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60 - Gammaherpesviruses of New World primates

from Part IV - Non-human primate herpesviruses

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 December 2009

By
Bernhard Fleckenstein  and
Armin Ensser
Edited by
Ann Arvin ,
Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume ,
Edward Mocarski ,
Patrick S. Moore ,
Bernard Roizman ,
Richard Whitley  and
Koichi Yamanishi
Bernhard Fleckenstein
Affiliation:
Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie Erlangen, Germany
Armin Ensser
Affiliation:
Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie Erlangen, Germany
Ann Arvin
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume
Affiliation:
Università degli Studi, Bologna, Italy
Edward Mocarski
Affiliation:
Emory University, Atlanta
Patrick S. Moore
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh
Bernard Roizman
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Richard Whitley
Affiliation:
University of Alabama, Birmingham
Koichi Yamanishi
Affiliation:
University of Osaka, Japan
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Summary

Introduction

Numerous Gamma-herpesviruses, a large subfamily of the herpes group, have limited pathogenic potential upon primary infection of their natural host. They are most relevant however as tumor viruses of the hematopoietic system and form an important chapter of viral oncology. The prototype of the genus lymphocryptovirus (γ1-herpesvirus), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), was the first clearly identified human herpesvirus. EBV causes lymphomas of B-cell origin and other lymphoproliferative syndromes, nasopharyngeal carcinomas and, possibly, gastric cancer. The second known genus of gamma-herpesviruses, rhadinoviruses or γ2-herpesviruses, is biologically and molecularly distinct. The prototypic members of this group, termed Herpesvirus (H.) saimiri (HVS) and H. ateles (HVA), were detected as T-lymphotropic tumor viruses in neotropical primates and raised primary interest from the fact that they cause fulminant T-cell lymphomas in numerous primates as well as in rabbits, although no exact correlates of these tumors exist in human pathology. This led to the identification of novel viral membrane-associated T-cell oncoproteins, termed Stp and Tip. These are small adaptor molecules that efficiently act on T-lymphocyte signaling. The viruses have been used as expression vectors in T-lymphocytes and allow to study mechanisms of episomal persistence in components of the T-cell system. Later on it became clear that certain strains of HVS can transform human T-lymphocytes to continuous growth in an antigen- and mitogen-independent fashion, providing for the first time a reliable means of human T-lymphocyte immortalization in cell culture.

Type
Chapter
Information
Human Herpesviruses
Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis
 , pp. 1076 - 1092
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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