Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T04:47:12.107Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

16 - Fire and Water: The Bronze Age of the Southern Urals and the Rigveda

from Part IV - The Bronze Age Chariot and Wool Horizons

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 April 2023

Kristian Kristiansen
Affiliation:
Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden
Guus Kroonen
Affiliation:
Universiteit Leiden
Eske Willerslev
Affiliation:
University of Copenhagen
Get access

Summary

It does not often happen that linguistic and archaeological sources allow the creation of a coherent narrative: they are usually separated from each other in time and space and do not meet the necessary prerequisites for a comparative analysis. The archaeological facts must form a clear pattern and demonstrate the existence of a cultural stereotype; the linguistic attribution of the population to which the analyzed archaeological sites belong must be uncontroversial; and, finally, the linguistic sources must provide sufficient information about that cultural stereotype.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited
Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics
, pp. 263 - 274
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alaeva, I. P., & Rassomakhin, M. A.. 2018. Sledy plavki medi v kolodce poselenija Chebarkul’ III. In: Yuminov, A. M., Zaykova, E. V., (ed.) Geoarheologija i arheologicheskaja mineralogija 2018, 112–7. Miass: Institut mineralogii UrO RAN.Google Scholar
Anthony, David. 2007. The horse, the wheel, and language: How Bronze-age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bodewitz, Hendrik W. 1976. The daily evening and morning offering (Agnihotra) according to the Brāhmaṇas, Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyce, Mary. 1986. Apąm Napāt. In: Ehsan Yarshater (ed.), Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2, 148–150.Google Scholar
Chechushkov, I. V., Yakimov, A. S., Bachura, O. P., Chkhuen Yn, Ya., & Goncharova, E. N.. 2018. Obshchestvennoe ustrojstvo sintashtinsko-petrovskih kollektivov pozdnego bronzovogo veka i prichiny genezisa social’noj èlity (na primere poselenija Kamennyj Ambar v stepnom Zaural’e). Stratum Plus 2: 149–66.Google Scholar
Dumézil, Georges. 1963. Le puits de Nechtan, Celtica 6: 5061.Google Scholar
Dumézil, Georges. 1973. Mythe et Épopée. Vol. 3. Paris: Editions Gallimard.Google Scholar
Epimakhov, A. V. 2005. Rannie kompleksnye obshchestva Severa Central’noj Evrazii (po materialam mogil’nika Kamennyj Ambar-5), Vol. 1. Chelyabinsk: Chelyabinskij dom pechati.Google Scholar
Epimakhov, A. V., & Chuev, N. I.. 2011. Abashevskie i sintashtinskie pamjatniki: predvaritel’nye rezul’taty prostranstvennogo analiza. Vestnik arheologii, antropologii i ètnografii 2(15): 4756.Google Scholar
Epimakhov, A. V., & Krause, R., 2013. Relative and absolute chronology of the Kamеnnyi Ambar (Olgino) settlement. In: Krause, R. & Koryakova, L. (ed.), Multidisciplinary investigations of the Bronze Age settlements in the Southern Trans-Urals (Russia), 129–46. Bonn: Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.Google Scholar
Fedorova, N. V., Noskevich, V. V., Ivanchenko, V. S., Bebnev, A. S., & Malikov, A. V.. 2013. Geofizicheskie metody issledovanija arheologicheskih pamjatnikov Sarym-Sakly i Vorovskaja Jama (Juzhnyj Ural). Ural’skij geofizicheskij vestnik 2: 4653.Google Scholar
Findly, Ellison Banks. 1979. “Child of the Waters”: A revaluation of Vedic Apāṃ Napāt. Numen 26(2): 164184.Google Scholar
Gening, V. F. 1977. Mogil’nik Sintashta i problema rannih indoiranskih plemen. Sovetskaja arheologija 4: 5373.Google Scholar
Gening, V. F., Zdanovich, G. B., & Gening, V. V.. 1992. Sintashta: arheologicheskie pamjatniki arijskih plemen Uralo-Kazahstanskih stepej. Chelyabinsk: South Ural Press.Google Scholar
Gershevitch, Ilya. 1959. The Avestan hymn to Mithra. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Grigoriev, S. A. 2000. Metallurgicheskoe proizvodstvo na Juzhnom Urale v èpohu srednej bronzy. In: Ivanova, N. O. (ed.), Drevnjaja istorija Juzhnogo Zaural’ja. Kamennyj vek. Èpoha bronzy, 443531. Chelyabinsk: South Urals State University Press.Google Scholar
Grigoriev, S. A. 2013. O nekotoryh osobennostjah funkcionirovanija i interpretacii kolodcev èpohi bronzy. In: Loman, V. G. (ed.), Arheologicheskie issledovaniya stepej Evrazii, 96102. Karaganda: TENGRI Ltd.Google Scholar
Grigoriev, S. A. 2015. Metallurgical production in Northern Eurasia in the Bronze Age. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Houben, Jan E. M. 2000. The ritual pragmatics of a Vedic hymn: The “riddle hymn” and the Pravargya ritual. Journal of the American Oriental Society 120(4): 499536.Google Scholar
Jamison & Brereton = Jamison, Stephanie W. & Brereton, Joel P.. 2014. The Rigveda: The earliest religious poetry of India. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jamison = Jamison, Stephanie W. Rigveda Translation: Commentary. http://rigvedacommentary.alc.ucla.edu.Google Scholar
Jendza, Craig. 2013. Theseus the Ionian in Bacchylides 17 and Indo-Iranian Apām Napāt. Journal of Indo-European Studies 41: 431457.Google Scholar
Kellens, Jean. 1974. Les noms-racines de l’Avesta. Wiesbaden: Reichelt.Google Scholar
Klein, Jared S. 1985. Toward a discourse grammar of the Rigveda. 2 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.Google Scholar
Koryakova, L. N., & Kuz’mina, S. A.. 2017. Nekotorye osobennosti arhitektury ukreplennogo poselenija Kamennyj Ambar v kontekste obraza zhizni naselenija Juzhnogo Zaural’ja nachala II tys. do n. è. Ural’skij istoricheskij vestnik 1(54): 92102.Google Scholar
Koryakova, L. N., & Epimakhov, A. V.. 2014. The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Koryakova, L., Krause, R., Fornasier, J., Epimakhov, A., Sharapova, S., Berseneva, N., & Panteleeva, S.. 2013. Archaeological structures of the Kamennyi Ambar settlement. In: Krause, R. & Koryakova, L. (ed.), Multidisciplinary investigations of the Bronze Age settlements in the Southern Trans-Urals (Russia), 85128. Bonn: Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt.Google Scholar
Kosintzev, P. A., Bachura, O. P., Rassadnikov, A. Yu., & Kisagulov, A. V.. 2016. Zhivotnovodstvo u naselenija Juzhnogo Zaural’ja v èpohu pozdnej bronzy. In: Udal’cov, S. N. (ed.), Dinamika sovremennyh èkosistem v golocene, 102–4. Moscow: Tovarishchestvo nauchnyh izdanij KMK.Google Scholar
Krause, R., & Koryakova, L.. 2013. Multidisciplinary investigations of the Bronze Age settlements in the Southern Trans-Urals (Russia). Bonn: Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt.Google Scholar
Kuprijanova, E. V., & Zdanovich, D. G.. 2015. Drevnosti lesostepnogo Zaural’ja: Mogil’nik Stepnoe VII. Chelyabinsk: Ènciklopedia.Google Scholar
Logvin, A., & Ševnina, I.. 2013. Die Nekropole von Bestamak. In: Stollner, T. & Samasev, Z. (ed.), Unbekanntes Kasachstan. Archäologie im Herzen Asiens. Katalog zur Ausstellung des Deutschen Bergbau-Museums Bochum vom 26. Januar bis zum 30. Juni 2013, 231–44. Bochum: Deutschen Bergbau-Museum.Google Scholar
Lubotsky, Alexander. 2011. The origin of Sanskrit roots of the type sīv- “to sew,” dīv- “to play dice,” with an appendix on Vedic i-perfects. In: Jamison, S. W., Melchert, H. C., & Vine, B. (ed.), Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Indo-European Conference, 105126. Bremen: Hempen.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P., & Adams, Douglas Q.. 1997. Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. London & Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn.Google Scholar
Maljutina, T. S., & Petrova, L. Yu.. 2018. Kolodcy poselenija èpohi bronzy Kalmyckaja Molel’nja (Juzhnoe Zaural’e). In: Vybornov, A.A. (ed.), XXI Ural’skoe arheologicheskoe soveshchanie, 133–5. Samara: SGSPU.Google Scholar
Molodin, V. I., Epimakhov, A. V., & Marchenko, Z. V.. 2014. Radiouglerodnaja hronologija èpohi bronzy Urala i juga Zapadnoj Sibiri: Principy i podhody, dostizhenija i problemy. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija: Istorija, filologija 13(3): 136–67.Google Scholar
Müller, F. Max, 1868: Chips from a German workshop, 2nd ed., vol. 2. London: Longmans, Green.Google Scholar
Nikitin, A. Yu., & Rusanov, I. A.. 2011. Teplotehnicheskie sooruzhenija poselenija Arkaim (opyt rekonstrukcii). In: Bajtanaev, B. A. (ed.), Arheologiya Kazahstana v èpohu nezavisimosti: itogi, perspektivy. Materialy mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferencii, posvjashchennoj 20-letiju Nezavisimosti Respubliki Kazahstan i 20-letiju Instituta arheologii im. A.H. Margulana KN MON RK, Vol. 1, 307–13. Almaty.Google Scholar
Noskevich, V. V., Fedorova, N. V., Bebnev, A. S., Vdovin, A. G., & Mekhonoshina, T. L.. 2014. Rezul’taty issledovanija geofizicheskimi metodami arheologicheskogo pamjatnika bronzovogo veka gorodishche Andreevskoe (Yuzhnyj Ural). Ural’skij geofizicheskij vestnik 1: 7280.Google Scholar
Oberlies, Thomas. 2012. Der Rigveda und seine Religion. Berlin: Verlag der Weltreligionen.Google Scholar
Oettinger, Norbert. 2009. Zum Verhältnis von Apąm Napāt- and Xvarənah- im Avesta. In: Pirart, E. & Tremblay, X. (ed.), Zarathushtra entre l’Inde et l’Iran, Études indo-iraniennes et indo-européennes offertes à Jean Kellens à l’occasion de son 65e anniversaire, 189–96. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
Panaino, Antonio. 1990. Tištrya. The Avestan hymn to Sirius. Vol. 1 (Serie Orientale Roma 68.1). Rome: Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.Google Scholar
Panaino, Antonio. 1995. The origin of the Pahlavi name Burz “Apąm Napāt̰”: A semasiological study. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Zsigmond Telegdi Memorial Volume): 117–126.Google Scholar
Pinault, Georges-Jean. 2013. Le vocabulaire et l’image du sourire dans les langues indo-européennes. In: Filliozat, P.-S. & Zink, M. (ed.), Sourires d’Orient et d’Occident, Journée d’études organisée par l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres et la Société Asiatique (11 décembre 2009), 1745. Paris: Peeters Publishers.Google Scholar
Puhvel, Jaan. 1987. Comparative mythology. Baltimore & London: John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Renou, Louis. 1953. Vocabulaire du rituel védique. Paris: Klincksieck.Google Scholar
Rühl, L., Koryakova, L. N., Krause, R., & Stobbe, A.. 2016. Wells of the fortified Bronze Age settlement Kamennyi Ambar (Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia). In: Matveeva, N. P. (ed.), Èkologiya drevnih i tradicionnyh obshchestv, 187–92. Tyumen: Institut problem osvoenija Severa.Google Scholar
Rusanov, I. A., & Kupriyanov, V. A.. 2003. O funkcional’nom naznachenii kompleksa kolodec – pech’ (po materialam ukreplennogo poselenija Arkaim). In: Korusenko, M.A., Tikhonov, S. S., & Tomilov, N. A. (ed.), Integracija arheologicheskih i ètnograficheskih issledovanij, 231–2. Omsk: Nauka-Omsk.Google Scholar
Sadovski, Velizar. 2018. Indo-Iranian sacred texts and sacrificial practices: Structures of common heritage (Speech and performance in the Veda and Avesta, III). In: Braarvig, J. & Geller, M. J. (ed.), Studies in Multilingualism, Lingua Franca and Lingua Sacra, 357388. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Edition Open Access (EOA).Google Scholar
Stobbe, A., Gumnior, M., Rühl, L., & Schneider, H.. 2016. Bronze Age human-landscape interactions in the southern Transural steppe, Russia: Evidence from high-resolution palaeobotanical studies. The Holocene 10: 16921710.Google Scholar
Tkachev, V. V. 2007. Stepi Juzhnogo Priural’ya i Zapadnogo Kazahstana na rubezhe epoh srednej i pozdnej bronzy. Aktobe: Aktjubinskij oblastnoj centr istorii, ètnografii i arheologii.Google Scholar
Vinogradov, N. B. 2003. Mogil’nik bronzovogo veka Krivoe Ozero v Juzhnom Zaural’e. Chelyabinsk: South Ural Press.Google Scholar
Vinogradov, N. B., & Epimakhov, A. V. (ed.). 2013. Drevnee Ust’e: ukreplennoe poselenie bronzovogo veka v Juzhnom Zaural’e. Chelyabinsk: Abris.Google Scholar
Zdanovich, D. G. (ed.). 2002. Arkaim: nekropol’ (po materialam kurgana 25 Bol’shekaraganskogo mogil’nika), Vol. 1. Chelyabinsk: South Ural Press.Google Scholar
Zdanovich, G. B., & Batanina, I. M.. 2002. Planography of the fortified centers of the Middle Bronze Age in the Southern Trans-Urals according to aerial photography data. In: Jones-Blay, K. & Zdanovich, D. (ed.), Complex societies of Central Eurasia from the 3rd to the 1st millennium BC, vol. 2, 121–38. Washington: Institute for the Study of Man.Google Scholar
Zdanovich, G. B., Malyutina, T. S., & Zdanovich, D. G.. 2018. Arkaim. K issledovaniju vodosnabzhenija i vodopol’zovanija v drevnej Evrazii. In: Zdanovich, D. G. (ed.), Stepnaja Evrazija v èpohu bronzy: kul’tury, idei, tehnologii, 92111. Chelyabinsk: Chelyabinsk State University Press.Google Scholar
Zdanovich, G. B., Malyutina, T. S., & Zdanovich, D. G.. 2020. Arkaim. The archaeology of fortified settlements. Chelyabinsk: State University Publishing House.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×