Abbreviations and Symbols

abl.

ablative

acc.

accusative

act.

active

Aeol.

Aeolic

Alb.

Albanian

Anat.

Anatolian

Arc.

Arcadian

Arm.

Armenian

Att.

Attic

Av.

Avestan

BL

Bartholomae’s Law

Boeot.

Boeotian

Br.

Brāhmaṇa

Brit.

Brittonic

Bulg.

Bulgarian

c.

common (gender)

Car.

Carian

Celtib.

Celtiberian

CS

Church Slavonic

CIIr.

Common Indo-Iranian

CIrn.

Common Iranian

Cisalp.

Cisalpine

class.

classical

CLuw.

Cuneiform Luwian

coll.

collective

cpd.

compound

CPIE

Core Proto-Indo-European

Cr.

Croatian

CSl.

Common Slavic

CToch.

Common Tocharian

Cypr.

Cypriot

Cz.

Czech

dat.

dative

decl.

declension

dial.

dialect(al)

Dor.

Doric

du.

dual

EIA

Eastern Indo-Aryan

encl.

enclitic

Eng.

English

Ep.

Epic

ER

Early Runic

Eub.

Euboean

f(em).

feminine

Fal.

Faliscan

Far.

Faroese

Finn.

Finnish

Fr.

French

gen.

genitive

Gaul.

Gaulish

Geo.

Georgian

Gmc.

Germanic

Goth.

Gothic

Gr.

Greek

HG

High German

Hitt.

Hittite

HLuw.

Hieroglyphic Luwian

Hom.

Homer

Hsch.

Hesychius

Hung.

Hungarian

IA

(Eastern) Indo-Aryan

IE

Indo-European

IIrn.

Indo-Iranian

Illyr.

Illyrian

impv.

imperative

Ind.

Indic

indic.

indicative

inf.

infinitive

instr.

instrumental

Ion.

Ionic

Ir.

Irish

Irn.

Iranian

Khot.

Khotanese

Lat.

Latin

Latv.

Latvian

len.

lenited

Lesb.

Lesbian

Lith.

Lithuanian

LLat.

Late Latin

loc.

locative

Luw.

Luwian

Lyc.

Lycian

MA

media(e) aspirata(e)

m(asc).

masculine

MBret.

Middle Breton

MCorn.

Middle Cornish

MDu.

Middle Dutch

Mess.

Messapic

MIA

Middle Indo-Aryan

mid.

middle

Mil.

Milyan

MIr.

Middle Irish

MIrn.

Middle Iranian

MLG

Middle Low German

ModBret.

Modern Breton

ModG

Modern German

ModGr.

Modern Greek

Mordv.

Mordvinian

MPers.

Middle Persian

MPhr.

Middle Phrygian

MW

Middle Welsh

Myc.

Mycenaean

neg.

negation

Neth.

Netherlandic (Dutch)

n(eut).

neuter

NFris.

North Frisian

NGeg

North Geg

NHG

New High German

NIA

New Indo-Aryan

NIE

Nuclear Indo-European

NIrn.

New Iranian

nom.

nominative

NPers.

New Persian

NPhr.

New Phrygian

Nur.

Nuristani(c)

Nw.

Norwegian

NWGr.

North-West Greek

OAlb.

Old Albanian

OAv.

Old Avestan

obj.

object

obl.

oblique

OCorn.

Old Cornish

OCS

Old Church Slavonic

OCz.

Old Czech

ODu.

Old Dutch

OE

Old English

OF

Old Frisian

OFr.

Old French

OHG

Old High German

OIA

Old Indo-Aryan

OIr.

Old Irish

OIrn.

Old Iranian

OLat.

Old Latin

OLith.

Old Lithuanian

ON

Old Norse

OPers.

Old Persian

OPhr.

Old Phrygian

OPr.

Old Prussian

ORu.

Old Russian

OS

Old Saxon

Osc.

Oscan

OSw.

Old Swedish

OUmb.

Old Umbrian

Pael.

Paelignian

PAlb.

Proto-Albanian

PAnat.

Proto-Anatolian

PBalt.

Proto-Baltic

PBret.

Proto-Breton

PBrit.

Proto-Brittonic

PCelt.

Proto-Celtic

perl.

perlative

pf.

perfect

PGmc.

Proto-Germanic

Phryg.

Phrygian

PIA

Proto-Indo-Aryan

PIE

Proto-Indo-European

PIIrn.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

PIrn.

Proto-Iranian

Pis.

Pisidian

PIt.

Proto-Italic

PNIE

Proto-Nuclear Indo-European

Port.

Portuguese

pl.

plural

pres.

present

pret.

preterite

ps.

person

PSl.

Proto-Slavic

ptc.

participle

PToch.

Proto-Tocharian

PWGmc.

Proto-West-Germanic

Ru.

Russian

RuCS

Russian Church Slavonic

Samn.

Samnite

SCr.

Serbo-Croatian

SE

secondary ending

Serb.

Serbian

sg.

singular

sglt.

singulative

SGr.

South Greek

Sid.

Sidetic

Skt.

Sanskrit

Slk.

Slovak

Sln.

Slovene

Sogd.

Sogdian

Sp.

Spanish

SPic.

South Picene

SWBrit.

South-West Brittonic

SWNw.

South-West Norwegian

Thess.

Thessalian

Thrac.

Thracian

Toch.

Tocharian

Toch.A

Tocharian A

Toch.B

Tocharian B

Umb.

Umbrian

Ved.

Vedic Sanskrit

Ven.

Venetic

VOL

Very Old Latin

W

Welsh

WFris.

West Frisian

WGr.

West Greek

WIA

Western Indo-Aryan = Mittanni (Indo-)Aryan

YAv.

Young Avestan

C

consonant

H

laryngeal

R

sonorant consonant

V

vowel

*

reconstruction

< >

phonetically regular change

← →

morphological reshaping or replacement

⇐ ⇒

borrowing