Contents

We build from on behavioral ecology, which is devoted to interactions among individuals and within social groups, to interactions between species and trophic levels. Gradually we move up the trophic system, starting with plant and herbivore associations, and then to interactions among herbivores involving competition, strong asymmetric interactions and facilitative interactions. After this, in the next three chapters (6–8), we return to interactions between trophic levels, treating mutualistic relationships, the interplay of prey and predator, and of host with parasite. In aggregate these kinds of relationships constitute the main forms of interactions to be found on any landscape.