Fernando Pessoa is known to have been many authors. Each had a name, but these were not pseudonyms. Rather, they are heteronyms, as he explains in an oft-quoted autobiographical blurb requested by presença magazine. Only so neurotic a namer as Pessoa could have possibly come up with the difference between these concepts, which is basically a distinction about how names are used. Whereas pseudonyms are optional labels for one and the same person, as it were, a heteronym is the given name of a person who simply never had a body. A heteronym is the proper kind of namesake, that is to say, for one who, despite his or her bodily non-existence, is yet a “complete individuality” (“Tábua Bibliográfica” 404). In a word, a soul, as Pessoa occasionally puts it (The Book of Disquiet).

There were at least three such souls, with the heteronyms “Ricardo Reis,” “Álvaro de Campos,” and “Alberto Caeiro,” and the debate goes on over which, if any, of his other 70 some noms de plume would deserve such a label. Must not a soul have a body, one might ask? To believe Pessoa, perhaps it need not have a body to be real. Whether those “individualities are more or less real than Fernando Pessoa himself – that is a metaphysical question” that he “will never possibly solve”: