). “The Path to European Integration: A Historical Institutionalist Analysis,” Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 123–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollack, Mark A. (1997). “Delegation, Agency and Agenda-Setting in the European Union,” International Organization, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 99–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollack, Mark A. (2003). The Engines of European Integration (New York: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollack, Mark A. (2010). “Theorizing EU Policy-Making” in Wallace, Helen, Pollack, Mark, and Young, Alasdair (eds.), Policy-Making in the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 15–43.Google Scholar
Posner, Eric A. (2000). Law and Social Norms (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).Google Scholar
Ratner, Steven (2004). “The Security Council and International Law,” in Malone, David (ed.), The U.N. Security Council: From the Cold War to the 21st Century (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers) pp. 591–605.Google Scholar
Reisman, W. Michael (1988). “International Incidents: Introduction to a New Genre in the Study of International Law,” in Reisman, W. Michael and Willard, Andrew R. (eds.), International Incidents: The Law That Counts in World Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reus-Smit, Christian (2004) (ed.). The Politics of International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ripinsky, Sergey, and Van den Bossche, Peter (2007). NGO Involvement in International Organizations (London: British Institute of International Law).Google Scholar
Risse, Thomas (2000). “‘ Let's Argue!’: Communicative Action in World Politics,” International Organization, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 1–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Risse, Thomas (2004). “Social Constructivism and European Integration,” in Wiener, Antje and Diez, Thomas (eds.), European Integration Theory (New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 159–76.Google Scholar
Ruggie, John G. (1998). “What Makes the World Hang Together?” International Organization, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 855–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sands, Philippe, and Klein, Pierre (2009) (eds.). Bowett's Law of International Institutions, 6th ed. (London: Sweet & Maxwell).Google Scholar
Sandholzt, Wayne, and Stone Sweet, Alec (1998). European Integration and Supranational Governance (New York: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarooshi, Dan (2005). International Organizations and Their Exercise of Sovereign Powers (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Shelton, Dinah (2000) (ed.). Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-binding Norms in the International Legal System (New York: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Simmons, Beth, and Steinberg, Richard (2006) (eds.). International Law and International Relations (New York: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Slaughter, Anne-Marie (2004). A New World Order (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Steffek, Jens, Kissling, Claudia, and Nanz, Patricia (2008) (eds.). Civil Society Participation in European and Global Governance (Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinberg, Richard H. (2004). “Judicial Law-Making at the WTO: Discursive, Constitutional and Political Constraints,” American Journal of International Law, Vol. 99, No. 2, pp. 247–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephan, Paul (2002). “Courts, Tribunals, and Legal Unification: The Agency Problem,” Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 333–52.Google Scholar
Stone Sweet, Alec (2004). The Judicial Construction of Europe (New York: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swaine, Edward (2004). “The Constitutionality of International Delegations,” Columbia Law Review, Vol. 104, No. 6, pp. 1492–1614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sykes, Alan (2007). “The Economics of Public International Law,” in Polinsky, A. Mitchell and Shavell, Steven (eds.), Handbook of Law and Economics (Amsterdam: Elsevier), pp. 757–822.Google Scholar
Tallberg, , , Jonas (2002). “Delegation to Supranational Institutions: Why, How and With What Consequences?” West European Politics, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 23–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tierney, Michael (2008). “Delegation Success and Policy Failure: Collective Delegation and the Search for Iraqi Weapons of Mass Destruction,” Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 283–312.Google Scholar
Trachtman, Joel (2009). “Constitutional Economics of the World Trade Organization,” in Dunoff, Jeffrey L. and Trachtman, Joel P. (eds.), Ruling the World? Constitutionalism, International Law, and Global Governance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 206–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trachtman, Joel (1999). “The Domain of WTO Dispute Resolution,” Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 333–77.Google Scholar
Trachtman, Joel (2008) (ed.). International Law and International Politics (Burlington: Ashgate).Google Scholar
Tsebelis, George, and Garrett, Geoffrey (2001). “The Institutional Foundations of Inter-governmentalism and Supranationalism in the European Union,” International Organization, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 357–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weil, Prosper (1983). “Towards Relative Normativity in International Law,” American Journal of International Law, Vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 13–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiler, J. H. H., and Wind, Marlene (2003) (eds.). European Constitutionalism beyond the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Wendt, Alexander, and Duvall, Raymond (1989). “Institutions and International Order,” in Czempiel, Ernst-Otto and Rosenau, James (eds.), Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges: Approaches to World Politics for the 1990s (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books), pp. 51–73.Google Scholar
Yoo, John (2005). The Powers of War and Peace: The Constitution and Foreign Affairs after 9/11 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reparation for Injuries case, at 192; European Court of Justice (1987), Germany v. Commission, Joined Cases 281, 283–85 and 287/85
International Court of Justice (1966), Southwest Africa case
International Court of Justice (1996), Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, para 18

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×