Book contents
- Intensive Care Medicine
- Intensive Care Medicine
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Dedication
- Epigraph
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Foreword
- Abbreviations
- Section 1 Resuscitation and Management of the Acutely Ill Patient
- Section 2 Diagnosis, Assessment, Investigation, Monitoring and Data Interpretation
- Domain 3 Disease Management: Recognition, Causes and Management
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Management of ACS
- Acute Coronary Syndromes in Intensive Care
- Prognosis
- Introduction
- Pacemaker Nomenclature
- Management of Permanent Systems in the ICU
- Management of Temporary Systems in the ICU
- Introduction
- Causes
- Precipitants of Acute Heart Failure
- Pathophysiology
- Decompensated Presentation
- Management
- Introduction
- Aortic Stenosis
- Aortic Insufficiency/Regurgitation
- Mitral Regurgitation
- Mitral Stenosis
- Tricuspid Valve Disease and Pulmonary Valve Disease
- Introduction
- Common Cardiac Conditions Which May Present
- Why May a GUCH Patient Present to Hospital and What Causes Their Increased Mortality Rate?
- ICU Care
- History and Clinical Examination
- Investigations
- Management
- Summary
- Introduction
- Prevention
- The ‘Endocarditis Team’
- Diagnosis
- Prognostic Assessment
- Complications of Infective Endocarditis
- Infective Endocarditis in the Intensive Care Unit
- Right-Sided Infective Endocarditis
- Anti-thrombotic Therapy in Infective Endocarditis
- Definitions
- Epidemiology
- Presentation of Hypertensive Crises
- Management
- Disease-Specific Management
- Summary
- Introduction
- Causes
- Important Considerations
- Classification
- Investigations
- Treatment Goals
- Additional Arrhythmias
- Definition
- Causes
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Supportive Management, Veno-arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Axial Flow Pumps
- Pericardial Syndromes
- Pericardium and Pericardial Fluid
- Signs of Cardiac Tamponade in the Spontaneously Ventilated Patient
- Introduction
- Oxygen Delivery
- Pressure versus Flow
- Specific Management of Shock
- Pathophysiology
- Incidence
- Classification
- Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Outcomes
- Of Historical Interest
- Introduction
- Diagnosis of AKI
- Common Causes of AKI in Intensive Care Units
- Risk Stratification in AKI
- Prevention
- Diagnostic Workup in AKI
- Management of Complications
- Principles of Management in AKI
- Drug Adjustment during AKI/RRT
- Palliative Care Nephrology
- Long-Term Effects of AKI and Post-AKI Care
- Conclusion
- Introduction
- Definition
- Diagnosis and Classification
- Aetiology
- Pathophysiology
- Prognosis
- Management
- Introduction
- Haem Metabolism
- Classification of Jaundice
- Pre-hepatic Jaundice
- Hepatic Jaundice
- Post-hepatic (Cholestatic) Jaundice
- Post-operative Jaundice
- Jaundice in the Transplant Recipient
- Investigations
- Management and Prognosis
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical
- Investigations
- Management
- Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
- Introduction
- Aetiology
- Clinical Findings
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt
- Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy
- Hepatorenal Syndrome
- Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
- Introduction
- Aetiology
- Pathogenesis
- Precipitants of Hepatic Encephalopathy
- Classification
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Investigation
- Management
- Prognosis
- Introduction
- Initial Resuscitation of the Unconscious Patient
- Assessment of Level of Consciousness
- Causes of Impaired Consciousness
- Further Investigations
- Prognosis
- Ongoing Critical Care Management
- Introduction
- Acute Symptomatic Seizure
- Unprovoked Seizure
- Epilepsy
- Early Post-seizure Management
- Differential Diagnosis
- Investigations
- Status Epilepticus
- Introduction
- Initial Assessment
- Thrombolysis
- Endovascular Interventions
- Neurosurgery
- Other General Measures
- Definition
- Causes
- Risk Factors
- Presentation
- Differential Diagnosis
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Long-Term Sequelae
- Prognosis
- Pathophysiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Initial Management
- Investigations
- Severity
- Management
- Introduction
- Definition and Presentation
- Risk Factors
- Recognition
- Management
- Introduction
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Guillain–Barré Syndrome
- ICU-Acquired Weakness
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Classification
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Prognosis
- Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- Clinical Presentation
- Investigations and Management
- Non-variceal Bleeding
- Variceal Bleeding
- Acute Severe Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- Prevention of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Critical Care
- Introduction
- Aetiology and Pathogenesis
- Clinical Presentation, Investigation and Diagnosis
- Management
- Management of Complications
- Introduction
- Causes
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Management
- Introduction
- Symptoms and Signs
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Definitions
- Risk Factors
- Measurement of Intra-abdominal Pressure
- Clinical Impact
- Treatment
- Prognosis/Outcomes
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Aetiology
- Classification
- Presentation and Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Long-Term Anticoagulation
- Pulmonary Hypertension
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Investigations
- Grading of Severity
- Admission to ICU and Management
- Introduction
- Grading of COPD
- Investigations
- General Management
- Long-Term Oxygen Therapy
- Acute Exacerbations of COPD
- COPD and Critical Care
- Non-invasive Ventilation
- Invasive Ventilation
- Introduction
- Classification
- Common Causative Organisms
- The Clinical Picture
- Diagnostic Approach to Pneumonia
- Treatment: General Approach to Anti-microbial Therapy
- Definition
- History
- Incidence
- Causes
- Risk Factors
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnostic Criteria
- Investigations (Laboratory/Radiological)
- Management
- Prognosis
- Definition and Pathophysiology
- Common Causes
- Assessment and Investigations
- Management
- Introduction
- Classification
- Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Hypertension
- Clinical Features
- Diagnostic Investigations
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- Introduction
- Mediators and Their Actions
- Aetiology and Risk Factors for Severe or Fatal Episodes
- Clinical Features
- Management
- Investigation and Follow-Up
- Introduction
- The Innate Immune System
- The Adaptive Immune System
- Antibodies
- Immunodeficiency Disorders
- Aetiology
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
- HIV and ICU
- Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy
- Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
- Specific Conditions Related to HIV
- Definition
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Features and Diagnosis
- Investigations and Management
- Outcome
- Definition
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Features
- Therapies
- Outcomes
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Microbial Pathogens
- Specific Infections Seen in Critical Care
- Infection Prevention and Control
- Pressure Ulcers
- Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
- Cellulitis
- Toxic Shock Syndrome
- Necrotising Fasciitis
- Gas Gangrene/Myonecrosis
- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
- Compartment Syndrome
- Introduction
- General Principles of Antibiotic Use in Intensive Care
- How to Choose an Appropriate Antibiotic
- Body Site/Likely Pathogens
- Rationalising Treatment
- A Note on Blood Cultures
- Dose
- Timing and Duration
- Reasons for Failure of Antibiotic Therapy
- Monotherapy/Combination Antibiotic Therapy
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- Cell Wall Inhibitors
- Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
- Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
- Folic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
- Inhibitors of Membrane Function
- Antibiotic Prophylaxis
- Antibiotic Resistance
- Future Directions
- Introduction
- Introduction
- Regional Infection
- Treatments
- Introduction
- Diagnosis
- Pathophysiology
- Severe Malaria
- Management of Severe Malaria
- Other Tropical Infections
- Introduction
- The Virus
- Clinical Presentation and Pathophysiology
- COVID-19 and the Intensive Care Unit
- The Search for a Vaccine
- Large-Scale Crisis Management of a Highly Contagious Disease
- Conclusion
- Introduction
- Initial Management of an Overdose
- General Treatment Strategies
- Drugs: Over-the-Counter
- Drugs: Prescription
- Non-prescriptionAmphetamines and Cathinones
- Plants/Fungi
- Chemical
- Introduction
- Massive Obstetric Haemorrhage
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Signs and Symptoms
- Grading of Severity
- Differential Diagnosis
- General Treatment of Pre-eclampsia
- Hypertensive Pulmonary Oedema
- Mode and Timing of Delivery and Removal of the Placenta
- Role of Critical Care
- Fluids, Inotropic Support and Cardiac Output Monitoring in ICU
- Prognosis
- Introduction
- Cardiac Disease
- Respiratory Disease
- Obesity
- Endocrine Disease
- Renal Disease
- Haematological Disease
- Cancer in Pregnancy
- Maternal Critical Care Guidelines
- Haemostasis Simplified
- Common Laboratory Screening Tests
- Acquired Disorders of Haemostasis
- Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
- Thrombotic Microangiopathies
- Introduction
- Warfarin
- Direct Oral Anticoagulants
- Heparins
- Inferior Vena Cava Filters
- Anaemia
- Thrombocytopenia
- Sickle Cell Disease
- Overview of Haematological Malignancy and ICU Admission
- Complications of Haematological Malignancy and Treatment
- Introduction to Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Graft-versus-Host Disease
- Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapy
- Management of Critical Illness in Malignant Haematology
- Complications of CAR T-cell Therapy
- Selection and Outcomes of Patients with Haematological Malignancy in the ICU
- Mechanisms of Coagulation and Haemostasis
- Coagulopathy
- Management of Haemorrhage
- Traumatic Coagulopathy
- Thrombocytopenia
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy
- Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenic Thrombosis
- Thrombotic Microangiopathies
- Liver Disease
- Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- Renal Disease
- Fibrinolytic Bleeding
- von Willebrand’s Disease
- Bleeding Associated with Anti-thrombotic Drugs
- Peripartum
- Introduction
- Introduction
- Hyponatraemia
- Hypernatraemia
- Introduction
- Hyperkalaemia
- Hypokalaemia
- Introduction
- Hypercalcaemia
- Hypocalcaemia
- Introduction
- Hypermagnesaemia
- Hypomagnesaemia
- Therapeutic Use of Magnesium in Specific Emergency Scenarios
- Phosphate
- Hyperphosphataemia
- Hypophosphataemia
- Introduction
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State
- Hypoglycaemic Coma
- Introduction
- Causes
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Cerebral Salt Wasting
- Introduction
- Assessment of Polyuria
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Primary Polydipsia
- Introduction
- Basic Physiology
- Myxoedema Coma
- Thyroid Storm
- The Role of Cortisol
- The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
- Adrenocortical Insufficiency in Critical Illness
- Current Practice
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Examination
- Imaging
- Neuromonitoring Techniques
- Intracranial Hypertension
- Decompressive Craniectomy
- Critical Care Management
- Maxillofacial Injuries
- Mandible Fractures
- Bifacial Fractures
- Orbital Injuries
- Other Associated Injuries
- Management
- Laryngotracheal Injuries
- Introduction
- Assessment and Management of Life-Threatening Thoracic Injuries
- Classification
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Management of Suspected Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries
- Management of Confirmed Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries
- Long-Term Management
- Introduction
- The Initial Examination
- Investigations
- Initial Management
- Ongoing Management in Critical Care
- Introduction
- Anatomy
- Aetiology
- Epidemiology
- Microbiology
- Presentation
- Differential Diagnosis
- Investigations
- Management
- Specific Management
- Complications
- Prognosis
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Management
- Outcomes
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Complications of Burns
- Ongoing and Critical Care Management
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- Hypothermia
- Hyperthermia
- Heatstroke
- Malignant Hyperthermia
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
- Serotonin Syndrome
- Anti-cholinergic Syndrome
- Sympathomimetic Syndrome
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- Anaphylaxis
- Aquatic Creatures
- Reptiles
- Insects
- Introduction
- Categories of Blast Injuries
- Gunshot Wounds
- Treatment Steps for Management of a Patient with Ballistic Injuries
- Intensive Care Management of the Patient with Ballistic Injuries
- Introduction
- ‘Lacks Capacity’
- The Assessment Process
- Who Should Assess Capacity?
- The Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales)
- Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards
- The Mental Health Act 1983
- Introduction
- Patients Who Understand Their Behaviours
- Possible Precipitants of Aggression (When There Is No Clear Precipitant)
- Specific Groups at Risk of Unpredictable Aggression
- Aggression Reduction
- Pharmacology
- After the Event
- Introduction
- Antidepressants
- Serotonin Syndrome
- Anti-psychotics
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
- Introduction
- Management of Patients Admitted to the ICU Following a Suicide Attempt
- Medical Management
- Psychiatric Management
- Risk Assessment and Management
- Staff Attitudes
- Support for ICU Staff
- Support for Family Members
- Anxiety
- Insomnia
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and ICU
- Difficult Patients in ICU
- Introduction
- Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
- Opiates
- Other Substances
- Novel Agents in ICU to Treat Withdrawals
- Introduction
- Consequences for the Unit
- Risk Factors
- Interventions
- Duty of Self-Care
- Sources of Help
- Section 3.1 Cardiac and Circulatory Failure
- Section 3.2 Acute Renal Failure
- Section 3.3 Acute Liver Failure
- Section 3.4 Neurological Impairment and Injury
- Section 3.5 Acute Gastrointestinal Failure
- Section 3.6 Acute Respiratory Failure
- Section 3.7 Infection and Immunity
- Section 3.8 Intoxication with Drugs or Environmental Toxins
- Section 3.9 Obstetrics and Maternal Peripartum Complications
- Section 3.10 Haematological and Oncological Disorders
- Section 3.11 Metabolic Disorders
- Section 3.12 Endocrine Disorders
- Section 3.13 Severe Trauma and Multiple Injuries
- Section 3.14 Environmental Injuries
- Section 3.15 Psychiatric Disorders Encountered in Intensive Care
- Section 4 Therapeutic Interventions and Organ Support
- Domain 5 Practical Procedures
- Section 6 Perioperative Care
- Section 7 Comfort and Recovery
- Section 8 End-of-Life Care
- Section 9 Paediatric Care
- Section 10 Transport
- Section 11 Professionalism, Patient Safety, Governance and Health Systems Management
- Index
- References
Section 3.4 - Neurological Impairment and Injury
from Domain 3 - Disease Management: Recognition, Causes and Management
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 July 2023
Book contents
- Intensive Care Medicine
- Intensive Care Medicine
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Dedication
- Epigraph
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Foreword
- Abbreviations
- Section 1 Resuscitation and Management of the Acutely Ill Patient
- Section 2 Diagnosis, Assessment, Investigation, Monitoring and Data Interpretation
- Domain 3 Disease Management: Recognition, Causes and Management
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Management of ACS
- Acute Coronary Syndromes in Intensive Care
- Prognosis
- Introduction
- Pacemaker Nomenclature
- Management of Permanent Systems in the ICU
- Management of Temporary Systems in the ICU
- Introduction
- Causes
- Precipitants of Acute Heart Failure
- Pathophysiology
- Decompensated Presentation
- Management
- Introduction
- Aortic Stenosis
- Aortic Insufficiency/Regurgitation
- Mitral Regurgitation
- Mitral Stenosis
- Tricuspid Valve Disease and Pulmonary Valve Disease
- Introduction
- Common Cardiac Conditions Which May Present
- Why May a GUCH Patient Present to Hospital and What Causes Their Increased Mortality Rate?
- ICU Care
- History and Clinical Examination
- Investigations
- Management
- Summary
- Introduction
- Prevention
- The ‘Endocarditis Team’
- Diagnosis
- Prognostic Assessment
- Complications of Infective Endocarditis
- Infective Endocarditis in the Intensive Care Unit
- Right-Sided Infective Endocarditis
- Anti-thrombotic Therapy in Infective Endocarditis
- Definitions
- Epidemiology
- Presentation of Hypertensive Crises
- Management
- Disease-Specific Management
- Summary
- Introduction
- Causes
- Important Considerations
- Classification
- Investigations
- Treatment Goals
- Additional Arrhythmias
- Definition
- Causes
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Supportive Management, Veno-arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Axial Flow Pumps
- Pericardial Syndromes
- Pericardium and Pericardial Fluid
- Signs of Cardiac Tamponade in the Spontaneously Ventilated Patient
- Introduction
- Oxygen Delivery
- Pressure versus Flow
- Specific Management of Shock
- Pathophysiology
- Incidence
- Classification
- Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Outcomes
- Of Historical Interest
- Introduction
- Diagnosis of AKI
- Common Causes of AKI in Intensive Care Units
- Risk Stratification in AKI
- Prevention
- Diagnostic Workup in AKI
- Management of Complications
- Principles of Management in AKI
- Drug Adjustment during AKI/RRT
- Palliative Care Nephrology
- Long-Term Effects of AKI and Post-AKI Care
- Conclusion
- Introduction
- Definition
- Diagnosis and Classification
- Aetiology
- Pathophysiology
- Prognosis
- Management
- Introduction
- Haem Metabolism
- Classification of Jaundice
- Pre-hepatic Jaundice
- Hepatic Jaundice
- Post-hepatic (Cholestatic) Jaundice
- Post-operative Jaundice
- Jaundice in the Transplant Recipient
- Investigations
- Management and Prognosis
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical
- Investigations
- Management
- Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
- Introduction
- Aetiology
- Clinical Findings
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt
- Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy
- Hepatorenal Syndrome
- Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
- Introduction
- Aetiology
- Pathogenesis
- Precipitants of Hepatic Encephalopathy
- Classification
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Investigation
- Management
- Prognosis
- Introduction
- Initial Resuscitation of the Unconscious Patient
- Assessment of Level of Consciousness
- Causes of Impaired Consciousness
- Further Investigations
- Prognosis
- Ongoing Critical Care Management
- Introduction
- Acute Symptomatic Seizure
- Unprovoked Seizure
- Epilepsy
- Early Post-seizure Management
- Differential Diagnosis
- Investigations
- Status Epilepticus
- Introduction
- Initial Assessment
- Thrombolysis
- Endovascular Interventions
- Neurosurgery
- Other General Measures
- Definition
- Causes
- Risk Factors
- Presentation
- Differential Diagnosis
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Long-Term Sequelae
- Prognosis
- Pathophysiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Initial Management
- Investigations
- Severity
- Management
- Introduction
- Definition and Presentation
- Risk Factors
- Recognition
- Management
- Introduction
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Guillain–Barré Syndrome
- ICU-Acquired Weakness
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Classification
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Prognosis
- Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- Clinical Presentation
- Investigations and Management
- Non-variceal Bleeding
- Variceal Bleeding
- Acute Severe Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- Prevention of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Critical Care
- Introduction
- Aetiology and Pathogenesis
- Clinical Presentation, Investigation and Diagnosis
- Management
- Management of Complications
- Introduction
- Causes
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Management
- Introduction
- Symptoms and Signs
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Definitions
- Risk Factors
- Measurement of Intra-abdominal Pressure
- Clinical Impact
- Treatment
- Prognosis/Outcomes
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Aetiology
- Classification
- Presentation and Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Long-Term Anticoagulation
- Pulmonary Hypertension
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Investigations
- Grading of Severity
- Admission to ICU and Management
- Introduction
- Grading of COPD
- Investigations
- General Management
- Long-Term Oxygen Therapy
- Acute Exacerbations of COPD
- COPD and Critical Care
- Non-invasive Ventilation
- Invasive Ventilation
- Introduction
- Classification
- Common Causative Organisms
- The Clinical Picture
- Diagnostic Approach to Pneumonia
- Treatment: General Approach to Anti-microbial Therapy
- Definition
- History
- Incidence
- Causes
- Risk Factors
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnostic Criteria
- Investigations (Laboratory/Radiological)
- Management
- Prognosis
- Definition and Pathophysiology
- Common Causes
- Assessment and Investigations
- Management
- Introduction
- Classification
- Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Hypertension
- Clinical Features
- Diagnostic Investigations
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- Introduction
- Mediators and Their Actions
- Aetiology and Risk Factors for Severe or Fatal Episodes
- Clinical Features
- Management
- Investigation and Follow-Up
- Introduction
- The Innate Immune System
- The Adaptive Immune System
- Antibodies
- Immunodeficiency Disorders
- Aetiology
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
- HIV and ICU
- Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy
- Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
- Specific Conditions Related to HIV
- Definition
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Features and Diagnosis
- Investigations and Management
- Outcome
- Definition
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Features
- Therapies
- Outcomes
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Microbial Pathogens
- Specific Infections Seen in Critical Care
- Infection Prevention and Control
- Pressure Ulcers
- Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
- Cellulitis
- Toxic Shock Syndrome
- Necrotising Fasciitis
- Gas Gangrene/Myonecrosis
- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
- Compartment Syndrome
- Introduction
- General Principles of Antibiotic Use in Intensive Care
- How to Choose an Appropriate Antibiotic
- Body Site/Likely Pathogens
- Rationalising Treatment
- A Note on Blood Cultures
- Dose
- Timing and Duration
- Reasons for Failure of Antibiotic Therapy
- Monotherapy/Combination Antibiotic Therapy
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- Cell Wall Inhibitors
- Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
- Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
- Folic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
- Inhibitors of Membrane Function
- Antibiotic Prophylaxis
- Antibiotic Resistance
- Future Directions
- Introduction
- Introduction
- Regional Infection
- Treatments
- Introduction
- Diagnosis
- Pathophysiology
- Severe Malaria
- Management of Severe Malaria
- Other Tropical Infections
- Introduction
- The Virus
- Clinical Presentation and Pathophysiology
- COVID-19 and the Intensive Care Unit
- The Search for a Vaccine
- Large-Scale Crisis Management of a Highly Contagious Disease
- Conclusion
- Introduction
- Initial Management of an Overdose
- General Treatment Strategies
- Drugs: Over-the-Counter
- Drugs: Prescription
- Non-prescriptionAmphetamines and Cathinones
- Plants/Fungi
- Chemical
- Introduction
- Massive Obstetric Haemorrhage
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Signs and Symptoms
- Grading of Severity
- Differential Diagnosis
- General Treatment of Pre-eclampsia
- Hypertensive Pulmonary Oedema
- Mode and Timing of Delivery and Removal of the Placenta
- Role of Critical Care
- Fluids, Inotropic Support and Cardiac Output Monitoring in ICU
- Prognosis
- Introduction
- Cardiac Disease
- Respiratory Disease
- Obesity
- Endocrine Disease
- Renal Disease
- Haematological Disease
- Cancer in Pregnancy
- Maternal Critical Care Guidelines
- Haemostasis Simplified
- Common Laboratory Screening Tests
- Acquired Disorders of Haemostasis
- Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
- Thrombotic Microangiopathies
- Introduction
- Warfarin
- Direct Oral Anticoagulants
- Heparins
- Inferior Vena Cava Filters
- Anaemia
- Thrombocytopenia
- Sickle Cell Disease
- Overview of Haematological Malignancy and ICU Admission
- Complications of Haematological Malignancy and Treatment
- Introduction to Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Graft-versus-Host Disease
- Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapy
- Management of Critical Illness in Malignant Haematology
- Complications of CAR T-cell Therapy
- Selection and Outcomes of Patients with Haematological Malignancy in the ICU
- Mechanisms of Coagulation and Haemostasis
- Coagulopathy
- Management of Haemorrhage
- Traumatic Coagulopathy
- Thrombocytopenia
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy
- Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenic Thrombosis
- Thrombotic Microangiopathies
- Liver Disease
- Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- Renal Disease
- Fibrinolytic Bleeding
- von Willebrand’s Disease
- Bleeding Associated with Anti-thrombotic Drugs
- Peripartum
- Introduction
- Introduction
- Hyponatraemia
- Hypernatraemia
- Introduction
- Hyperkalaemia
- Hypokalaemia
- Introduction
- Hypercalcaemia
- Hypocalcaemia
- Introduction
- Hypermagnesaemia
- Hypomagnesaemia
- Therapeutic Use of Magnesium in Specific Emergency Scenarios
- Phosphate
- Hyperphosphataemia
- Hypophosphataemia
- Introduction
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State
- Hypoglycaemic Coma
- Introduction
- Causes
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Cerebral Salt Wasting
- Introduction
- Assessment of Polyuria
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Primary Polydipsia
- Introduction
- Basic Physiology
- Myxoedema Coma
- Thyroid Storm
- The Role of Cortisol
- The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
- Adrenocortical Insufficiency in Critical Illness
- Current Practice
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Examination
- Imaging
- Neuromonitoring Techniques
- Intracranial Hypertension
- Decompressive Craniectomy
- Critical Care Management
- Maxillofacial Injuries
- Mandible Fractures
- Bifacial Fractures
- Orbital Injuries
- Other Associated Injuries
- Management
- Laryngotracheal Injuries
- Introduction
- Assessment and Management of Life-Threatening Thoracic Injuries
- Classification
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Management of Suspected Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries
- Management of Confirmed Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries
- Long-Term Management
- Introduction
- The Initial Examination
- Investigations
- Initial Management
- Ongoing Management in Critical Care
- Introduction
- Anatomy
- Aetiology
- Epidemiology
- Microbiology
- Presentation
- Differential Diagnosis
- Investigations
- Management
- Specific Management
- Complications
- Prognosis
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Management
- Outcomes
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Complications of Burns
- Ongoing and Critical Care Management
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- Hypothermia
- Hyperthermia
- Heatstroke
- Malignant Hyperthermia
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
- Serotonin Syndrome
- Anti-cholinergic Syndrome
- Sympathomimetic Syndrome
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- Anaphylaxis
- Aquatic Creatures
- Reptiles
- Insects
- Introduction
- Categories of Blast Injuries
- Gunshot Wounds
- Treatment Steps for Management of a Patient with Ballistic Injuries
- Intensive Care Management of the Patient with Ballistic Injuries
- Introduction
- ‘Lacks Capacity’
- The Assessment Process
- Who Should Assess Capacity?
- The Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales)
- Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards
- The Mental Health Act 1983
- Introduction
- Patients Who Understand Their Behaviours
- Possible Precipitants of Aggression (When There Is No Clear Precipitant)
- Specific Groups at Risk of Unpredictable Aggression
- Aggression Reduction
- Pharmacology
- After the Event
- Introduction
- Antidepressants
- Serotonin Syndrome
- Anti-psychotics
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
- Introduction
- Management of Patients Admitted to the ICU Following a Suicide Attempt
- Medical Management
- Psychiatric Management
- Risk Assessment and Management
- Staff Attitudes
- Support for ICU Staff
- Support for Family Members
- Anxiety
- Insomnia
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and ICU
- Difficult Patients in ICU
- Introduction
- Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
- Opiates
- Other Substances
- Novel Agents in ICU to Treat Withdrawals
- Introduction
- Consequences for the Unit
- Risk Factors
- Interventions
- Duty of Self-Care
- Sources of Help
- Section 3.1 Cardiac and Circulatory Failure
- Section 3.2 Acute Renal Failure
- Section 3.3 Acute Liver Failure
- Section 3.4 Neurological Impairment and Injury
- Section 3.5 Acute Gastrointestinal Failure
- Section 3.6 Acute Respiratory Failure
- Section 3.7 Infection and Immunity
- Section 3.8 Intoxication with Drugs or Environmental Toxins
- Section 3.9 Obstetrics and Maternal Peripartum Complications
- Section 3.10 Haematological and Oncological Disorders
- Section 3.11 Metabolic Disorders
- Section 3.12 Endocrine Disorders
- Section 3.13 Severe Trauma and Multiple Injuries
- Section 3.14 Environmental Injuries
- Section 3.15 Psychiatric Disorders Encountered in Intensive Care
- Section 4 Therapeutic Interventions and Organ Support
- Domain 5 Practical Procedures
- Section 6 Perioperative Care
- Section 7 Comfort and Recovery
- Section 8 End-of-Life Care
- Section 9 Paediatric Care
- Section 10 Transport
- Section 11 Professionalism, Patient Safety, Governance and Health Systems Management
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Intensive Care MedicineThe Essential Guide, pp. 177 - 204Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2021
References
References and Further Reading
Cadena, R, Sarwal, A. Emergency neurological life support: approach to the patient with coma. Neurocrit Care 2017;27(Suppl 1):74–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edlow, JA, Rabenstien, A, Traub, SJ, Wijdicks, EFM. Diagnosis of reversible causes of coma. Lancet 2014;384:2064–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farling, P, Andrews, PJD, Cruickshank, S, et al. Recommendations for the safe transfer of patients with brain injury. London: Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland; 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. The Glasgow structured approach to assessment of the Glasgow Coma Scale. www.glasgowcomascale.orgGoogle Scholar
Souter, MJ, Blissitt, PA, Blosser, S, et al. Recommendations for the critical care management of devastating brain injury: prognostication, psychosocial, and ethical management. Neurocrit Care 2015;23:4–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
References and Further Reading
Betjemann, JP, Lowenstein, DH. Status epilepticus in adults. Lancet Neurol 2015;14:615–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brophy, GM, Bell, R, Claassen, J, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 2012;17:3–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Claassen, J, Goldstein, JN. Emergency neurological life support: status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 2017;27(Suppl 1):S152–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapur, J, Elm, J, Chamberlain, JM, et al. Randomized trial of three anticonvulsant medications for status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 2019;381:2103–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 2004. Appendix F: Protocols for treating convulsive status epilepticus in adults and children. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg137/chapter/appendix-f-protocols-for-treating-convulsive-status-epilepticus-in-adults-and-children-adults#treating-convulsive-status-epilepticus-in-adults-published-in-2004Google Scholar
Scheffer, IE, Berkovic, S, Capovilla, G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE Commission for classification and terminology. Epilepsia 2017;58:512–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
References and Further Reading
Gross, H, Grose, N. Emergency neurological life support: acute ischaemic stroke. Neurocrit Care 2017;27(Suppl 1):S102–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2008.Google Scholar
Powers, WJ, Rabinstein, AA, Ackerson, T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2018;49:e46–110.Google Scholar
Steiner, T, Al-Shahi Salman, R, Beer, R, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Int J Stroke 2014;9:840–55.Google ScholarPubMed
References and Further Reading
Brouwer, MC, McIntyre, P, Prasad, K, Van de Beek, D. Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;9:CD004405.Google Scholar
Van de Beek, D, de Gans, J, Spanjaard, L, Weisfelt, M, Reitsma, J, Vermeulen, M. Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1849–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van de Beek, D, de Gans, J, Tunkel, AR, Wijdicks, EF. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults. N Engl J Med 2006;354:44–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
References and Further Reading
Ahmadsyah, I, Salim, A. Treatment of tetanus: an open study to compare the efficacy of procaine penicillin and metronidazole. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985;291:648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rushdy, AA, White, JM, Ramsay, ME, Crowcroft, NS. Tetanus in England and Wales, 1984–2000. Epidemiol Infect 2003;130:71.Google Scholar
Santos, ML, Mota-Miranda, A, Alves-Pereira, A, et al. Intrathecal baclofen for the treatment of tetanus. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thwaites, CL, Farrar, JJ. Preventing and treating tetanus. BMJ 2003;326:117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thwaites, CL, Yen, LM, Loan, HT, et al. Magnesium sulphate for treatment of severe tetanus: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;368:1436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
References and Further Reading
Barr, J, Fraser, GL, Puntillo, K, et al.; American College of Critical Care Medicine. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2013;41:263–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cerejeira, J, Nogueira, V, Luís, P, Vaz-Serra, A, Mukaetova-Ladinska, EB. The cholinergic system and inflammation: common pathways in delirium pathophysiology. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012;60:669–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gusmao-Flores, D, Salluh, JI, Chalhub, RA, Quarantini, LC. The Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) and Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC) for the diagnosis of delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Crit Care 2012;16:R115.Google Scholar
Mehta, S, Cook, D, Devlin, JW, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of delirium in mechanically ventilated adults. Crit Care Med 2015;43:557–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
References and Further Reading
De, Jonghe B, Sharshar, T, Lefaucheur, J-P, et al. Paresis acquired in the intensive care unit: a prospective multicenter study. JAMA 2002;288:2859.Google Scholar
Hough, CL, Lieu, BK, Caldwell, ES. Manual muscle strength testing of critically ill patients: feasibility and interobserver agreement. Crit Care 2011;15:R43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, R, Cornblath, D. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet 2005;366:1653–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanders, DB, Wolfe, GI, Benatar, M, et al. International consensus guidance for management of myasthenia gravis: executive summary. Neurology 2016;87:419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yuki, N, Hartung, HP. Guillain–Barré syndrome. N Engl J Med 2012;366:2294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
References and Further Reading
Bonner, S, Smith, C. Initial management of acute spinal cord injury. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain 2013;13:224–31.Google Scholar
New, PW, Marshall, R. International spinal cord injury data sets for non-traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2014;52:123–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
New, PW, Reeves, RK, Smith, E, et al. International retrospective comparison of inpatient rehabilitation for patients with spinal cord dysfunction: epidemiology and clinical outcomes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2015;96:1080–7.Google Scholar
van den Berg, MEL, Castellote, JM, Mahillo-Fernandez, I, de Pedro-Cuesta, J. Incidence of spinal cord injury worldwide: a systematic review. Neuroepidemiology 2010;34:184–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed