If the preceding analysis on immigration norms has proved anything, it is that efforts to create a common regime in Europe may take several forms. Nationalist and internationalist impulses within the European Union may be more compatible than traditional assumptions about cooperation have suggested. Too often, the policy discourse on globalization or European integration ignores the restrictive nature of cooperation that allows nations to remain protectionist – especially with regard to issues that are emblematic of their national sovereignty and identity. Perceptive immigration scholars have noted the trend toward restrictivism since the 1990s, yet the momentum toward Europeanization belies this phenomenon, and therefore the general point bears repeating. Increasingly, progress in European integration is accompanied by a reinvention of borders that can be understood only by examining the norms and attitudes that underpin immigration policy.