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38 - VZV: molecular basis of persistence (latency and reactivation)

from Part III - Pathogenesis, clinical disease, host response, and epidemiology: VZU

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 December 2009

By
Jeffrey I. Cohen
Edited by
Ann Arvin ,
Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume ,
Edward Mocarski ,
Patrick S. Moore ,
Bernard Roizman ,
Richard Whitley  and
Koichi Yamanishi
Jeffrey I. Cohen
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Ann Arvin
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume
Affiliation:
Università degli Studi, Bologna, Italy
Edward Mocarski
Affiliation:
Emory University, Atlanta
Patrick S. Moore
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh
Bernard Roizman
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Richard Whitley
Affiliation:
University of Alabama, Birmingham
Koichi Yamanishi
Affiliation:
University of Osaka, Japan
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Summary

Primary infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella manifested by fever and a vesicular rash. During primary infection the virus disseminates in lymphocytes to the skin and other organs, and replicates in and establishes a latent infection in the nervous system (Croen et al., 1988). Early studies demonstrated viral DNA in human trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia by in situ hybridization and Southern blotting (Gilden et al., 1983, 1987; Hyman et al., 1983). More recent studies, using PCR, have demonstrated latent VZV in multiple cranial nerve, dorsal root, and autonomic ganglia (Furuta et al., 1992, 1997; Gilden et al., 2001; Mahalingham et al., 1990). The virus can reactivate from these sites to cause herpes zoster.

The structure of the VZV genome during latency is not certain. Clarke et al. (1995) performed PCR on human ganglia DNA using pairs of primers specific for the unique long internal and terminal regions of the genome. Analysis of the ratio of the signals of the PCR products indicated that the termini of the genome are adjacent during latency, suggesting that the VZV genome is probably episomal.

Site of VZV latency

A number of studies have attempted to identify the cell type in which VZV is latent in human ganglia (Table 38.1). While early studies using in situ hybridization suggested that the virus was present in neurons (Hyman et al., 1983; Gilden et al., 1987), other studies suggested that viral RNA was latent exclusively in satellite cells that surround the neurons (Croen et al., 1988).

Type
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Human Herpesviruses
Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis
 , pp. 689 - 699
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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