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3 - Evolutionary Genetics of Plasmodium falciparum, the Agent of Malignant Malaria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 August 2009

By
Stephen M. Rich  and
Francisco J. Ayala
Edited by
Krishna R. Dronamraju
Stephen M. Rich
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Disease, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536
Francisco J. Ayala
Affiliation:
University of California, Irvine, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525
Krishna R. Dronamraju
Affiliation:
Foundation for Genetic Research, Houston, Texas
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Summary

We have investigated the population structure of P. falciparum by analyzing several genes and conclude that the extant world populations of this parasite have evolved from a single strain within the past several thousand years. The evidence is based on a lack of synonymous polymorphisms among nuclear antigenic and nonantigenic genes; among introns; and among mitochondrial loci. Coalescence calculations for silent nucleotide variation converge in each case into a single ancestral allele. The extensive polymorphisms observed in the highly repetitive central region of the Csp gene, as well as the apparently very divergent two classes of alleles at the Msp-1 gene, are consistent with this conclusion.

Understanding the population structure and evolution of Plasmodium has important implications for the control of human malaria.

The human toll of malaria is stunning, perhaps the greatest of all human afflictions (Sherman, 1998). Malaria is caused by species of Plasmodium, a parasitic protozoan. Four species of Plasmodium are parasitic to humans: P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, and P. vivax. P. falciparum is the most pervasive and malignant human malarial parasite. It causes yearly 300 million to 500 million cases of clinical illness and 1.5 million to 2.7 million deaths in sub-Saharan Africa, plus 5–20 million clinical cases and 100,000 deaths elsewhere in the world, 80% of them in Asia (Trigg and Kondrachine, 1998).

The genus Plasmodium consists of nearly 200 named species that parasitize reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Type
Chapter
Information
Infectious Disease and Host-Pathogen Evolution , pp. 39 - 74
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2004

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