Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-669899f699-8p65j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-24T15:06:48.708Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

26 - Embodied Capital and Extra-somatic Wealth in Human Evolution and Human History

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2012

By
Jane B. Lancaster  and
Hillard S. Kaplan
Edited by
Michael P. Muehlenbein
Michael P. Muehlenbein
Affiliation:
Indiana University, Bloomington
Get access

Summary

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents a theory of brain and life span evolution and applies it to both primates in general, and to the hominid line, in particular. To address the simultaneous effects of natural selection on the brain and on the life span, it extends the standard life history theory in biology which organizes research into the evolutionary forces shaping age-schedules of fertility and mortality. This extension, the embodied capital theory, integrates existing models with an economic analysis of capital investments and the value of life.

The chapter begins with a brief introduction to embodied capital theory, and then applies it to understanding major trends in primate evolution and the specific characteristics of humans. The evolution of brain size, intelligence, and life histories in the primate order are addressed first. The evolution of the human life course is then considered, with a specific focus on the relationship between cognitive development, economic productivity, and longevity. It will be argued that the evolution of the human brain entailed a series of coevolutionary responses in human development and aging.

The second section on embodied capital and extra-somatic wealth discusses humans in a comparative context, beginning with the hunting and gathering lifestyle because of its relevance to the vast majority of human evolutionary history. However, in the past 10 000 years human history traced a series of behavioral adaptations based on ecology and individual condition.

Type
Chapter
Information
Human Evolutionary Biology , pp. 439 - 456
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Armstrong, E. and Falk, D. (ed.) (1982). Primate Brain Evolution: Methods and Concepts. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barth, F. (1961). Nomads of South Persia. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.Google Scholar
Becker, G. S. and Barro, R. J. (1988). A reformulation of the economic theory of fertility. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 103, 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentley, G. R., Paine, R. R. and Boldsen, J. L. (2001). Fertility changes with the prehistoric transition to agriculture. In Reproductive Ecology and Human Evolution, Ellison, P. T. (ed.). Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 203–232.Google Scholar
Betzig, L. (1986). Despotism and Differential Reproduction: a Darwinian View of History. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Betzig, L. (1992a). Roman monogamy. Ethology and Sociobiology, 13, 351–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betzig, L. (1992b). Roman polygyny. Ethology and Sociobiology, 13, 309–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betzig, L. (1993). Sex, succession and stratification in the first six civilizations: how powerful men reproduced, passed power on to their sons, and used their power to defend their wealth, women and children. In Social Stratification and Socioeconomic Inequality, Ellis, L. (ed.). New York: Praeger, pp. 37–74.Google Scholar
Blurton Jones, N., Hawkes, K. and Draper, P. (1994). Foraging returns of!Kung adults and children: why didn't! Kung children forage?Journal of Anthropological Research, 50(4), 217–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bock, J. (2002a). Evolutionary theory and the search for a unified theory of fertility. American Journal of Human Biology, 14, 145–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bock, J. (2002b). Learning, life history, and productivity: children's lives in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Human Nature, 13, 161–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boone, J. (1986a). Parental investment and elite family structure in preindustrial states: a case study of late medieval–early modern Portuguese genealogies. American Anthropologist, 88, 859–878.Google Scholar
Boone, J. L. (1986b). Parental investment, social subordination and population processes among the fifteenth and sixteenth century Portuguese nobility. In Human Reproductive Behavior: a Darwinian Perspective, Betzig, L., Turke, P. and Mulder, M. Borgerhoff (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 201–220.Google Scholar
Borgerhoff Mulder, M. (1985). The polygyny threshold: a Kipsigis case study. National Geographic Research Reports, 21, 33–39.Google Scholar
Borgerhoff Mulder, M. (1988a). Kipsigis bridewealth payments. In Human Reproductive Behavior, Betzig, L., Mulder, M. Borgerhoff and Turke, P. (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 65–82.Google Scholar
Borgerhoff Mulder, M. (1988b). Reproductive success in three Kipsigi cohorts. In Reproductive Decisions, Clutton Brock, T. (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 419–435.Google Scholar
Borgerhoff Mulder, M. (1989). Early maturing Kipsigis women have higher reproductive success than late maturing women and cost more to marry. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 24, 145–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borgerhoff Mulder, M. (1998). Brothers and sisters: how sibling interactions affect optimal parental investment. Human Nature, 9, 119–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boserup, E. (1970). Women's Role in Economic Development. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Brown, J. K. (1970). A note on the division of labor by sex. American Anthropologist, 72, 1073–1078.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burck, C. G. (1976). A group profile of the Fortune 500 child executives. Fortune, May, 173–177.Google Scholar
Chagnon, N. A. (1988). Life histories, blood revenge, and warfare in a tribal population. Science, 239, 985–992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chagnon, N. A. (2000). Manipulating kinship rules: a form of male Yanomamo reproductive competition. In Adaptation and Human Behavior: an Anthropological Perspective, Cronk, L., Chagnon, N. and Irons, W. (eds). Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 115–132.Google Scholar
Clark, G. (2007). A Farewell to Alms: a Brief Economic History of the World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Clarke, A. L. and Low, B. S. (1992). Ecological correlates of human dispersal in nineteenth century Sweden. Animal Behavior, 44, 677–693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, A. L. and Low, B. S. (2001). Testing evolutionary hypotheses with demographic data. Population and Development Review, 27, 633–660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colson, E. (1960). Social Organization of the Gwembe Tonga. Manchester, UK: Rhodes–Livingstone Institute.Google Scholar
Cromer, A. (1993). Uncommon Sense: the Heretical Nature of Science. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Curtin, P. D. (1989). Death by Migration: Europe's Encounter with the Tropical World in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickemann, M. (1979a). The ecology of mating systems in hypergynous dowry societies. Social Science Information, 18, 163–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickemann, M. (1979b). Female infanticide, reproductive strategies, and social stratification: a preliminary model. In Evolutionary Societies and Human Social Behavior, Chagnon, N. A. and Irons, W. (eds). North Scituate, MA: Duxbury, pp. 321–368.Google Scholar
Dickemann, M. (1981). Paternal confidence and dowry competition: a biocultural analysis of purdah. In Natural Selection and Social Behavior, Alexander, R. D. and Tinkle, D. W. (eds). New York: Chiron Press, pp. 417–438.Google Scholar
DiVale, W. and Harris, M. (1976). Population, warfare, and the male supremacist complex. American Anthropologist, 80, 21–41.Google Scholar
Draper, P. (1992). Room to manuever:!Kung women cope with men. In Sanctions and Sanctuary: Cultural Perspectives on the Beating of Wives, Counts, D., Brown, J. K. and Campbell, J. (eds). Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 43–63.Google Scholar
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1991). Sociobiological theory and the Cheyenne case. Current Anthropology, 32, 169–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellison, P. T. (ed.) (2001). Reproductive Ecology and Human Evolution. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Ellison, P. T. (2003). Energetics and reproductive effort. American Journal of Human Biology, 52, 342–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ember, C. R. (1983). The relative decline in women's contributions to agriculture with intensification. American Anthropologist, 85, 285–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleagle, J. G. (1999). Primate Adaptation and Evolution. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gadgil, M. and Bossert, W. H. (1970). Life historical consequences of natural selection. American Naturalist, 104, 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goody, J. (1973). Bride wealth and dowry in Africa and Eurasia. In Bridewealth and Dowry, Goody, J. R. and Tambiah, S. J. (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goody, J. (1976). Production and Reproduction: a Comparative Study of the Domestic Domain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goody, J. (1983). The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurven, M. D. and Kaplan, H. S. (2006). Determinants of time allocation to production across the lifespan among the Machiguenga and Piro Indians of Peru. Human Nature, 17, 1–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurven, M. and Walker, R. (2006). Energetic demand of multiple dependents and the evolution of slow human growth. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, 273, 835–841.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hart, B. and Risley, T. (1995). Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children. Baltimore, MD: Brookes.Google Scholar
Hartung, J. (1982). Polygyny and the inheritance of wealth. Current Anthropology, 23, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkes, K., O'Connell, J. F., Blurton Jones, N. G., et al. (1998). Grandmothering, menopause, and the evolution of human life histories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95, 1226–1339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, R. J. and Murray, C. (1994). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Hoff-Ginsberg, E. and Tardiff, T. (1995). Socioeconomic status and parenting. In The Handbook of Parenting, Bornstein, M. (ed.). Hillsdate, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Holliday, M. A. (1978). Body composition and energy needs during growth. In Human Growth, Falker, F. and Tanner, J. M. (eds). New York: Plenum Press, pp. 117–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hrdy, S. B. (1994). Fitness tradeoffs in the history and evolution of delegated mothering with special reference to wet-nursing, abandonment, and infanticide. In Infanticide and Parental Care, Parmigiani, S. and Saal, F. S. von (eds). Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, pp. 3–42.Google Scholar
Hrdy, S. B. (1999). Mother Nature: a History of Mothers, Infants, and Natural Selection. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Hrdy, S. B. and Judge, D. (1993). Darwin and the puzzle of primogeniture: an essay on biases in parental investment after death. Human Nature, 4, 1–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, A. L. (1986). Reproductive success and occupational class in eighteenth-century Lancashire, England. Social Biology, 33, 109–115.Google ScholarPubMed
Hurtado, A. M. and Hill, K. (1990). Seasonality in a foraging society: variation in diet, work effort, fertility, and the sexual division of labor among the Hiwi of Venezuela. Journal of Anthropological Research, 46, 293–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isbell, L. A. (1991). Contest and scramble competition: patterns of female aggression and ranging behavior among primates. Behavioral Ecology, 2, 143–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jasienska, G. (2000). Why energy expenditure causes reproductive suppression in women. In Reproductive Ecology and Human Evolution, Ellison, P. (ed.). Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 59–84.Google Scholar
Jerison, H. J. (1976). Paleoneurology and the evolution of the mind. Scientific American, 234, 90–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, H. S. (1997). The evolution of the human life course. In Between Zeus and Salmon: the Biodemography of Aging, Wachter, K. and Finch, C. (eds). Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, pp. 175–211.Google Scholar
Kaplan, H. S. and Lancaster, J. B. (2003). An evolutionary and ecological analysis of human fertility, mating patterns, and parental investment. In Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective, Wachter, K. W. and Bulatao, R. A. (eds). Washington, DC: National Academies Press, pp. 170–223.Google Scholar
Kaplan, H. S. and Robson, A. (2002). The emergence of humans: the coevolution of intelligence and longevity with intergenerational transfers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 10221–10226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, H., Hill, K., Lancaster, J. B., et al. (2000). A theory of human life history evolution: diet, intelligence and longevity. Evolutionary Anthropology, 9, 156–185.3.0.CO;2-7>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, H. S., Hill, K., Hurtado, A. M., et al. (2001). The embodied capital theory of human evolution. In Reproductive Ecology and Human Evolution, Ellison, P. T. (ed.). Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 293–318.Google Scholar
Kaplan, H. S., Lancaster, J. B., Tucker, W. T., et al. (2002). An evolutionary approach to below replacement fertility. American Journal of Human Biology, 14, 1–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, H., Mueller, T., Gangestad, S., et al. (2003). Neural capital and lifespan evolution among primates and humans. In Brain and Longevity, Finch, C. E., Robine, J. M. and Christen, Y. (eds). New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 69–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, H., Gurven, M., Hill, K., et al. (2005). The natural history of human food sharing and cooperation: a review and a new multi-individual approach to the negotiation of norms. In Moral Sentiments and Material Interests: on the Foundations of Cooperation in Economic Life, Gintis, H., Bowles, S., Boyd, R., et al. (eds). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 75–113.Google Scholar
Kaplan, H. S., Gurven, M. and Lancaster, J. B. (2007). Brain evolution and the human adaptive complex: an ecological and social theory. In The Evolution of Mind: Fundamental Questions and Controversies, Gangestad, S. W. and Simpson, J. A. (eds). New York: Guilford Press, pp. 269–279.Google Scholar
Keeley, L. H. (1996). War before Civilization: the Myth of the Peaceful Savage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kirwin, M. (1979). African Widows. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis.Google Scholar
Kramer, K. L. (1998). Variation in children's work among modern Maya subsistence agriculturalists. PhD thesis, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM.Google Scholar
Kramer, K. L. (2005a). Children's help and the pace of reproduction: Cooperative breeding in humans. Evolutionary Anthropology, 14, 224–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, K. L. (2005b). Maya Children: Helpers at the Farm. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lack, D. (1954). The Natural Regulation of Animal Numbers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lancaster, C. S. (1981). The Goba of the Zambezi: Sex Roles, Economics, and Change. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Lancaster, J. B. (1997). The evolutionary history of human parental investment in relation to population growth and social stratification. In Feminism and Evolutionary Biology, Gowaty, P. A. (ed.). New York: Chapman and Hall, pp. 466–489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lancaster, J. B. and Kaplan, H. (1992). Human mating and family formation strategies: the effects of variability among males in quality and the allocation of mating effort and parental investment. In Topics in Primatology: Human Origins, Nishida, T., McGrew, W. C., Marler, P., et al. (eds). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, pp. 21–33.Google Scholar
Lancaster, J. B. and Kaplan, H. S. (2008). The endocrinology of the human adaptive complex. Endocrinology of Social Relationships, Ellison, P. T. and Gray, P. G. (eds). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 95–119.Google Scholar
Lancaster, J. B., Kaplan, H., Hill, K., et al. (2000). The evolution of life history, intelligence and diet among chimpanzees and human foragers. In Perspectives in Ethology: Evolution, Culture and Behavior, Tonneau, F. and Thompson, N. S. (eds). New York: Plenum, pp. 47–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, D. G. (1987). Selection of offspring size at independence and other size-versus-number strategies. American Naturalist, 129, 800–817.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Low, B. S. (1990). Occupational status, land ownership, and reproductive behavior in nineteenth century Sweden: Tuna Parrish. American Anthropologist, 92, 457–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Low, B. S. (1991). Reproductive life in nineteenth century Sweden: an evolutionary perspective on demographic phenomena. Ethology and Sociobiology, 12, 411–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Low, B. S. (1994). Men in the demographic transition. Human Nature, 5, 223–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Low, B. S. (2000). Why Sex Matters: a Darwinian Look at Human Behavior. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Luttbeg, B., Borgerhoff Mulder, M. and Mangel, M. S. (2000). To marry again or not: a dynamic model for the demographic transition. In Adaptation and Human Behavior: an Anthropological Perspective, Cronk, L., Chagnon, N. A. and Irons, W. (eds). Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 345–368.Google Scholar
Mace, R. (2000). An adaptive model of human reproductive rate where wealth is inherited: why people have small families. In Adaptation and Human Behavior: an Anthropological Perspective, Cronk, L., Chagnon, N. and Irons, W. (eds). Hawthorne, New York: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 261–282.Google Scholar
Manson, J. and Wrangham, R. (1991). Intergroup aggression in chimpanzees and humans. Current Anthropology, 32, 369–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milton, K. and Demment, M. (1988). Digestive and passage kinetics of chimpanzees fed high and low fiber diets and comparison with human data. Journal of Nutrition, 118, 107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murdock, G. P. (1967). Ethnographic atlas: a summary. Ethnology, 6, 109–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newcomer, M. (1955). The Big Business Executive: the Factors That Made Him, 1890–1950. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Orians, G. H. (1969). On the evolution of mating systems in birds and mammals. American Naturalist, 103, 589–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,Population Reference Bureau (2008). World population highlights. Population Bulletin, 63(3), 1–12.
Prentice, A. M. and Whitehead, R. G. (1987). The energetics of human reproduction. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 57, 275–304.Google Scholar
Preston, S. and Haines, M. (1991). Fatal Years: Child Mortality in the Late Nineteenth Century America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robson, A. and Kaplan, H. (2003). The co-evolution of longevity and intelligence in hunter-gatherer economies. American Economic Review, 93, 150–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sahlins, M. D. (1961). The segmentary lineage: an organization of predatory expansion. American Anthropologist, 63(2), 322–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scot, S. and Duncan, C. J. (1999). Reproductive strategies and sex-biased investment. Human Nature, 10, 85–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sellen, D. W. and Mace, R. (1997). Fertility and mode of subsistence: a phylogenetic analysis. Current Anthropology, 38, 878–889.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, C. C. and Fretwell, S. D. (1974). The optimal balance between size and number of offspring. American Naturalist, 108, 499–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sterck, E. H. M., Watts, D. P. and Schaik, C. P. (1997). The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 41, 291–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Summers, K. (2005). The evolutionary ecology of despotism. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 106–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svedberg, P. (1990). Undernutrition in sub-Saharan Africa: is there a gender bias?Journal of Development Studies, 26, 469–486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szreter, S. and Garrett, E. (2000). Reproduction, compositional demography, and economic growth in early modern England. Population and Development Review, 26, 45–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Towner, M. (1999). A dynamic model of human dispersal in a land-based economy. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 46, 82–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Towner, M. (2001). Linking dispersal and resources in humans: life history data from Oakham, Massachusetts (1750–1850). Human Nature, 12, 321–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vinovskis, M. A. (1994). Education and the economic transformation of nineteenth century America. In Age and Structural Lag: Society's Failure to Provide Meaningful Opportunities in Work, Family, and Leisure, Riley, M. W., Kahn, R. L. and Foner, A. (eds). New York: Wiley and Sons, pp. 171–196.Google Scholar
Voland, E. (1990). Differential reproductive success within the Krummhorn population (Germany, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 26, 65–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voland, E. (2000). Contributions of family reconstitution studies to evolutionary reproductive ecology. Evolutionary Anthropology, 9, 134–146.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voland, E. and Dunbar, R. I. M. (1995). Resource competition and reproduction: the relationship between economic and parental strategies in the Krummhorn population (1720–1874). Human Nature, 6, 33–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voland, E. and Dunbar, R. I. M. (1997). The impact of social status and migration on female age at marriage in an historical population in north-west Germany. Journal of Biosocial Science, 29, 355–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voland, E. and Engel, C. (1990). Female choice in humans: a conditional mate selection strategy of the Krummhorn women (Germany, 1720–1874). Ethology, 84, 144–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voland, E., Stegelkow, E. and Engel, C. (1991). Cost/benefit oriented parental investment by high status families: the Krummhorn case. Ethology and Sociobiology, 12, 105–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voland, E., Dunbar, R. I. M., Engel, C., et al. (1997). Population increase and sex-biased parental investment: evidence from eighteenth and nineteenth century Germany. Current Anthropology, 38, 129–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, D. R. and Burton, M. L. (1988). Causes of polygyny: ecology, economy, kinship, and warfare. American Anthropologist, 90, 871–887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×