Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-hvd4g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-08T04:11:30.045Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 February 2025

Nicholas Barnes
Affiliation:
University of St Andrews
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abello-Colak, Alexandra, and Guarneros-Meza, Valeria. 2014. “The Role of Criminal Actors in Local Governance.” Urban Studies 51(15): 3268–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acebes, César Muñoz. 2016. “Good Cops Are Afraid”: The Toll of Unchecked Police Violence in Rio de Janeiro. New York: Human Rights Watch. www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/07/good-cops-are-afraid/toll-unchecked-police-violence-rio-de-janeiro.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Robinson, James A., and Santos, Rafael J.. 2013. “The Monopoly of Violence: Evidence from Colombia.” Journal of the European Economic Association 11(Suppl. 1): 5–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albarracín, Juan. 2018. “Criminalized Electoral Politics in Brazilian Urban Peripheries.” Crime, Law and Social Change 69(4): 553–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albarracín, Juan, and Barnes, Nicholas. 2020. “Criminal Violence in Latin America.” Latin America Research Review 55(2): 397–406.Google Scholar
Alonso, Angela, and Mische, Ann. 2017. “Changing Repertoires and Partisan Ambivalence in the New Brazilian Protests.” Bulletin of Latin American Research 36(2): 144–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alves, Jaime Amparo. 2018. The Anti-Black City: Police Terror and Black Urban Life in Brazil. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvito, Marcos. 2001. As Cores de Acari: Uma Favela Carioca. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Getúlio Vargas.Google Scholar
Amorim, Carlos. 1993. Comando Vermelho: A História Secreta Do Crime Organizado. Rio de Janeiro: Record.Google Scholar
Amorim, Carlos. 2000. CV-PCC: A Irmandade Do Crime. Rio de Janeiro: Record.Google Scholar
Amorim, Carlos. 2010. Assalto Ao Poder: O Crime Organizado. Rio de Janeiro: Record.Google Scholar
Andreoni, Manuela, and Londoño, Ernesto. 2020. “‘License to Kill’: Inside Rio’s Record Year of Police Killings.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2020/05/18/world/americas/brazil-rio-police-violence.html (August 21).Google Scholar
Arias, Enrique Desmond. 2006a. Drugs & Democracy in Rio de Janeiro: Trafficking, Social Networks, and Public Security. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Arias, Enrique Desmond. 2006b. “The Dynamics of Criminal Governance: Networks and Social Order in Rio de Janeiro.” Journal of Latin American Studies 38(2): 293–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arias, Enrique Desmond. 2013. “The Impacts of Differential Armed Dominance of Politics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.” Studies in Comparative International Development 48(3): 263–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arias, Enrique Desmond. 2017. Criminal Enterprises and Governance in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arias, Enrique Desmond. 2019. “Social Responses to Criminal Governance in Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Kingston, and Medellín.” Latin American Research Review 54(1): 165–80.Google Scholar
Arias, Enrique Desmond, and Barnes, Nicholas. 2017. “Crime and Plural Orders in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.” Current Sociology 65(3): 448–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arias, Enrique Desmond, and Goldstein, Daniel M., eds. 2010. Violent Democracies in Latin America. Durham: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arias, Enrique Desmond, and Davis Rodrigues, Corinne. 2006. “The Myth of Personal Security: Criminal Gangs, Dispute Resolution, and Identity in Rio de Janeiro’s Favelas.” Latin American Politics and Society 48(4): 53–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arjona, Ana. 2015. “Civilian Resistance to Rebel Governance.” In Rebel Governance in Civil War, eds. Arjona, Nelson Kasfir, and Mampilly, Zachariah C.. New York: Cambridge University Press, 180–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arjona, Ana. 2016. Rebelocracy: Social Order in the Colombian Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arjona, Ana. 2017. “Civilian Cooperation and Non-Cooperation with Non-State Armed Groups: The Centrality of Obedience and Resistance.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 28(July): 755–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arjona, Ana, Kasfir, Nelson, and Mampilly, Zachariah C., eds. 2015. Rebel Governance in Civil War. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arjona, Ana, Mampilly, Zachariah C., and Pearlman, Wendy. 2019. “Research in Violent or Post-Conflict Political Settings.” Final Report of QTD Working Group IV.2 (December).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asbury, Herbert. 2008. The Gangs of New York: An Informal History of the Underworld. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Aspholm, Roberto R. 2020. Views from the Streets: The Transformation of Gangs and Violence on Chicago’s South Side. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Auyero, Javier. 2001. Poor People’s Politics: Peronist Survival Networks and the Legacy of Evita. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Auyero, Javier. 2007. Routine Politics and Violence in Argentina: The Gray Zone of State Power. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auyero, Javier, and Fernanda Berti, María. 2015. In Harm’s Way: The Dynamics of Urban Violence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auyero, Javier, Bourgois, Philippe, and Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, eds. 2015. Violence at the Urban Margins. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baird, Adam. 2018. “Dancing with Danger: Ethnographic Safety, Male Bravado and Gang Research in Colombia.” Qualitative Research 18(3): 342–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakke, Kristin M., Gallagher Cunningham, Kathleen, and Seymour, Lee J. M.. 2012. “A Plague of Initials: Fragmentation, Cohesion, and Infighting in Civil Wars.” Perspectives on Politics 10(02): 265–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balcells, Laia. 2017. Rivalry and Revenge: The Politics of Violence during Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barcellos, Caco. 2003. Abusado: O Dono Do Morro Dona Marta. Rio de Janeiro: Record.Google Scholar
Barkey, Karen. 1994. Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Barnes, Nicholas. 2013. “The Rio Protests: Who, What, Why, and Will They Matter?” The Monkey Cage. https://themonkeycage.org/2013/06/the-rio-protests-who-what-why-and-will-they-matter/ (November 7, 2021).Google Scholar
Barnes, Nicholas. 2016. “Mobilization in the Wake of Rio’s Olympics.” Mobilizing Ideas. https://mobilizingideas.wordpress.com/2016/08/29/mobilization-in-the-wake-of-rios-olympics/ (May 15, 2021).Google Scholar
Barnes, Nicholas. 2017. “Criminal Politics: An Integrated Approach to the Study of Organized Crime, Politics, and Violence.” Perspectives on Politics 15(4): 967–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, Nicholas. 2022a. “The Global Comparative Study of Gangs and Other Non-State Armed Groups.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of International Criminology, eds. Erez, Edna and Peter, R. Ibarra. Oxford University Press, 447–65.Google Scholar
Barnes, Nicholas. 2022b. “The Logic of Criminal Territorial Control: Military Intervention in Rio de Janeiro.” Comparative Political Studies 55(5): 789–831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, Nicholas. 2023. “The Enduring Influence of The Logic of Violence in Civil War.” Civil Wars 25(2): 569–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, Nicholas, and Albarracín, Juan. 2020. “Criminal Governance in the Time of COVID-19.” Urban Violence Research Network. https://urbanviolence.org/criminal-governance-in-the-time-of-covid-19/ (July 10, 2020).Google Scholar
Nicholas, Barnes, Poets, Desirée, and Stephenson Jr., Max, eds. 2021. Maré from the Inside: Art, Culture, and Politics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Blacksburg, VA: VT Publishing.Google Scholar
Barnes, Nicholas, and Savell, Stephanie. 2018. “Giving the Military Control in Rio Threatens Brazilian Democracy.” US News and World Report. www.usnews.com/opinion/world-report/articles/2018-02-23/giving-the-military-control-in-rio-threatens-brazilian-democracy (May 15, 2021).Google Scholar
Bateson, Regina. 2013. “Order and Violence in Postwar Guatemala.” PhD Dissertation, Yale University.Google Scholar
Bateson, Regina. 2021. “The Politics of Vigilantism.” Comparative Political Studies 54(6): 923–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benmergui, Leandro, and Soares Gonçalves, Rafael. 2019. “Urbanismo Miliciano in Rio de Janeiro.” NACLA Report on the Americas 51(4): 379–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, Louis-Alexandre, and Carranza, Marlon. 2018. “Organized Criminal Violence and Territorial Control: Evidence from Northern Honduras.” Journal of Peace Research 55(5): 566–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berti, Benedetta. 2023. “From Cooperation to Competition: Localization, Militarization and Rebel Co-Governance Arrangements in Syria.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 46(2): 209–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bianchi, Paula. 2021. “Polícia do Rio está há 153 dias desobedecendo o STF.” Intercept Brasil. www.intercept.com.br/2021/03/02/policia-pm-rio-desobedecendo-stf/ (June 13, 2023).Google Scholar
Biderman, Ciro, de Mello, João M. P., de Lima, Renato S., and Schneider, Alexandre. 2019. “Pax Monopolista and Crime: The Case of the Emergence of the Primeiro Comando Da Capital in São Paulo.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 35: 573–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bill, MV, and Athayde, Celso. 2006. Falcão: Meninos Do Tráfico. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva.Google Scholar
Biondi, Karina. 2009. “Junto e Misturado: Imanência e Transcendência No PCC.” Master’s Thesis, Federal University of São Carlos.Google Scholar
Bill, MV, and Athayde, Celso. 2014. “Etnografia No Movimento: Território, Hierarquia e Lei No PCC.” PhD Dissertation. Federal University of São Carlos.Google Scholar
Blattman, Christopher, Duncan, Gustavo, Lessing, Benjamin, and Tobón, Santiago. 2021. “Gang Rule: Understanding and Countering Criminal Governance.” NBER Working Paper (28458).Google Scholar
Blattman, Christopher, Duncan, Gustavo, Lessing, Benjamin, and Tobón, Santiago. 2023. “Civilian Alternatives to Policing: Evidence from Medellín’s Community Problem-Solving Intervention Operación Convivencia.” NBER Working Paper (29692).Google Scholar
Bleich, Erik, and Pekkanen, Robert. 2015. “Data Access, Research Transparency, and Interviews: The Interview Methods Appendix.” Qualitative & Multi-Method Research 13(1): 8–13.Google Scholar
Blitzer, Jonathan. 2022. “The Rise of Nayib Bukele, El Salvador’s Authoritarian President.” The New Yorker. www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/09/12/the-rise-of-nayib-bukele-el-salvadors-authoritarian-president (September 5).Google Scholar
Blume, Laura R. 2021. “Narco Robin Hoods: Community Support for Illicit Economies and Violence in Rural Central America.” World Development 143(July): 105464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blume, Laura R., Aileen Sauls, Laura, and Knight, Christopher A. C. J.. 2022. “Tracing Territorial-Illicit Relations: Pathways of Influence and Prospects for Governance.” Political Geography 97: 102690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobea, Lilian. 2013. “How Caribbean Organized Crime Is Replacing the State.” Insight Crime. www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/the-benefits-of-organized-crime-in-the-caribbean (August 31).Google Scholar
Borges, Doriam. 2016. Diagnóstico Dos Homicídios Em Municípios Do Rio de Janeiro e Do Espírito Santo. Rio de Janeiro: Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1992. The Logic of Practice. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Bourgois, Philippe. 2002. In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenneman, Robert. 2011. Homies and Hermanos: God and Gangs in Central America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brotherton, David C. 2015. Youth Street Gangs: A Critical Appraisal. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brotherton, David C., and Barrios, Luis. 2004. The Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation: Street Politics and the Transformation of a New York City Gang. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brotherton, David C., and Gude, Rafael. 2021. “Social Control and the Gang: Lessons from the Legalization of Street Gangs in Ecuador.” Critical Criminology 29(4): 931–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunker, Robert. 2015. “Gangs & Drug Trafficking in Central America Conference.” Small Wars Journal. https://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/gangs-drug-trafficking-in-central-america-conference.Google Scholar
Burgos, Marcelo Baumann. 2006. “Dos Parques Proletários Ao Favela-Bairro: As Políticas Públicas Nas Favelas Do Rio de Janeiro.” In Um Século de Favela, eds. Zaluar, Alba and Alvito, Marcos. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FGV, 25–60.Google Scholar
Caldeira, Teresa P. R. 2001. City of Walls: Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Caldeira, Teresa P. R. 2002. “The Paradox of Police Violence in Democratic Brazil.” Ethnography 3(3): 235–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calderón, Gabriela, Magaloni, Beatriz, Robles, Gustavo, and Diaz-Cayeros, Alberto. 2015. “The Beheading of Criminal Organizations and the Dynamics of Violence in Mexico.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59(8): 1455–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cano, Ignacio. 2008. “Seis Por Meia Dúzia?: Um Estudo Exploratório Do Fenômeno Das Chamadas ‘Milícias’ No Rio de Janeiro.” In Segurança, Tráfico e Milícias No Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Justiça Global, 48–83.Google Scholar
Cano, Ignacio. 2012. “Os Donos Do Morro”: Uma Avaliação Exploratória Do Impacto Das Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora (UPPs) No Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública e Laboratório de Análise da Violência.Google Scholar
Cano, Ignacio, and Duarte, Thais. 2012. No Sapatinho: A Evolução Das Milícias No Rio de Janeiro (2008–2011). Rio de Janeiro: Laboratório de Análise da Violência (LAV-UERJ) & Fundação Heinrich Böll.Google Scholar
Carey, Sabine C., and Mitchell, Neil J.. 2017. “Progovernment Militias.” Annual Review of Political Science 20: 127–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carvalho, Leandro, and Soares, Rodrigo R. 2016. “Living on the Edge: Youth Entry, Career and Exit in Drug-Selling Gangs.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 121: 77–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavalcanti, Mariana. 2007. “Of Shacks, Houses, and Fortresses: An Ethnography of Favela Consolidation in Rio de Janeiro.” PhD Dissertation, The University of Chicago.Google Scholar
CCSPJ (Consejo Ciudadano para la Seguridad Pública y la Justicia). 2021. Ranking 2021 de Las 50 Ciudades Más Violentas Del Mundo. https://geoenlace.net/seguridadjusticiaypaz/webpage/archivos.php (April 2, 2023).Google Scholar
Centeno, Miguel Angel. 2002. Blood and Debt: War and the Nation-State in Latin America. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University.Google Scholar
Chalhoub, Sidney. 1996. Cidade Febril: Cortic̦os e Epidemias Na Corte Imperial. Rio de Janeiro: Companhia das Letras.Google Scholar
Chazkel, Amy. 2011. Laws of Chance: Brazil’s Clandestine Lottery and the Making of Urban Public Life. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Christia, Fotini. 2012. Alliance Formation in Civil Wars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cloward, Richard A., and Ohlin, Lloyd E.. 1960. Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Collier, David, and Mahon, James E.. 1993. “Conceptual ‘Stretching’ Revisited: Adapting Categories in Comparative Analysis.” American Political Science Review 87(4): 845–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Contreras, Randol. 2013. The Stickup Kids: Race, Drugs, Violence, and the American Dream. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Córdova, Abby. 2022. “Living in Gang-Controlled Neighborhoods: Impacts on Electoral and Nonelectoral Participation in El Salvador.” Latin American Research Review 54(1): 201–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Correa-Cabrera, Guadalupe. 2017. Los Zetas Inc.: Criminal Corporations, Energy, and Civil War in Mexico. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Costallat, Benjamin. 1995. Mistérios Do Rio. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca Carioca.Google Scholar
Cruz, José Miguel. 2010. “Central American Maras: From Youth Street Gangs to Transnational Protection Rackets.” Global Crime 11(4): 379–98.Google Scholar
Cruz, José Miguel, and Durán-Martínez, Angélica. 2016. “Hiding Violence to Deal with the State: Criminal Pacts in El Salvador and Medellin.” Journal of Peace Research 53(2): 197–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruz, José Miguel, and Rosen, Jonathan D.. 2024. “Leaving the Pervasive Barrio: Gang Disengagement under Criminal Governance.” Social Problems 71(1): 254–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunningham, Kathleen Gallagher. 2018. Understanding Fragmentation in Conflict and Its Impact on Prospects for Peace. Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue.Google Scholar
Cunningham, Kathleen Gallagher, and Loyle, Cyanne E.. 2021. “Introduction to the Special Feature on Dynamic Processes of Rebel Governance.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 65(1): 3–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curry, G. David. 2011. “Gangs, Crime and Terrorism.” In Criminologists on Terrorism and Homeland Security, eds. Brian, Forst, Jack R., Greene, and James P., Lynch. Cambridge University Press, 97–112.Google Scholar
Daly, Sarah Zukerman. 2016. Organized Violence after Civil War: The Geography of Recruitment in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daly, Sarah Zukerman. 2022. “How Do Violent Politicians Govern? The Case of Paramilitary-Tied Mayors in Colombia.” British Journal of Political Science 52(4): 1852–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daly, Sarah Zukerman, and Barham, Elena. 2024. “A Bargaining Theory of Criminal War.” International Studies Quarterly. In press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dancing with the Devil. 2009. Jon Blair Film Company.Google Scholar
Davis, Diane E. 2010. “Irregular Armed Forces, Shifting Patterns of Commitment, and Fragmented Sovereignty in the Developing World.” Theory and Society 39(3–4): 397–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Diane E., and Pereira, Anthony W., eds. 2003. Irregular Armed Forces and Their Role in Politics and State Formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Mike. 2006. Planet of Slums. London: Verso.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Decker, Scott H., and Pyrooz, David C.. 2015a. “Street Gangs, Terrorists, Drug Smugglers, and Organized Crime: What’s the Difference?” In The Handbook of Gangs, eds. Decker, Scott H. and Pyrooz, David C.. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 294–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Decker, Scott H., and Pyrooz, David C.. eds. 2015b. The Handbook of Gangs. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delgado, Fernando Ribeiro. 2009. Lethal Force: Police Violence and Public Security in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. New York: Human Rights Watch. www.hrw.org/report/2009/12/08/lethal-force/police-violence-and-public-security-rio-de-janeiro-and-sao-paulo.Google Scholar
Dell, Melissa. 2015. “Trafficking Networks and the Mexican Drug War.” American Economic Review 105(6): 1738–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denyer Willis, Graham. 2015. The Killing Consensus: Police, Organized Crime, and the Regulation of Life and Death in Urban Brazil. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denyer Willis, Graham, and Loureiro, Pedro Mendes. 2023. “The Prison Consensus: Incarceration, Prison Financing, and the Politics of Agreement in Neoliberal Brazil.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Denyer Willis, Laurie. 2018. “‘It Smells like a Thousand Angels Marching’: The Salvific Sensorium in Rio de Janeiro’s Western Subúrbios.” Cultural Anthropology 33(2): 325–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denyer Willis, Laurie. 2023. Go with God: Political Exhaustion and Evangelical Possibility in Suburban Brazil. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dias, Camila Caldeira Nunes. 2013. PCC: Hegemonia Nas Prisões e Monopólio Da Violência. São Paulo: Saraiva.Google Scholar
Dickie, John. 2007. Cosa Nostra: The Definitive History of the Sicilian Mafia. London: Hodder Paperbacks.Google Scholar
Dowdney, Luke. 2003. Children of the Drug Trade. Rio de Janeiro: 7 Letras.Google Scholar
Doyle, Caroline. 2016. “Explaining Patterns of Urban Violence in Medellin, Colombia.” Laws 5(3): 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubet, François. 1987. La Galere: Jeunes En Survie. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar
Durán-Martínez, Angélica. 2018. The Politics of Drug Violence: Criminals, Cops and Politicians in Colombia and Mexico. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Escobar, Gipsy A. 2012. “Using Social Disorganization Theory to Understand the Spatial Distribution of Homicides in Bogota, Colombia.” Revista Invi 27(74): 21–85.Google Scholar
Fahlberg, Anjuli N. 2018. “Rethinking Favela Governance: Nonviolent Politics in Rio de Janeiro’s Gang Territories.” Politics and Society 46(4): 485–512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Felbab-Brown, Vanda. 2010. “Conceptualizing Crime as Competition in State-Making and Designing an Effective Response.” Security and Defense Studies Review 10(Spring-Summer): 155–58.Google Scholar
Feltran, Gabriel de Santis. 2010a. “Crime e Castigo Na Cidade: Os Repertórios Da Justiça e a Questão Do Homicídio Nas Periferias de São Paulo.” Caderno CRH 23(58): 59–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feltran, Gabriel de Santis. 2010b. “The Management of Violence on the São Paulo Periphery: The Repertoire of Normative Apparatus in the PCC Era.” Vibrant: 109–34.Google Scholar
Feltran, Gabriel de Santis. 2018. Irmãos: Uma História Do PCC. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.Google Scholar
Feltran, Gabriel de Santis. 2022. “Variações nas taxas de homicídios no Brasil: Uma explicação centrada nos conflitos faccionais.” Dilemas: Revista de Estudos de Conflito e Controle Social 15(Especial 4): 311–48.Google Scholar
Fischer, Brodwyn. 2008. A Poverty of Rights: Citizenship and Inequality in Twentieth-Century Rio de Janeiro. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fjelde, Hanne, and Nilsson, Desirée. 2012. “Rebels against Rebels: Explaining Violence between Rebel Groups.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 56(4): 604–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flores-Macías, Gustavo A. 2018. “The Consequences of Militarizing Anti-Drug Efforts for State Capacity in Latin America: Evidence from Mexico.” Journal of Comparative Politics 51(1): 1–20.Google Scholar
Flores-Macías, Gustavo A., and Zarkin, Jessica. 2021. “The Militarization of Law Enforcement: Evidence from Latin America.” Perspectives on Politics 19(2): 519–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franco, Marielle. 2014. “UPP – A Redução da Favela a Três Letras: Uma Análise da Política de Segurança Pública do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.” Master’s Thesis, Federal Fluminense University.Google Scholar
Fujii, Lee Ann. 2009. Killing Neighbors: Webs of Violence in Rwanda. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Fujii, Lee Ann. 2012. “Research Ethics 101: Dilemmas and Responsibilities.” PS: Political Science & Politics 45(4): 717–23.Google Scholar
Fujii, Lee Ann. 2016. “Politics of the ‘Field’.” Perspectives on Politics 14(4): 1147–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fujii, Lee Ann. 2021. Show Time: The Logic and Power of Violent Display. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Gade, Emily Kalah. 2020. “Supplementary Materials: Social Isolation and Repertoires of Resistance.” American Political Science Review 114(2): 309–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gambetta, Diego. 1993. The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Garotinho, Anthony, and Eduardo Soares, Luiz. 1998. Violência e Criminalidade No Estado Do Rio de Janeiro: Diagnóstico e Propostas Para Uma Política Democrática de Segurança Pública. Rio de Janeiro: Hama.Google Scholar
Gay, Robert. 1990. “Neighborhood Associations and Political Change in Rio de Janeiro.” Latin American Research Review 25(1): 102–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gay, Robert. 1994. Popular Organization and Democracy in Rio De Janeiro: A Tale of Two Favelas. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Gay, Robert. 1999. “The Broker and the Thief: A Parable (Reflections on Popular Politics in Brazil).” Luso-Brazilian Review 36(1): 49–70.Google Scholar
Gay, Robert. 2005. Lucia: Testimonies of a Brazilian Drug Dealer’s Woman. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Gay, Robert. 2015. Bruno: Conversations with a Brazilian Drug Dealer. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Gerring, John. 2012. “Mere Description.” British Journal of Political Science 42(4): 721–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilsing, Sterre. 2020. “The Power of Silence: Sonic Experiences of Police Operations and Occupations in Rio de Janeiro’s Favelas.” Conflict and Society 6(1): 128–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glenny, Mischa. 2016. Nemesis: One Man and the Battle for Rio. New York: Knopf Doubleday.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Daniel M. 2004. The Spectacular City: Violence and Performance in Urban Bolivia. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Donna. 2003. Laughter Out of Place. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gomes, Simone. 2020. “A Cultura Como Alternativa: Uma Aproximação a Partir de Sociabilidades Militantes Na Zona Oeste Do Rio de Janeiro.” Dilemas: Revista de Estudos de Conflito e Controle Social 13(1): 57–76.Google Scholar
Gooderson, Philip. 2010. The Gangs of Birmingham. Preston, UK: Milo Books.Google Scholar
Grillo, Carolina Cristoph. 2013. “Coisas Da Vida No Crime: Tráfico e Roubo Em Favelas Cariocas.” PhD Dissertation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Guevara, Che, Feinstein Stone, Isidor, and Morray, Joseph P.. 2012. Guerrilla Warfare. Hawthorne, CA: BN Publishing.Google Scholar
Hagedorn, John M. 1988. People and Folks: Gangs, Crime, and the Underclass in a Rustbelt City. Chicago, IL: Lake View Press.Google Scholar
Hagedorn, John M. 2005. “Institutionalised Gangs and Violence in Chicago.” In Neither Peace Nor War, ed. Dowdney, Luke. COAV, 316–34.Google Scholar
Hagedorn, John M. 2008. A World of Gangs: Armed Young Men and Gangsta Culture. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Hagedorn, John M., and Rauch, Brigid. 2007. “Housing, Gangs, and Homicide: What We Can Learn from Chicago.” Urban Affairs Review 42(4): 435–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallward, Maia, Masullo, Juan, and Mouly, Cécile. 2017. “Civil Resistance in Armed Conflict: Leveraging Nonviolent Action to Navigate War, Oppose Violence and Confront Oppression.” Journal of Peacebuilding and Development 12(3): 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanson, Rebecca, and Richards, Patricia. 2019. Harassed: Gender, Bodies, and Ethnographic Research. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Harig, Christoph. 2015a. “Peacekeeping in Haiti: A Laboratory for Pacification in Rio de Janeiro?” Strife. https://isnblog.ethz.ch/humanitarian-issues/peacekeeping-in-haiti-a-laboratory-for-pacification-in-rio-de-janeiro (August 1, 2020).Google Scholar
Harig, Christoph. 2015b. “Synergy Effects between MINUSTAH and Public Security in Brazil.” Brasiliana-Journal for Brazilian Studies 3(2): 142–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hazen, Jennifer M., and Rodgers, Dennis. 2014. Global Gangs: Street Violence across the World. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hazlehurst, Kayleen M., and Hazlehurst, Cameron. 1998. Gangs and Youth Subcultures: International Explorations. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Heinle, Kimberly, Molzah, Cory, and Shirk, David. 2015. Drug Violence in Mexico: Data and Analysis Through 2014. San Diego, CA: Justice in Mexico Project.Google Scholar
Herbst, Jeffrey Ira. 2015. States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hidalgo, F. Daniel, and Lessing, Benjamin. 2014. “Endogenous State Weakness in Violent Democracies: Paramilitaries at the Polls.” NBER Summer Institute 24 (July): 24–25.Google Scholar
Hirata, Daniel Veloso, Lúcio Cardoso, Adauto, et al. 2021. A Expansão Das Milícias Do Rio de Janeiro: Uso Da Força Estatal, Mercado Imobiliário e Grupos Armados. Rio de Janeiro: GENI/UFF.Google Scholar
Hirata, Daniel Veloso, and Isabel Couto, Maria. 2022. Mapa Dos Grupos Armados Do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Fogo Cruzado.Google Scholar
Hirata, Daniel Veloso, Rosendo Dos Santos, Shyrlei, et al. 2021. “Impactos de Ações Judiciais na Preservação de Vidas Negras nas Favelas: ACP da Maré e ADPF das Favelas.” Boletim de Análise Político-Institucional (26): 21–28.Google Scholar
Hirata, Daniel Veloso, and Christoph Grillo, Carolina. 2019a. Operações Policiais no Rio de Janeiro. Heinrich Böll Stiftung.Google Scholar
Hirata, Daniel Veloso, and Christoph Grillo, Carolina. 2019b. “Movement and Death: Illicit Drug Markets in the Cities of São Paulo and Rio De Janeiro.” Journal of Illicit Economies and Development 1(2): 122–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirata, Daniel Veloso, Christoph Grillo, Carolina, Coelho Dirk, Renato, and Azevedo Lyra, Diego. 2021. Operações Policiais e Violência Letal No Rio de Janeiro: Os Impactos Da ADPF 635 Na Defesa Da Vida. Rio de Janeiro: GENI.Google Scholar
Hirata, Daniel Veloso, Christoph Grillo, Carolina, Coelho Dirk, Renato, and Azevedo Lyra, Diego. 2023. Chacinas Policiais No Rio de Janeiro: Estatização Das Mortes, Mega Chacinas Policiais e Impunidade. Rio de Janeiro: GENI.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric J. 1959. Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movement in the 19th and 20th Centuries. New York City: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric J. 2000. Bandits. New York: The New Press.Google Scholar
Hoelscher, Kristian, and Norheim-Martinsen, Per M.. 2014. “Urban Violence and the Militarisation of Security: Brazilian ‘Peacekeeping’ in Rio de Janeiro and Port-Au-Prince.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 25(5): 957–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, Bradley E., and Rios, Viridiana. 2017. “Informally Governing Information: How Criminal Rivalry Leads to Violence against the Press in Mexico.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 61(5): 1095–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, Carolyn E. 2021. “Standing Out and Blending In: Contact-Based Research, Ethics, and Positionality.” PS – Political Science and Politics (July): 443–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holston, James. 2009. Insurgent Citizenship: Disjunctions of Democracy and Modernity in Brazil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Horan, James D. 1997. Desperate Men: The James Gang and the Wild Bunch. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Ruth. 1983. Honor and the American Dream: Culture and Identity in a Chicano Community. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Huang, Reyko. 2017. The Wartime Origins of Democratization: Civil War, Rebel Governance, and Political Regimes. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Huggins, Martha Knisely. 1991. Vigilantism and the State in Modern Latin America: Essays on Extralegal Violence. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Idler, Annette. 2012. “Exploring Agreements of Convenience Made among Violent Non-State Actors.” Perspectives on Terrorism 6(4–5): 63–84.Google Scholar
Idler, Annette, Belén Garrido, María, and Mouly, Cécile. 2015. “Peace Territories in Colombia: Comparing Civil Resistance in Two War-Torn Communities.” Journal of Peacebuilding and Development 10(3): 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Igarapé Institute. 2023. “Homicide Monitor.” https://homicide.igarape.org.br/?l=es (June 17, 2023).Google Scholar
Imbusch, Peter, Misse, Michel, and Carrión, Fernando. 2011. “Violence Research in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Literature Review.” International Journal of Conflict and Violence 5(1): 87–154.Google Scholar
Informação Demográfica e Socioeconômica. 2022. Desigualdades Sociais Por Cor Ou Raça No Brasil. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística.Google Scholar
Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research. 2023. “World Prison Brief.” www.prisonstudies.org/country/brazil (June 12, 2023).Google Scholar
Instituto Pereira Passos. 2018. “Limite Favelas e Urbanização.” www.data.rio/datasets/limites-de-favelas-e-urbanização (June 12, 2023).Google Scholar
Imbusch, Peter, Misse, Michel, and Carrión, Fernando. 2023. “Data Rio.” www.data.rio/ (June 12, 2023).Google Scholar
ISP-RJ. 2023a. Dados. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Segurança Pública. www.ispvisualizacao.rj.gov.br.Google Scholar
Imbusch, Peter, Misse, Michel, and Carrión, Fernando. 2023b. Segurança Em Números 2022. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Segurança Pública. http://arquivo.proderj.rj.gov.br/isp_imagens/Uploads/SN2022_rev.html#crimes_vida (June 7, 2023).Google Scholar
Jackman, David. 2019. “The Decline of Gangsters and Politicization of Violence in Urban Bangladesh.” Development and Change 50(5): 1214–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, Alan M. et al. 2021. “The Qualitative Transparency Deliberations: Insights and Implications.” Perspectives on Politics 19(1): 171–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaffe, Rivke. 2013. “The Hybrid State: Crime and Citizenship in Urban Jamaica.” American Ethnologist 40(4): 734–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaffe, Rivke. 2015. “From Maroons to Dons: Sovereignty, Violence and Law in Jamaica.” Critique of Anthropology 35(1): 47–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, Steffen. 2008. Gangs, Politics & Dignity in Cape Town. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Jentzsch, Corinna. 2022. Violent Resistance: Militia Formation and Civil War in Mozambique. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, David T., and Fernquest, Jon. 2018. “Governing through Killing: The War on Drugs in the Philippines.” Asian Journal of Law and Society 5(2): 359–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2001. “‘New’ and ‘Old’ Civil Wars: A Valid Distinction.” World Politics 49(October): 99–118.Google Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2015a. “How Civil Wars Help Explain Organized Crime–and How They Do Not.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59(8): 1517–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2015b. “Rebel Governance during the Greek Civil War, 1942–1949.” In Rebel Governance in Civil War, eds. Arjona, Ana, Kasfir, Nelson, and Mampilly, Zachariah C.. New York: Cambridge University Press, 119–37.Google Scholar
Kant de Lima, Roberto. 1986. “Legal Theory and Juridical Practice: Paradoxes of Police Work in Rio de Janeiro City.” PhD Dissertation, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Oliver. 2013. “Protecting Civilians in Civil War: The Institution of the ATCC in Colombia.” Journal of Peace Research 50(3): 351–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, Oliver. 2017. Resisting War: How Communities Protect Themselves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasfir, Nelson. 2005. “Guerrillas and Civilian Participation: The National Resistance Army in Uganda, 1981–86.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 43(2): 271–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasfir, Nelson. 2015. “Rebel Governance – Constructing a Field of Inquiry: Definitions, Scope, Patterns, Order, Causes.” In Rebel Governance in Civil War, eds. Arjona, Ana, Kasfir, Nelson, and Mampilly, Zachariah C.. New York: University of Cambridge, 21–46.Google Scholar
Katz, Jack. 1988. Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions in Doing Evil. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Katz, Jack, and Jackson-Jacobs, Curtis. 2004. “The Criminologists’ Gang.” In The Blackwell Companion to Criminology, ed. Sumner, Colin. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 91–124.Google Scholar
Kenny, Paul D., and Holmes, Ronald. 2020. “A New Penal Populism? Rodrigo Duterte, Public Opinion, and the War on Drugs in the Philippines.” Journal of East Asian Studies 20(2): 187–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, Iqbal Alam. 2000. “Struggle for Survival: Networks and Relationships in a Bangladesh Slum.” PhD Dissertation, University of Bath.Google Scholar
Killebrew, Robert. 2011. “Criminal Insurgency in the Americas and Beyond.” Prism 2(3): 33–52.Google Scholar
King, Gary, Keohane, Robert O., and Verba, Sidney. 1994. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, Malcolm W. 1995. The American Street Gang: Its Nature, Prevalence, and Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, Malcolm W., and Maxson, Cheryl L.. 1996. Gang Structures, Crime Patterns, and Police Responses. Washington, DC: National Criminal Justice Reference Service.Google Scholar
Klein, Malcolm W., and Maxson, Cheryl L.. 2006. Street Gang Patterns and Policies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koenders, Sara. 2020. “‘Pedagogy of Conversion’ in the Urban Margins: Pacification, Education, and the Struggle for Control in a Rio de Janeiro Favela.” Journal on Education in Emergencies 6(1): 118–47.Google Scholar
Koivu, Kendra L. 2016. “In the Shadow of the State: Mafias and Illicit Markets.” Comparative Political Studies 49(2): 155–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koonings, Kees, and Kruijt, Dirk. 2004. Armed Actors: Organised Violence and State Failure in Latin America. London: Zed Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kostelnik, James, and Skarbek, David. 2013. “The Governance Institutions of a Drug Trafficking Organization.” Public Choice 156(1–2): 95–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krause, Jana. 2018. Resilient Communities: Non-Violence and Civilian Agency in Communal War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krystalli, Roxani C. 2021. “Narrating Victimhood: Dilemmas and (in)Dignities.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 23(1): 125–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kynoch, Gary. 1999. “From the Ninevites to the Hard Livings Gang: Township Gangsters and Urban Violence in Twentieth‐Century South Africa.” African Studies 58(1): 55–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kynoch, Gary. 2005. We Are Fighting the World: A History of the Marashea Gangs in South Africa, 1947–1999. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamb, Robert D. 2010. “Microdynamics of Illegitimacy and Complex Urban Violence in Medellín, Colombia.” PhD Dissertation, University of Maryland.Google Scholar
Lambrechts, Derica. 2012. “The Impact of Organised Crime on State Social Control: Organised Criminal Groups and Local Governance on the Cape Flats, Cape Town, South Africa.” Journal of Southern African Studies 38(4): 787–807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeBas, Adrienne. 2013. “Violence and Urban Order in Nairobi, Kenya and Lagos, Nigeria.” Studies in Comparative International Development 48(3): 240–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leeds, Elizabeth. 1996. “Cocaine and Parallel Polities in the Brazilian Urban Periphery: Constraints on Local-Level Democratization.” Latin American Research Review 31(3): 47–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lessing, Benjamin. 2008. “As Facções Cariocas Em Perspectiva Comparativa.” Novos Estudos – CEBRAP (80): 43–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lessing, Benjamin. 2015. “The Logic of Violence in Criminal War.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59(8): 1486–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lessing, Benjamin. 2017. Making Peace in Drug Wars: Crackdowns and Cartels in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lessing, Benjamin. 2020. “Conceptualizing Criminal Governance.” Perspectives on Politics 19(3): 854–73.Google Scholar
Lessing, Benjamin, and Denyer Willis, Graham. 2019. “Legitimacy in Criminal Governance: Managing a Drug Empire from behind Bars.” American Political Science Review 113(2): 584–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levi, Margaret. 1989. Of Rule and Revenue. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Levitt, Steven D., and Venkatesh, Sudhir. 2000. “An Economic Analysis of a Drug-Selling Gang’s Finances.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics (August): 755–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ley, Sandra, Mattiace, Shannan, and Trejo, Guillermo. 2019. “Indigenous Resistance to Criminal Governance: Why Regional Ethnic Autonomy Institutions Protect Communities from Narco Rule in Mexico.” Latin American Research Review 54(1): 181–200.Google Scholar
de Lima, Renato Sergio et al. 2018. Anuário Brasileiro de Segurança Pública: 2014–2017. São Paulo: Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública.Google Scholar
Lima, William da Silva. 1991. Quatrocentos Contra Um: Uma História Do Comando Vermelho. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Estudos da Religião.Google Scholar
Loveman, Mara. 2014. National Colors: Racial Classification and the State in Latin America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loyle, Cyanne E., et al. 2022. “Revolt and Rule: Learning about Governance from Rebel Groups.” International Studies Review 24(4): viac043.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz et al. 2020. “Living in Fear: The Dynamics of Extortion in Mexico’s Drug War.” Comparative Political Studies 53(7): 1124–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz, Franco-Vivanco, Edgar, and Melo, Vanessa. 2020. “Killing in the Slums: Social Order, Criminal Governance, and Police Violence in Rio de Janeiro.” American Political Science Review 114(2): 552–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malejacq, Romain, and Mukhopadhyay, Dipali. 2016. “The ‘Tribal Politics’ of Field Research: A Reflection on Power and Partiality in 21st-Century Warzones.” Perspectives on Politics 14(04): 1011–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mampilly, Zachariah C. 2011. Rebel Rulers: Insurgent Governance and Civilian Life during War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Mampilly, Zachariah C., and Stewart, Megan A.. 2021. “A Typology of Rebel Political Institutional Arrangements.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 65(1): 15–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manso, Bruno Paes. 2020. A República das Milícias: Dos Esquadrões da Morte à Era Bolsonaro. Rio de Janeiro: Todavia.Google Scholar
Manwaring, Max G. 2005. Street Gangs: The New Urban Insurgency. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College.Google Scholar
Marx, Anthony W. 1996. “Race-Making and the Nation-State.” World Politics 48(2): 180–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masullo, Juan. 2021a. “Civilian Contention in Civil War: How Ideational Factors Shape Community Responses to Armed Groups.” Comparative Political Studies 54(10): 1849–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masullo, Juan. 2021b. “Refusing to Cooperate with Armed Groups Civilian Agency and Civilian Noncooperation in Armed Conflicts.” International Studies Review 23(3): 887–913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattos, Carla dos Santos. 2016. “Uma Etnografia Da Expansão Do Mundo Do Crime No Rio de Janeiro.” Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Sociais 31(91): 1–15.Google Scholar
McCann, Bryan. 2014. Hard Times in the Marvelous City: From Dictatorship to Democracy in the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melde, Chris, Taylor, Terrance J., and Aage Esbensen, Finn. 2009. “‘I Got Your Back’: An Examination of the Protective Function of Gang Membership in Adolescence.” Criminology 47(2): 565–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Méndez, María José. 2018. “The Violence Work of Transnational Gangs in Central America.” Third World Quarterly 40(2): 373–88.Google Scholar
Menezes, Palloma Valle. 2014. “Os Rumores Da ‘Pacificação’: A Chegada Da UPP e as Mudanças Nos Problemas Públicos No Santa Marta e Na Cidade de Deus.” Dilemas-Revista de Estudos de Conflito e Controle Social 7(4): 665–84.Google Scholar
Merriam-Webster. 2023. “Gang.” Merriam-Webster Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gang.Google Scholar
Metelits, Claire. 2009. Inside Insurgency: Violence, Civilians, and Revolutionary Group Behavior. New York: NYU Press.Google Scholar
Misse, Michel. 1999. “Malandros, Marginais e Vagabundos & a Acumulação Social Da Violência No Rio de Janeiro.” PhD Dissertation, Instituto Universitário de Pesquisas do Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Misse, Michel, Christoph Grillo, Carolina, Pinheiro Teixeira, César, and Elbas Neri, Natasha. 2011. Quando a Polícia Mata: Homicídios Por “Autos De Resistência” No Rio de Janeiro (2001–2011). Rio de Janeiro: Núcleo de Estudos da Cidadania, Conflito e Violência Urbana.Google Scholar
Mobekk, Eirin, and Street, Anne M.. 2006. Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration: What Role Should the EU Play in Haiti? London: ActionAid.Google Scholar
Moncada, Eduardo. 2017. “Varieties of Vigilantism: Conceptual Discord, Meaning and Strategies.” Global Crime 18(4): 403–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moncada, Eduardo. 2019a. “Resisting Protection: Rackets, Resistance, and State Building.” Comparative Politics 51(3): 321–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moncada, Eduardo. 2019b. “The Politics of Criminal Victimization: Pursuing and Resisting Power.” Perspectives on Politics 18(3): 706–21.Google Scholar
Moncada, Eduardo. 2022. Resisting Extortion: Victims, Criminals, and States in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, Joan W. 1978. Homeboys: Gangs, Drugs, and Prison in the Barrios of Los Angeles. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Morenoff, Jeffrey D., Sampson, Robert J., and Raudenbush, Stephen W.. 2001. “Neighborhood Inequality, Collective Efficacy, and the Spatial Dynamics of Urban Violence.” Criminology 39(3): 517–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muggah, Robert, ed. 2014. Stabilization Operations, Security and Development: States of Fragility. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Müller, Markus-Michael, and Steinke, Andrea. 2020. “The Geopolitics of Brazilian Peacekeeping and the United Nations’ Turn towards Stabilisation in Haiti.” Peacebuilding 8(1): 54–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neocleous, Mark. 2011. “‘A Brighter and Nicer New Life’: Security as Pacification.” Social & Legal Studies 20(2): 191–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nobles, Melissa. 2000. Shades of Citizenship: Race and the Census in Modern Politics. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noite das Estrelas. 2021. Entidade Maré.Google Scholar
Nordstrom, Carolyn. 1997. A Different Kind of War Story. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Notícias de Uma Guerra Particular. 1999. Coleção VideoFilmes.Google Scholar
Núñez, Javier, Tocornal, Ximena, and Henríquez, Pablo. 2012. “Determinantes Individuales y Del Entorno Residencial En La Percepción de Seguridad En Barrios Del Gran Santiago, Chile.” Revista Invi 74(27): 87–120.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, Guillermo. 1993. “On the State, Democratization and Some Conceptual Problems.” World Development 21(8): 1355–69.Google Scholar
O’Hare, Greg, and Barke, Michael. 2002. “The Favelas of Rio de Janeiro: A Temporal and Spatial Analysis.” GeoJournal 56: 225–40.Google Scholar
Olivier, Djems. 2021. “The Political Anatomy of Haiti’s Armed Gangs: In Port-Au-Prince, Botched NGO and Military Inventions Have Fragmented Urban Space, Triggering an Explosive Proliferation of Violent Armed Groups.NACLA Report on the Americas 53(1): 83–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olson, Mancur. 1993. “Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development.” American Political Science Review 87(3): 567–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortiz, Jennifer M. 2018. “Gangs and Environment: A Comparative Analysis of Prison and Street Gangs.” American Journal of Qualitative Research 2(1): 97–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortiz, Jennifer M. ed. 2023a. Critical and Intersectional Gang Studies. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortiz, Jennifer M. 2023b. “‘Gang Ain’t in My Dictionary’: Utilizing Insider Perspectives to Develop a Critical Gang Definition.” In Critical and Intersectional Gang Studies, ed. Jennifer, M. Ortiz. New York: Routledge, 6–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osorio, Javier. 2015. “The Contagion of Drug Violence: Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Mexican War on Drugs.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59(8): 1403–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pachirat, Timothy. 2017. Among Wolves: Ethnography and the Immersive Study of Power. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Parkinson, Sarah E. 2013. “Organizing Rebellion: Rethinking High-Risk Mobilization and Social Networks in War.” American Political Science Review 107(03): 418–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkinson, Sarah E. 2023. Beyond the Lines: Social Networks and Palestinian Organizations in Wartime Lebanon. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penglase, Benjamin. 2008. “The Bastard Child of the Dictatorship: The Comando Vermelho and the Birth of ‘Narco-Culture’ in Rio de Janeiro.” Luso-Brazilian Review 45(1): 118–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penglase, Benjamin. 2014. Living with Insecurity in a Brazilian Favela: Urban Violence and Daily Life. New Brunswick, NJ: University of Rutgers Press.Google Scholar
Perlman, Janice E. 1976. The Myth of Marginality: Urban Poverty and Politics in Rio de Janeiro. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Perlman, Janice E. 2010. Favela: Four Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio de Janeiro. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Perpétuo, Maria Eduarda Barroso. 2021. “Turf Wars in Rio de Janeiro.” Master’s Thesis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Petersen, Roger D. 2001. Resistance and Rebellion: Lessons from Eastern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, Brian J. 2017. “Inequality and the Emergence of Vigilante Organizations: The Case of Mexican Autodefensas.” Comparative Political Studies 50(10): 1358–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pimenta, Marília Carolina B. Souza, Suarez, Marcial Alécio Garcia, and Ferreira, Marcos Alan. 2021. “Hybrid Governance as a Dynamic Hub for Violent Non-State Actors: Examining the Case of Rio de Janeiro.” Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 64(2): 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinnock, Don. 1984. The Brotherhoods: Street Gangs and State Control in Cape Town. Cape Town, SA: David Philip.Google Scholar
Pinnock, Don. 2016. Gang Town. Cape Town, SA: Tafelberg.Google Scholar
Pischedda, Costantino. 2020. Conflict Among Rebels: Why Insurgent Groups Fight Each Other. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Jacob. 2014. “‘We Are the True Blood of the Mau Mau’: The Mungiki Movement in Kenya.” In Global Gangs: Street Violence across the World, eds. Jennifer, M. Hazen and Rodgers, Dennis. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 213–35.Google Scholar
da Maré, Redes. 2019a. Censo Populacional da Maré. Rio de Janeiro: Redes da Maré.Google Scholar
da Maré, Redes. 2019b. Direito à Segurança Pública Na Maré Edição Especial. www.redesdamare.org.br/media/downloads/arquivos/BoletimSegPublica_EdicaoEspeci.pdf (June 7, 2023).Google Scholar
da Maré, Redes. 2021. Direito à Segurança Pública Na Maré No. 6. www.redesdamare.org.br/media/downloads/arquivos/06E2021_segpub.pdf (June 7, 2023).Google Scholar
da Maré, Redes. 2023a. “Ação Civil Pública da Maré.” www.redesdamare.org.br/br/info/49/acao-civil-publica-da-mare (June 7, 2023).Google Scholar
da Maré, Redes. 2023b. Direito à Segurança Pública Na Maré No. 7. www.redesdamare.org.br/media/downloads/arquivos/RdM_Boletim_direito_SegPubli23.pdf (June 7, 2023).Google Scholar
Reuter, Peter. 1983. Disorganized Crime: The Economics of the Visible Hand. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Revkin, Mara Redlich. 2020. “What Explains Taxation by Resource-Rich Rebels? Evidence from the Islamic State in Syria.” Journal of Politics 82(2): 757–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Revkin, Mara Redlich. 2021. “Competitive Governance and Displacement Decisions Under Rebel Rule: Evidence from the Islamic State in Iraq.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 65(1): 46–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ribeiro da Silva, Cláudia Rose. 2006. “Maré: A Invenção de Um Bairro.” PhD Dissertation, Fundação Getúlio Vargas.Google Scholar
Rios, Viridiana. 2013. “Why Did Mexico Become so Violent? A Self-Reinforcing Violent Equilibrium Caused by Competition and Enforcement.” Trends in Organized Crime 16(2): 138–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robb Larkins, Erika. 2015. The Spectacular Favela: Violence in Modern Brazil. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rodgers, Dennis. 1999. “Youth Gangs and Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Literature Survey.” The World Bank Sustainable Development Working Paper (4): 1–39.Google Scholar
Rodgers, Dennis. 2006a. “Living in the Shadow of Death: Gangs, Violence and Social Order in Urban Nicaragua, 1996–2002.” Journal of Latin American Studies 38(02): 267–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodgers, Dennis. 2006b. “The State as a Gang: Conceptualizing the Governmentality of Violence in Contemporary Nicaragua.” Critique of Anthropology 26(3): 315–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodgers, Dennis. 2009. “Slum Wars of the 21st Century: The New Geography of Conflict in Central America.” Development and Change 40(5): 949–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodgers, Dennis. 2017. “Bróderes in Arms: Gangs and the Socialization of Violence in Nicaragua.” Journal of Peace Research 54(5): 648–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodgers, Dennis, and Baird, Adam. 2015. “Understanding Gangs in Contemporary Latin America.” In The Handbook of Gangs, eds. Scott H., Decker and David C., Pyrooz. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 478–502.Google Scholar
Rodgers, Dennis, and Muggah, Robert. 2009. “Gangs as Non-State Armed Groups: The Central American Case.” Contemporary Security Policy 30(2): 301–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenau, James N. 1992. “Governance, Order, and Change in World Politics.” In Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics, ed. James N., Rosenau. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosner, Nicole E. 2018. “Detouring Urban Futures: Experience, Expectation and de-Democratization in Two Rio de Janeiro Peripheries.” Paper presented at the American Anthropological Association Annual Meeting, San Jose, CA.Google Scholar
Rubin, Michael A. 2020. “Rebel Territorial Control and Civilian Collective Action in Civil War: Evidence from the Communist Insurgency in the Philippines.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 64(2–3): 459–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sampson, Robert J. 2012. Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sampson, Robert J, and Byron Groves, W.. 1989. “Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 94(4): 774–802.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sampson, Robert J., Raudenbusch, Stephen W., and Earls, Felton. 1997. “Neighborhoods and Violence Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy.” Science 277: 918–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samset, Ingrid. 2014. “For the Guarantee of Law and Order”: The Armed Forces and Public Security in Brazil. Bergen, NO: Chr. Michelsen Institute.Google Scholar
Sánchez-Jankowski, M. 1991. Islands in the Street: Gangs and American Urban Society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sánchez-Jankowski, M. 2003. “Gangs and Social Change.” Theoretical Criminology 7(2): 191–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santo, Andréia Martins de Oliveira, Marinho Gonçalves, Dalcio, and Sousa Silva, Eliana. 2013. “Contextualizando a Maré.” In Vivências Educativas Na Maré: Desafios e Possibilidades, eds. Andréia Martins de Oliveira, Santo and Eliana, Sousa Silva. Rio de Janeiro: Redes da Maré, 19–34.Google Scholar
Santos, Carlos Ferreira dos. 1983. O Morro Do Timbau. Rio de Janeiro: Federal Fluminense University.Google Scholar
Sartori, Giovanni. 1970. “Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics.” American Political Science Review 64(4): 1033–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sartori, Giovanni. 1991. “Comparing and Miscomparing.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 3(3): 243–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savell, Stephanie. 2014. “The Brazilian Military, Public Security, and Rio de Janeiro’s Pacification.” Anthropoliteia. https://anthropoliteia.net/2014/07/07/the-brazilian-military-public-security-and-rio-de-janeiros-pacification/ (May 18, 2019).Google Scholar
Savell, Stephanie. 2015. “‘I’m Not a Leader’: Cynicism and Good Citizenship in a Brazilian Favela.” PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 38(2): 300–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savell, Stephanie. 2016. “Performing Humanitarian Militarism: Public Security and the Military in Brazil.” Focaal 75: 59–72.Google Scholar
Saviano, Roberto. 2008. Gomorrah: A Personal Journey into the Violent International Empire of Naples’ Organized Crime System. London: Picador.Google Scholar
Schelling, Thomas C. 1971. “What Is the Business of Organized Crime?The American Scholar 40(4): 643–52.Google Scholar
Schuberth, Moritz. 2015. “A Transformation from Political to Criminal Violence? Politics, Organised Crime and the Shifting Functions of Haiti’s Urban Armed Groups.” Conflict, Security & Development 15(2): 169–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Secretaria da Segurança Pública do Estado de São Paulo. 2023. “Dados Estatísticos.” Portal do Governo. www.ssp.sp.gov.br/estatistica/pesquisa.aspx (June 16, 2023).Google Scholar
Sen, Atreyee. 2014. “‘For Your Safety’: Child Vigilante Squads and Neo-Gangsterism in Urban India.” In Global Gangs: Street Violence Across the World, eds. Jennifer, M. Hazen and Rodgers, Dennis. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 193–212.Google Scholar
Shaw, Clifford, and McKay, Henry D.. 1942. Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Siddiqui, Niloufer A. 2022. Under the Gun: Political Parties and Violence in Pakistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, Eliana Sousa. 2012. Testemunhos da Maré. Rio de Janeiro: Aeroplano Editora.Google Scholar
Silva, Eliana Sousa. 2017. A Ocupação da Maré Pelo Exército Brasileiro. Rio de Janeiro: Redes da Maré.Google Scholar
Silva, Jailson de Souza e, ed. 2006. Caminhada de Crianças, Adolescentes e Jovens Na Rede Do Tráfico de Drogas No Varejo Do Rio de Janeiro, 2004–2006. Rio de Janeiro: Observatório de Favelas.Google Scholar
Silva, Jailson de Souza e, Fernandes, Fernando Lannes, and Braga, Raquel Willadino. 2008. “Grupos Criminosos Armados Com Domínio de Território Reflexões Sobre a Territorialidade Do Crime Na Região Metropolitana Do Rio de Janeiro.” In Segurança, Tráfico e Milícias No Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Justiça Global, 16–24.Google Scholar
Siman, Maíra, and Santos, Victória. 2018. “Interrogating the Security–Development Nexus in Brazil’s Domestic and Foreign Pacification Engagements.” Conflict, Security & Development 8802: 1–23.Google Scholar
Simmons, Erica S., and Rush Smith, Nicholas. 2019. “The Case for Comparative Ethnography.” Comparative Politics 51(3): 341–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, Audra. 2007. “On Ethnographic Refusal: Indigeneity, ‘Voice’ and Colonial Citizenship.” Junctures 9: 67–80.Google Scholar
Siqueira, Italo Barbosa Lima, Elionardo De Melo Nascimento, Francisco, and Silva De Moraes, Suiany. 2022. “Dinâmicas inter-regionais de mercados e governança criminal em perspectiva comparada entre Fortaleza e Manaus.” Dilemas: Revista de Estudos de Conflito e Controle Social 15(Especial 4): 441–68.Google Scholar
Skaperdas, Stergios. 2001. “The Political Economy of Organized Crime: Providing Protection When the State Does Not.” Economics of Governance 2(3): 173–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skaperdas, Stergios, and Syropolous, Constantinos. 1995. “Gangs as Primitive States.” In The Economics of Organised Crime, eds. Fiorentini, Gianluca and Peltzman, Sam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 61–82.Google Scholar
Skarbek, David. 2011. “Governance and Prison Gangs.” American Political Science Review 105(04): 702–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skarbek, David. 2012. “Prison Gangs, Norms, and Organizations.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 82(1): 96–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skarbek, David. 2014. The Social Order of the Underworld: How Prison Gangs Govern the American Penal System. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Nicholas Rush. 2019. Contradictions of Democracy: Vigilantism and Rights in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sneed, Paul. 2007. “Bandidos de Cristo: Representations of the Power of Criminal Factions in Rio’s Proibidão Funk.” Latin American Music Review 28(2): 220–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sneed, Paul. 2008. “Favela Utopias: The ‘Bailes Funk’ in Rio’s Crisis of Social Exclusion and Violence.” Latin American Research Review 43(2): 57–79.Google Scholar
Soares, Luiz Eduardo. 2000. Meu Casaco de General: 500 Dias No Front Da Segurança Pública Do Rio de Janerio. Rio de Janeiro: Companhia das Letras.Google Scholar
Soares, Luiz Eduardo, Bill, MV, and Athayde, Celso. 2005. Cabeça de Porco. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva.Google Scholar
Sobel, Russell S., and Osoba, Brian J.. 2009. “Youth Gangs as Pseudo-Governments: Implications for Violent Crime.” Southern Economic Journal 75(4): 996–1018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Souza, Maria Julieta Nunes. 2007. “Apontamentos sobre a Maré: uma compreensão.” Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais 9(1): 53–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Souza, Renata. 2020. Cria Da Favela: Resistência à Militarização Da Vida. Rio de Janeiro: Boitempo Editorial.Google Scholar
de Souza, Stefanie Israel. 2019. “Pacification of Rio’s Favelas and the ‘Pacification of the Pacification Police’: The Role of Coordinating Brokerage in Police Reform.” Sociological Forum 34(2): 458–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staniland, Paul. 2012. “States, Insurgents, and Wartime Political Orders.” Perspectives on Politics 10(02): 243–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Starn, Orin. 1999. Nightwatch: The Politics of Protest in the Andes. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Steele, Abbey. 2017. Democracy and Displacement in Colombia’s Civil War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, Megan A. 2017. “Civil War as State Building: Strategic Governance in Civil War.” International Organization 72(1): 205–26.Google Scholar
Stewart, Megan A. 2021. Governing for Revolution: Social Transformation in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Straus, Scott. 2012. “Wars Do End! Changing Patterns of Political Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa.” African Affairs 111(443): 179–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, John P. 2010. “Criminal Insurgency in the Americas.” Small Wars Journal. https://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/journal/docs-temp/364-sullivan.pdf.Google Scholar
Suska, Marta-Laura. 2015. “Recommendations for Two Violence-Reducing Policing Programs in Brazil: The Pacification Police Unit in Rio de Janeiro and the Pact for Life in Recife.” BPC Policy Brief 5(7): 1–9.Google Scholar
Suttles, Gerald. 1968. The Social Order of the Slum: Territoriality and Ethnicity in the Inner City. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Tajima, Yuhki. 2018. “Political Development and the Fragmentation of Protection Markets: Politically Affiliated Gangs in Indonesia.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62(5): 1100–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tapscott, Rebecca. 2021a. Arbitrary States: Social Control and Modern Authoritarianism in Museveni’s Uganda. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tapscott, Rebecca. 2021b. “Vigilantes and the State: Understanding Violence through a Security Assemblages Approach.” Perspectives on Politics 21(1): 209–24.Google Scholar
Telles, Edward. 2004. Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Telles, Edward. 2014. Pigmentocracies: Ethnicity, Race, and Color in Latin America. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Theidon, Kimberly. 2014. “‘How Was Your Trip?’ Self-Care for Researchers and Writers Working on Violence.” Social Science Research Council DSD Working Papers on Research Security. http://webarchive.ssrc.org/working-papers/DSD_ResearchSecurity_02_Theidon.pdf.Google Scholar
Thrasher, Frederic. 1927. The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago. Peotone, IL: New Chicago School Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1985. “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime.” In Bringing the State Back In, eds. Evans, Peter, Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, and Skocpol, Theda. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 169–91.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1992. Coercion, Capital, and European States, A.D. 990–1992. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Trejo, Guillermo, and Ley, Sandra. 2018. “Why Did Drug Cartels Go to War in Mexico? Subnational Democratization, the Breakdown of Criminal Protection, and the Onset of Large-Scale Violence.” Comparative Political Studies 51(7): 900–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trejo, Guillermo, and Ley, Sandra. 2020. Votes, Drugs, and Violence: The Political Logic of Criminal Wars in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trejo, Guillermo, and Ley, Sandra. 2021. “High-Profile Criminal Violence: Why Drug Cartels Murder Government Officials and Party Candidates in Mexico.” British Journal of Political Science 51(1): 203–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trudeau, Jessie. 2022. “Limiting Aggressive Policing Can Reduce Police and Civilian Violence.” World Development 160: 105961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuck, Eve, and Wayne Yang, K.. 2014. “Unbecoming Claims: Pedagogies of Refusal in Qualitative Research.” Qualitative Inquiry 20(6): 811–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Turf Wars.” The Economist. 2012. www.economist.com/united-states/2012/02/04/turf-wars (July 18, 2019).Google Scholar
UN-Habitat. 2016. Urbanization and Development: Emerging Futures. United Nations Human Settlements Programme.Google Scholar
United Nations. 2023. “Global Issues: Youth.” UN.org. www.un.org/en/global-issues/youth (September 4, 2023).Google Scholar
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. 2019. World Urbanization Prospects 2018: Highlights. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
Uribe, Andres, Lessing, Benjamin, Schouela, Noah, and Stecher, Elayne. 2024. “Criminal Governance in Latin America: An Initial Assessment of Its Prevalence and Correlates.” Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4302432.Google Scholar
Utas, Mats. 2014. “‘Playing the Game’: Gang-Militia Logics in War-Torn Sierra Leone.” In Global Gangs: Street Violence Across the World, eds. Jennifer, M. Hazen and Rodgers, Dennis. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 171–91.Google Scholar
Valladares, Licia. 2008. A Invenção Da Favela – Do Mito de Origem a Favela.Com. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Getúlio Vargas.Google Scholar
Van Der Borgh, Chris, and Savenije, Wim. 2015. “De-Securitising and Re-Securitising Gang Policies: The Funes Government and Gangs in El Salvador.” Journal of Latin American Studies 47(1): 149–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varella, Drauzio, Bertazzo, Ivaldo, and Jacques, Paola Berenstein. 2002. Maré: Vida Na Favela. Rio de Janeiro: Casa da Palavra.Google Scholar
Varese, Federico. 2010. “What Is Organized Crime?” In Organized Crime, ed. Varese, Federico. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 1–35.Google Scholar
Varese, Federico. 2017. Mafia Life: Love, Death and Money at the Heart of Organised Crime. London: Profile Books.Google Scholar
Vargas, Robert. 2016. Wounded City: Violent Turf Wars in a Chicago Barrio. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varsori, Andrea. 2021. “‘The Elite Troops of Trafficking’. An Assessment of the Phenomenon of Military-Trained Gang Members in Rio de Janeiro.” Small Wars and Insurgencies 32(1): 80–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaz, Lilian Fessler. 1985. “Contribuição Ao Estudo Da Produção e Transformação Do Espaço Da Habitação Popular: As Habitações Coletivos No Rio Antigo.” PhD Dissertation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Vaz, Lilian Fessler. 1994. História Dos Bairros da Maré: Espaço, Tempo e Vida Cotidiana No Complexo da Maré. Rio de Janeiro: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Venkatesh, Sudhir. 1997. “The Social Organization of Street Gang Activity in an Urban Ghetto.” American Journal of Sociology 103(1): 82–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Venkatesh, Sudhir. 2000. American Project: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Ghetto. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Venkatesh, Sudhir. 2008. Gang Leader for a Day: A Rogue Sociologist Takes to the Streets. New York: Penguin Press.Google Scholar
Ventura, Zuenir. 1994. Cidade Partida. Rio de Janeiro: Companhia das Letras.Google Scholar
Vianna, Hermano. 1988. O Mundo Funk Carioca. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Editor.Google Scholar
Vianna, Hermano. 1997. Galeras cariocas: territórios de conflitos e encontros culturais. Rio de Janeiro: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Vieira, Antônio Carlos Pinto. 1998. Histórico da Maré. Rio de Janeiro: CEASM.Google Scholar
Vigil, James Diego. 1988. Barrio Gangs: Street Life and Identity in Southern California. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Vigil, James Diego. 2002. A Rainbow of Gangs: Street Cultures in the Mega-City. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vigil, James Diego. 2007. The Projects: Gang and Non-Gang Families in East Los Angeles. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Villarreal, Andrés, and Silva, Bráulio F. A.. 2006. “Social Cohesion, Criminal Victimization and Perceived Risk of Crime in Brazilian Neighborhoods”. Social Forces 84(3): 1725–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wacquant, Loïc. 2008. Urban Outcasts: A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. 1965. Politics as a Vocation. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press.Google Scholar
Wedeen, Lisa. 2010. “Reflections on Ethnographic Work in Political Science.” Annual Review of Political Science 13: 255–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, Max. 2015. Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Weinstein, Jeremy M. 2007. Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Weinstein, Liza. 2008. “Mumbai’s Development Mafias: Globalization, Organized Crime and Land Development”. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 32(1): 22–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinstein, Liza. 2013. “Demolition and Dispossession: Toward an Understanding of State Violence in Millennial Mumbai.” Studies in Comparative International Development 48(3): 285–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whyte, William Foote. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. 1987. “The Rise (and Sometimes Fall) of Guerilla Governments in Latin America.” Sociological Forum 2(3): 473–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, Steven. 2004. Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willadino, Rachel, Costa Nascimento, Rodrigo, and de Souza e Silva, Jailson. 2018. Novas Configurações Das Redes Criminosas Após a Implantação Das UPPs. Rio de Janeiro: Observatório de Favelas.Google Scholar
Wolf, Sonja. 2017. Mano Dura: The Politics of Gang Control in El Salvador. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolff, Michael Jerome. 2015. “Building Criminal Authority: A Comparative Analysis of Drug Gangs in Rio de Janeiro and Recife.” Latin American Politics and Society 57(2): 21–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolff, Michael Jerome. 2018. “Violence and Criminal Order: The Case of Ciudad Juarez.” Urban Geography 39(10): 1465–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, Elisabeth Jean. 2003. Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, Elisabeth Jean. 2009. “Ethnographic Research in the Shadow of Civil War.” In Political Ethnography: What Immersion Contributes to the Study of Power, ed. Schatz, Edward. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 119–41.Google Scholar
Yashar, Deborah J. 2018. Homicidal Ecologies: Illicit Economies and Complicit States in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zaluar, Alba. 1985. A Máquina e a Revolta. São Paulo: Brasiliense.Google Scholar
Zaluar, Alba. 1994. Condomínio Do Diabo. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Revan/UFRJ.Google Scholar
Zaluar, Alba. 2000. “Perverse Integration: Drug Trafficking and Youth in the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro”. Journal of International Affairs 53(2): 653–71.Google Scholar
Zaluar, Alba, and Siquiera Conceição, Isabel. 2007. “Favelas Sob o Controle Das Milícias No Rio de Janeiro.” São Paulo em Perspectiva 21(2): 89–101.Google Scholar
Zedong, Mao. 2000. On Guerrilla Warfare. Champagne, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Zizumbo Colunga, Daniel. 2015. “Taking the Law into Our Hands: Trust, Social Capital, and Vigilante Justice.” PhD Dissertation, Vanderbilt University.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Nicholas Barnes, University of St Andrews
  • Book: Inside Criminalized Governance
  • Online publication: 06 February 2025
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Nicholas Barnes, University of St Andrews
  • Book: Inside Criminalized Governance
  • Online publication: 06 February 2025
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Nicholas Barnes, University of St Andrews
  • Book: Inside Criminalized Governance
  • Online publication: 06 February 2025
Available formats
×