Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T03:50:54.020Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - Including Outsiders in Latin America

from Part I - Extending Social Policy and Participation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 January 2021

By
Candelaria Garay
Edited by
Diana Kapiszewski ,
Steven Levitsky  and
Deborah J. Yashar
Diana Kapiszewski
Affiliation:
Georgetown University, Washington DC
Steven Levitsky
Affiliation:
Harvard University, Massachusetts
Deborah J. Yashar
Affiliation:
Princeton University, New Jersey
Get access

Summary

This chapter analyzes the dramatic expansion of social policy to traditionally unprotected labor-market outsiders (i.e. the informal sector, unemployed, rural workers and dependents) in Latin America. Comprising between 40 and 80 percent of the regional population, outsiders had been historically marginalized from social protection. Focusing on the countries analyzed in Shaping the Political Arena (Collier and Collier 1991) it asks, why did incumbents adopt social policy for outsiders? Why did some expand broad-reaching, nondiscretionary benefits while others refrained from launching significant protections or launched discretionary benefits? The political regime type as well as the presence of either electoral competition for the vote of outsiders or social mobilization by movements representing outsiders and labor unions help explain whether expansion occurred and what pattern of social policy emerged. Moreover, among governments that expanded nondiscretionary and broad-reaching policies, some created more generous and encompassing inclusive benefits in which groups often participated in policy implementation, while others provided more restrictive benefits, with less coverage, lower benefits, and bureaucratic implementation. I show that the balance of partisan power and the involvement of social movements in policy design accounts for whether inclusive or restrictive benefits were launched across three areas – pensions, healthcare, and income support.

Keywords

social policysocial mobilizationelectoral competition
Type
Chapter
Information
The Inclusionary Turn in Latin American Democracies , pp. 59 - 92
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Borzutzky, Silvia. 2002. Vital Connections: Politics, Social Security, and Inequality in Chile. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Briceño, Mercedes. 1999. “El impacto de los programas sociales: balance y perspectivas.” In Política social: exclusión y equidad en Venezuela durante los años noventa, edited by Alvarez, Lourdes, , Helia and Robles, Jesús, 139–140. Caracas: Nueva Sociedad.Google Scholar
Carvallo, Moisés. 1999. “Los nuevos programas sociales: notas para un balance.” In Política social: exclusión y equidad en Venezuela durante los años noventa, edited by Alvarez, Lourdes, , Helia and Robles, Jesús, 141–170. Caracas: Nueva Sociedad.Google Scholar
Collier, Ruth Berins, and Collier, David. 1991. Shaping the Political Arena. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Coppedge, Michael. 1994. Strong Parties and Lame Ducks. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Cornelius, Wayne, Craig, Ann, and Fox, Jonathan. 1994. Transforming State–Society Relations in Mexico: The National Solidarity Strategy. La Jolla: Center for U.S.–Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego.Google Scholar
De la O, Ana. 2015. Crafting Policies to End Poverty in Latin America: The Quiet Revolution. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Díaz-Cayeros, Alberto, Estévez, Federico, and Magaloni, Beatriz. 2016. The Political Logic of Poverty Relief: Electoral Strategies and Social Policy in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 1999. Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Etchemendy, Sebastián. 2011. Models of Economic Liberalization: Business, Workers and Compensation in Latin America, Spain, and Portugal. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Etchemendy, Sebastián, and Garay, Candelaria. 2011. “Argentina’s Left Populism in Comparative Perspective.” In The Resurgence of the Latin American Left, edited by Levitsky, Steven and Roberts, Kenneth. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Ewig, Christina. 2010. Second-Wave Neoliberalism: Gender, Race, and Health Sector Reform in Peru. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Fairfield, Tasha, and Garay, Candelaria. 2017. “Redistribution under the right in Latin America: Electoral Competition and Organized Actors in Policymaking.” Comparative Political Studies 50(14): 1871–1906.Google Scholar
Garay, Candelaria. 2007. “Social Policy and Collective Action: Unemployed Workers, Community Associations and Protest in Argentina.” Politics & Society 35(2): 301–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garay, Candelaria. 2016. Social Policy Expansion in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Garay, Candelaria. 2018. “Labor Coalitions in Unequal Democracies” (manuscript).Google Scholar
Gibson, Edward. 1997. “The Populist Road to Market Reform: Policy and Electoral Coalitions in Mexico and in Argentina.” World Politics 49(3): 339–360.Google Scholar
Graham, Carol. 1992. Peru’s Apra. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Houtzager, Peter. 1998. “State and Unions in the Transformation of the Brazilian Countryside, 1964–1979.” Latin American Research Review 33(2): 103–142.Google Scholar
Hunneeus, Carlos. 2000. El régimen de Pinochet. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Sudamericana.Google Scholar
International Labor Office (ILO). 1960. Social Security in Agriculture. Geneva: ILO.Google Scholar
Kurtz, Marcus. 2004. “The Dilemmas of Democracy in the Open Economy.” World Politics 56(2): 262–302.Google Scholar
Lake, David, and Baum, Matt. 2001. “The Invisible Hand of Democracy: Political Control and the Provision of Public Services.” Comparative Political Studies 34(6): 587–621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitsky, Steven. 2003. Transforming Labor-Based Parties in Latin America: Argentine Peronism in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitsky, Steven. 2013. “Peru: The Challenges of a Democracy without Parties.” In Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America, edited by Domínguez, Jorge and Shifter, Michael. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Cameron, Maxwell A.. 2003. “Democracy without Parties? Political Parties and Regime Change in Fujimori’s Peru.” Latin American Politics & Society 45(3): 1–33.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Loxton, James. 2013. “Populism and Competitive Authoritarianism in the Andes.” Democratization 20(1): 107–136.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Roberts, Kenneth. 2011. “Latin America’s Left Turn, a Conceptual and Theoretical Overview.” In Latin America’s Left Turn: Political Diversity and the Search for Alternatives. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Way, Lucan A.. 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lieberman, Robert. 1998. Shifting the Color Line: Race and the American Welfare State. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lima, Boris. 1995. “Focalización de programas masivos en Venezuela: la Beca Alimentaria.” In Focalización y Pobreza. Santiago de Chile: Cuadernos CEPAL.Google Scholar
López-Maya, Margarita. 2005. Del viernes negro al referendo revocatorio. Caracas: Alfa Grupo Editorial.Google Scholar
López-Maya, Margarita. 2011. “Venezuela: Hugo Chávez and the Populist Left.” In The Resurgence of the Latin American Left, edited by Levitsky, Steven and Roberts, Kenneth. M., 213–238. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Loveman, Brian. 1976. Struggle in the Countryside: Politics and Rural Labor in Chile, 1919–1973. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Luna, Juan Pablo. 2007. “The Frente Amplio and the Crafting of a Social Democratic Alternative in Uruguay.” Latin American Politics & Society 49(4): 1–30.Google Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz. 2006. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz, Alberto, Díaz-Cayeros, and Estévez, Federico. 2007. “Clientelism and Portfolio Diversification.” In Patrons, Clients and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, edited by Kitschelt, Herbert and Wilkinson, Stephen. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Malloy, James. 1979. The Politics of Social Security in Brazil. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. 1978. Social Security in Latin America: Pressure Groups, Stratification and Inequality. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. 1989. Ascent to Bankruptcy: Financing Social Security in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Oxhorn, Philip. 1995. Organizing Civil Society: The Popular Sectors and the Struggle for Democracy in Chile. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Penfold-Becerra, Michael. 2007. “Clientelism and Social Funds: Evidence from Chavez’s Missions.” Latin American Politics and Society 49(4): 63–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Kenneth. 1995. “Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America: The Peruvian Case.” World Politics 48(1): 82–116.Google Scholar
Roberts, Kenneth. 2006. “Populism, Political Conflict, and Grassroots Organization in Latin America.” Comparative Politics 38(2): 128–146.Google Scholar
Roberts, Kenneth. 2014. Changing Course in Latin America: Party Systems in the Neoliberal Era. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Seidman, Gay W. 1994. Manufacturing Militance: Workers’ Movements in Brazil and South Africa, 1970–1985. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Stephany, Keta. 2006. Políticas de ajuste y protesta popular en Venezuela: 1989 y 1996. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela, Vicerrectorado Académico Ediciones FACES/UCV.Google Scholar
Svampa, Maristella, and Pereyra, Sebastián. 2003. Entre la ruta y el barrio: la experiencia de las organizaciones piqueteras. Buenos Aires: Editorial Biblos.Google Scholar
Weyland, Kurt. 2006. Bounded Rationality and Policy Diffusion: Social Sector Reform in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Yashar, Deborah. 2005. Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×